,! ,public ,doma9 #a ,james ,boyle ,! ,public ,doma9 ,! au?or ( ? book has made x available "u a ,creative ,commons ,lic5se4 ,? digital file may by freely copi$1 %>$1 pr9t$ or o!rwise reproduc$ = non comm]cial purposes4 ,? books c al 2 d[nload$ f http://thepublicdomain.org4 ,y may pur*ase a pr9t copy (! book on amazon.com. ,! ;,p ublic ,doma91 ,5clos+ ! ,commons (! ,m9d ,james ,boyle ,yale ,univ]s;y ,press ,new ,hav5 `& ,london ,a ,c>avan book4 ,= m 9=ma;n1 visit www.caravanbooks.org. ,copy"r ~c #bjjh by ,james ,boyle4 ,all "rs res]v$4 ,! au?or has made an onl9e v].n ( ? "w available "u a ,creative #b ,commons ,attribu;n.-,noncomm]cial.-- ,%>e ,alike #c4j ,lic5se4 ,x c 2 access$ "? ! au?or';s website at http://james-boyle.com. ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,isbn3 #igh-#j-#cjj-#acgdj-#h ,libr>y ( ,3gress ,3trol ,numb]3 #bjjhicbbhb ,a catalogue record = ? book is available f ! ,briti% ,libr>y4 ,? pap] meets ! require;ts ( ,,ansi_/,,niso ;,z#ci4dh"-#aiib "<,p]man;e ( ,pap]">4 ,x 3ta9s #cj p]c5t po/ 3sum] wa/e "<,,pcw"> & is c]tifi$ by ! ,=e/ ,/ew>d%ip ,c|ncil "<,,fsc"> ,! ,public ,doma93 ,5clos+ ! ,commons (! ,m9d is lic5s$ "u a ,creative ,commons #c ,attribu;n.-,noncomm]cial.-- ,%>e ,alike ,lic5se4 ,ab ? digital talk+ book ,? digital talk+ book provides naviga;n at ! f/ naviga;n level by *apt] & by subsec;ns at ! second & ?ird naviga;n levels page numb]s >e al 5cod$4 ,! fur!r read+ sec;n = ea* *apt] has be5 mov$ to ! 5d ( ea* *apt]4 ,! footnotes h n be5 9clud$ 9 ? v].n4 ,? digital talk+ book 0 produc$ by ,greg ,ke>ney at ! ,curt9 ,univ]s;y ,c5tre = ,accessible ,te*nology 9 ,p]?1 ,au/ralia ,decemb] #bjjh4 ,table ( ,3t5ts ,! ,public ,doma9 #a ,ab ? digital talk+ #d book #c ,ac"kl$g;ts #f ,preface3 ,compris$ ( at ,lea/ ,jelly8 #i ,*apt] #a ,:y ,9tellectual ,prop]ty8 #ab ,y';ll get my ,libr>y ( ,3gress :54 #af ,fur!r ,read+ #ai ,*apt] #b ,?omas ,jeff]son ,writes a ,lr #ba ,! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ #bc #e ,a ,natural ,"r #be ,a ,tradi;n ( ,skeptical ,m9imalism #cj ,fur!r ,read+ #cc ,*apt] #c ,! ,second ,5closure ,move;t #ce ,h[ ,m* ,( ,! ,9tangible ,commons ,%d ,we ,5close8 #cg ,fur!r ,read+ #dj ,*apt] #d ,! ,9t]net ,?reat #db ,! ,logic ( ,p]fect ,3trol #de #f ,co/.s ,copy+ ,br+s ,bo? ,co/s & ,b5efits #df ,! ,holes ,matt] z ,m* z ! ,*eese #dh ,f ,nap/] to ,grok/] #ea ,fur!r ,read+ #ef ,*apt] #e ,! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale3 an ,allegory #eh ,2t ,p>anoia & ,real;y3 ,! ,,dmca #ei ,9fecti|s ,spee*3 ,! ,,dmca & ,fre$om ( ,expres.n #fj #g ,! ,apple ( ,=bidd5 ,k3 ,! ,,dmca & ,competi;n #ga ,summ+ ,up3 ,exagg]a;ns1 ,half.-,tru?s1 & ,bipol> ,4ord]s 9 ,te*nology ,policy #ge ,fur!r ,read+ #gg ,! ,,dmca & ,,drm #gg ,! ,,dmca & ,fre$om ( ,expres.n #gg ,*apt] #f ,i ,got a ,ma%up #gi ,i ,got ,a ,woman #ha #h ,an ,9du/ry ( ,gold ,digg]s8 #hg ,sampl+ #ia ,3clu.n #id ,fur!r ,read+ #ig ,musical ,hi/ory #ig ,musical ,borr[+ #ih ,music & ,copy"r ,law #ih ,! ,p &! ,music #ii ,*apt] #g ,! ,5closure ( ,sci;e & ,te*nology3 #i ,two ,case ,/udies #ajj ,a ,ma*9e ,t ,3ta9s ,all ,o!r ,ma*9es #ajj ,syn!tic ,biology #aje ,fur!r ,read+ #aji ,*apt] #h ,a ,creative ,commons #aaa ,free & ,op5 ,s|rce ,s(tw>e #aac ,le>n+ ,f ! ,%>+ ,economy #aah ,fur!r ,read+ #abc #aj ,4tribut$ ,creativ;y #abc ,free & ,op5 ,s|rce ,s(tw>e #abc ,creative ,commons #abd ,*apt] #i ,an ,evid;e.-,free ,z"o #abe ,[n+ ,facts8 #abf ,does ,public ,9=ma;n ,want to ,2 ,free8 #acb ,break+ ! ,deal #acc ,fur!r ,read+ #acg #aa ,database ,"rs #acg ,evid;e.-bas$ ,policy #acg ,publicly ,g5]at$ ,9=ma;n #ach ,s.d ,record+ ,"rs #ach ,*apt] #aj ,an ,5viron;talism = ,9=ma;n #aci ,cultural ,agoraphobia8 #aci ,le>n+ ,f ,5viron;talism #ada ,fur!r ,read+ #adh ,ac"kl$g;ts #ab ,! ideas = ? book come f ! !oretical & practical "w ,i h be5 do+ =! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,n"o ( t "w has be5 d"o al"o4 ,z a result1 ! li/ ( p to :om ,i am 9debt$ makes ,osc> niison4 ,"h ,i c m5;n only a few4 ,i beg p>don =! 9evitable omis.ns4 ,f/ & =emo/1 my family has tol]at$ my ecc5tricities & fixa;ns & mod]at$ !m ) g5tle & des]v$ mock]y4 ~8,want t 9signia torn (f yr c>1 ,dad8 ,!n x wd 2 9 ! public doma91 "r8~0 ,my colleagues at ,duke >e "o (! ma9 9flu;es on my "w4 ,i am lucky 5 to "w 9 ! only ~8,c5t] =! ,/udy (! ,public ,doma9~0 9 ! academic _w4 ,i [e ! bigge/ debt ( gratitude to my colleague ,j5nif] ,j5k9s1 :o directs ! ,c5t] & :o has 9flu;ed e *apt] #ac 9 ? book4 ,david ,lange br"| me to ,duke4 ,8 "w on ! public doma9 has alw be5 an 9spira;n to m9e4 ,>ti ,rai';s rem>kable !oretical & empirical /udies h help$ me to "u/& "ey?+ f s(tw>e pat5ts to syn!tic biology4 ,j]ry ,rei*man has suppli$ 5]gy1 9sigu;t4 ,ca!r9e ,fisk1 ,jim ,salzman1 ,/u>t ,b5jam91 ,jona?an ,wi5]1 ,mitu ,gulati1 ,jeff ,p[ell1 ,*ris ,s*ro$]1 & _m1 _m o!rs help$ |'\x2014'"s"ts )|t "k+ x1 b (t5 at ! co/ (! sc>ce/ ( all res|rces3 "t4 ,amid/ a brilliant gr|p ( rese>* assi/ants1 ,jordi ,we9/ock & ,david ,silv]/e9 /ood |4 ,jordi %[$ a dogg$ #ad abil;y to track d[n obscure #aiejs s;gs t 0 alm sc>y4 ,addi;nal ?anks g to ,j5nif] ,ma1 ,tolu ,adewale1 ,paul9a ,or*>d1 & ,emily ,saut]4 ,balf|r ,smi?1 ! coord9ator ( |r ,c5t]1 %eph]d$ ! manuscript "? xs _m drafts ) skill & ]udi;n4 ,duke is ! mo/ 9t]discipl9>y univ]s;y ,i h "e 5c.t]$ & s ! obliga;ns fl[ 2y ! law s*ool4 ,pr(essor ,an?ony ,kelley1 a brilliant compos]1 n only $ucat$ me 9 composi;n &! hi/ory ( musical borr[+ b co.-tauly ,jim ,anton1 a grt economic model] & grt] volleyball "pn]1 & ,wes ,coh51 a lead+ empirici/'\x2014'all left _! m>ks4 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,cook.-,deegan1 lead] #ae ( ,duke's ,c5t] = ,public ,g5omics1 & my wife ,laur5 ,dame1 associate director (! ,g5ome ,e?ics1 ,law & ,policy ,c5t]1 provid$ crucial support to my "w )! sci;es 9 g5]al & syn!tic biology 9 "picul>4 ,i 0 al 9spir$ & 9=m$ by colleagues & /ud5ts 9 comput] sci;e1 ,5gli%1 hi/ory1 & political sci;e4 ,b ! "w ,i am describ+ "h is'\x2014'z ! la/ *apt] sugge/s'\x2014' "s?+ t goes f> 2y ! b.d>ies ( "o 9/itu;n4 ,a l>ge gr|p ( 9tellectual prop]ty s*ol>s h 9flu;ed my ideas4 ,mo/ importantly1 ,l>ry ,lessig & ,yo*ai ,b5kl] h ea* giv5 f> m ?an !y rcvd f me 9 ! 8%>+ economy0 ( s*ol>%ip4 ,if ! ideas ,i describe "h h a future1 x is 2c (! a/.d+ lead]%ip ,l>ry has provid$ &! 9siroll1 ,julie ,coh51 ,peggy ,rad91 ,c>ol ,rose1 ,rebecca ,eis5b]g1 ,m>k ,lemley1 ,t]ry ,fi%]1 ,ju/9 ,hu caula ,hesse1 ,m>?a ,woodmansee1 & ,m>k ,rose has be5 c5tral to my analysis1 : al cd n h exi/$ b = "w on ! gov]n.e (! commons by ,el9or ,o/rom1 ,*>lotte ,hess1 & ,c>ol ,rose4 ,kembrew ,mc,leod & ,siva ,vaidhyana?an #ag 9spir$ my "w on music & sampl+4 ,pet] ,jaszi 0 "nd 9 my la/ book z ! p]son :o mo/ 9flu;ed x4 ,t 9flu;e rema9s4 ,2y ! academy1 my ma9 debt is to ! bo>d memb]s & /aff ( ,creative ,commons1 ,sci;e ,commons1 & cc,le>n4 ,creative ,commons1 on ~: bo>d ,i am pr|d to h s]v$1 is ! bra9*ild ( ,l>ry ,lessig & ,hal ,abelson2 ,sci;e ,commons & cc,le>n >e divi.ns ( ,creative ,commons t ,i help$ to set up : 3c5trate on ! sci;es & on $uca;n1 respectively4 ,! practical exp]i;e ( build+ a 8creative commons0 ) private tools'\x2014'( all[+ creative collabora;n ) p y h n"e met'\x2014'has %ap$ ? book f> 2y ! *apt] devot$ to x4 ,hal ,abelson1 ,mi*ael ,c>roll1 & ,]ic ,saltzman 7 on ! midwife team =! bir? ( ~? organiza;ns & 2came close frs 9 ! process4 ,s9ce #ah ! 5tire ,creative ,commons /aff has made x r|t9e to d sev5 impossible ?+s 2f breakfa/1 x is h>d to s+le | any "o 9dividual'\x2014'b )|t ,gl5n ,br[n at ,creative ,commons & ,john ,wilbanks at ,sci;e ,commons1 nei organiza;n wd exi/ td4 ,jimmy ,wales1 f.d] ( ,wikip$ia & ano!r ,creative ,commons bo>d memb]1 al provid$ key 9sie td1 & ?us _m (! exp]i;ts ,i describe 9 ? book wd n h happ5$4 ,! 9tellectual prop]ty b> is a fasc9at+1 brilliant1 & 5gag+ly ecc5tric gr|p ( lawy]s4 ,i [e debts to _m ( xs memb]s4 ,:itney ,br|ss>d told me ! dirty secrets (! music 9du/ry4 ,daphne ,kell]'\x2014'a =m] #ai /ud5t & lat] a colleague'\x2014'help$ 9 m ways ?an ,i c c.t4 ,a numb] ( sci5ti/s & comput] sci5ti/s made me see ?+s ,i o!rwise wd n h'\x2014',drew ,5dy & ,r&y ,rettb]g 9 syn!tic biology1 ,nobel laureates ,sir ,john ,sul/on & ,h>old ,v>mus 9 g5omics & biology m g5]ally1 ,paul ,g9sp>g 9 a/rophysics1 & ,h>lan ,onsrud 9 geospatial data4 ,paul ,uhlir's "w at ! ,na;nal ,academy ( ,sci;es 9troduc$ me to _m ( ~! issues4 ,! "w ( ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ! creator (! free s(tw>e move;t1 rema9s an 9spira;n ev5 ?|< he prof.dly 4agrees ) my nom5clature "h'\x2014'&) m* else 2ss4 ,activi/s1 civil "rs lawy]s1 blogg]s1 & libr>ians h actually d"o m* (! h>d "w ( build+ ! move;t ,i describe at ! 5d ( ? #bj book4 ,jamie ,love has t|*$1 sp>k$1 or ma/]m9d$ alm e 2nign develop;t ,i write ab "h1 & noveli/ ,cory ,doctor[ has ei blogg$ x or 9flu;ed x4 ,i h "w$ "picul>ly closely ) ,manon ,ress1 ,fr$ von ,lohmann1 ,c9dy ,cohn1 ,jason ,s*ultz1 & ,gigi ,sohn4 ,john ,h[k9s & ,gilb]to ,gil h provid$ 3sid]able lead]%ip 9t]na;nally4 ,b "! >e _m1 _m o!rs4 ,! 5tire commun;y ( libr>ians des]ves |r ?anks = /&+ up = free public access to k = ov] two hundr$ ye>s4 ,libr>ians >e my h]oes4 ,!y %d 2 yrs1 too4 ,"s (! "w 3ta9$ "h has be5 publi%$ 9 o!r =ms else":4 ,por;ns ( ,*apt]s #b & #c appe>$ z 8,! ,second ,5closure ,move;t &! ,3/ruc;n (! ,public ,doma902#a ,*apt] #g %>es ll textually b m* 9 t]ms ( 9spira;n ) an >ticle #ba ,i co.-wrote = ,,plo,s ,biology ) ,>ti ,rai1 8,syn!tic ,biology3 ,caus n[ ,i h be5 a columni/ =! ,f9ancial ,"ts's 8,new ,economy ,policy ,=um40 ,por;ns ( ,*apt] #e & ,*apt] #i _h _! orig9s 9 columns writt5 = t =um4 ,*apt] #aj has xs roots bo? 9 my >ticle 8,a ,politics ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty3 ,5viron;talism =! ,net88#c & 9 ! symposium1 ,cultural ,5viron;talism `a #aj1#d t ,l>ry ,lessig k9dly organiz$ =! t5? anniv]s>y ( t >ticle4 ,f9ally1 ,i ne$ to ?ank ! 9/itu;ns :o h support$ ? /udy4 ,! ,rockefell] ,c5t] 9 ,bellagio provid$ an 9spir+ 2g9n+4 ,! ,=d1 ,rockefell]1 ,mac,>?ur1 & ,hewlett ,f.da;ns h g5]|sly support$ my "w1 z h ,duke ,law ,s*ool's rese>* grants #bb & ,bo/ ,fell[%ips4 ,my "w on syn!tic biology &! human g5ome 0 support$ 9 "p by a ,,ce] grant f ! ,na;nal ,human ,g5ome ,rese>* ,9/itute &! ,de"p;t ( ,5]gy "<;,p#ej ,,hg#jjccia-#jb">4 ,9 addi;n1 my ?anks g | to ! anonym|s donor ~: g5]|s dona;n all[$ u to f.d ! ,c5t] =! ,/udy (! ,public ,doma91 & to ,bob ,"y & ,laurie ,rac9e1 ~: "w made ! ,c5t] possible4 ,yale ,univ]s;y ,press 7 supportive & critical 9 all ! "r places4 ,i wd l to ?ank !m = agree+ to release ? "w "u a ,creative ,commons lic5se4 ,:at cd 2 m appropriate to ! book's !me8 ,i cd g on & on4 ,b ,i w n4 ,? flurry ( "ns & >eas ( k signifies m ?an j ! deep ?anks (a dilettante4 ,x signifies ! em]g;e ( an >ea ( 3c]n1 ! com+ tgr ( v diff]5t gr|ps >.d a #bc %>$ problem'\x2014'an imbal.e 9 ! rules t def9e prop]ty 9 ! 9=ma;n age4 ,x is t problem1 xs hi/ory1 philosophy1 & politics t ,i try to sket* | 9 ! pages ahead4 ,preface3 ,compris$ ( at ,lea/ ,jelly8 ,ea* p]son has a diff]5t break+ po9t4 ,= "o ( my /ud5ts x 0 ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t numb] #f1#jjd1#eif =a 8,seal$ ,cru/.s ,s&wi*40 ,9 ! curi|sly mangl$ =m ( ,5gli% t pat5t law produces1 x 0 describ$ ? way3 ,a seal$ cru/.s s&wi* = provid+ a 3v5i5t s&wi* )|t an |t] cru/ : c 2 /or$ = l;g p]iods ( "t )|t a c5tral fill+ f leak+ |tw>dly4 ,! s&wi* 9cludes a l[] bread por;n1 an upp] bread por;n1 an upp] fill+ &a l[] fill+ 2t ! l[] & upp] bread #bd por;ns1 a c5t] fill+ seal$ 2t ! upp] & l[] fill+s1 &a crimp$ $ge al;g an |t] p]imet] (! bread por;ns = seal+ ! fill+s "! 2t4 ,! upp] & l[] fill+s >e pref]ably compris$ ( peanut butt] &! c5t] fill+ is compris$ ( at lea/ jelly4 ,! c5t] fill+ is prev5t$ f radiat+ |tw>dly 9to & "? ! bread por;ns f ! surr.d+ peanut butt]#4a 8,b :y does ? upset y80 ,i ask$2 8y've se5 m* worse ?an ?40 ,& he _h4 ,"! >e pat5ts on human g5es1 on auc;ns1 on algori?ms#4b ,! ,u4,s4 ,olympic ,committee has an expansive "r ak9 to a tradem>k ov] ! ~w 8,olympic0 & w n p]mit gay activi/s to hold a 8,gay ,olympic ,games40 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt sees no ,f/ ,am5d;t problem ) ?#4c ,m>g>et ,mit*ell's e/ate fam|sly tri$ to use copy"r to prev5t ,g"o #be ,)! ,w9d f 2+ told f a slave's po9t ( view#4d ,! copy"r ov] ! ~ws y >e n[ read+ w n expire until sev5ty ye>s af my dea?2 ! m5 die "y 9 my family1 b / y w all[ me to hope t ? mi #bajj4 ,3gress p]iodically 3sid]s legislative proposals t wd all[ ! [n]%ip ( facts#4e ,! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act gives 3t5t provid]s a :ole >ray ( legally protect$ digital f;es to 5close _! "w#4f ,9 "s cases x effectively removes ! privilege ( fair use4 ,ea* "d br+s "s new ,9t]net horror /ory ab ! excesses ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,"s ( !m >e ev5 true4 ,! li/ goes on & on4 "<,by ! 5d ( ? book1 ,i hope to h 3v9c$ y t ? matt]s4"> ,) all ( ? go+ on1 ? 5closure move;t (! m9d1 ? lock+ up ( symbols & !mes & facts & g5es & #bf ideas "<& ev5tually p">1 :y get excit$ ab ! pat5t+ (a peanut butt] & jelly s&wi*8 8,i j ?"| t "! 7 limits10 he sd2 8"s ?+s %d 2 sacr$40 ,? book is an attempt to tell ! /ory (! battles ov] 9tellectual prop]ty1 ! range w>s (! 9=ma;n age4 ,i want to 3v9ce y t 9tellectual prop]ty is important1 t x is "s?+ t any 9=m$ citiz5 ne$s to "k a ll ab1 9 ! same way t any 9=m$ citiz5 ne$s to "k at lea/ "s?+ ab ! 5viron;t1 or civil "rs1 or ! way ! economy "ws4 ,i w try my be/ to 2 fair1 to expla9 ! issues & give bo? sides (! >gu;t4 ,/1 y %d "k t ? is m ?an m]e descrip;n4 ,9 ! pages t foll[1 ,i try to %[ t curr5t 9tellectual prop]ty policy is ov]:elm+ly & tragically bad 9 ways t "ey"o1 & n j lawy]s or economi/s1 %d c>e ab4 ,we >e mak+ bad deci.ns t w h #bg a negative effect on |r culture1 |r kids,0 s*ools1 & |r communica;ns net"ws2 on free spee*1 m$ic9e1 & sci5tific rese>*4 ,we >e wa/+ "s (! promise (! ,9t]net1 runn+ ! risk ( ru9+ an amaz+ sy/em ( sci5tific 9nova;n1 c>v+ | an 9tellectual prop]ty exemp;n to ! ,f/ ,am5d;t4 ,i d n write ? z an 5emy ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 a dot-communi/ ready to 5d all prop]ty "rs2 9 fact1 ,i am a fan4 ,x is precisely 2c ,i am a fan t ,i am s al>m$ ab ! direc;n we >e tak+4 ,/1 ! message ( ? book is nei doom nor gloom4 ,n"o ( ~! deci.ns is irrevocable4 ,! wor/ "os c / 2 avoid$ alt1 & "! >e p[];l c.t]weie lots ( reasons = optimism4 ,i w get to mo/ ( ~! lat]1 #bh b "o be>s m5;n+ n[4 ,3tr>y to :at "ey"o has told y1 ! subject ( 9tellectual prop]ty is bo? accessible & 9t]e/+2 :at p c "u/&1 !y c *ange'\x2014'or pressure _! legislators to *ange4 ,i /ress ? po9t 2c ,i want to *all5ge a k9d ( will$ ignor.e4 ,e news /ory ref]s to 9tellectual prop]ty z 8>cane10 8te*nical10 or 8ab/ruse0 9 ! same way z !y ref]r$ to =m] attorney g5]al ,alb]to ,gonzales z 83trov]sial40 ,x is a v]bal tic & x s]ves to re9=ce ! idea t ? is "s?+ ab : popul> debate is impossible4 ,b x is al wr;g4 ,! c5tral issues ( 9tellectual prop]ty >e n te*nical1 ab/ruse1 or >cane4 ,to 2 sure1 ! rules ( 9tellectual prop]ty law c 2 z complex z a tax code "4 ,b at ! he>t ( 9tellectual prop]ty law >e a set ( ideas t a #bi t5.-ye>.-old c "u/& p]fectly well4 "<,:ile writ+ ? book1 ,i *eck$ ? on a t5.-ye>.-old ,i !n happ5$ to h >.d ! h|se4"> ,y d n ne$ to 2 a sci5ti/ or an economi/ or a lawy] to "u/& x4 ,! /uff is al a lot ( fun to ?9k ab4 ,i live 9 3/ant wond] t !y pay me to d s4 ,%d y 2 able to tell ! /ory ( ,g"o ,)! ,w9d f a slave's po9t ( view ev5 if ! au?or does n want y to8 ,%d ! ,dallas ,c[boys 2 able to /op ! release ( ,debbie ,does ,dallas1 a *eesy porno flick1 9 : ! title "* br+s grt 4honor to a uni=m simil> to t worn by ! ,dallas ,c[boys ,*e]lead]s8 "<,af all1 ! audi;e mi#g ,%d ! ,u4,s4 ,comm]ce ,de"p;t 2 able to #cj pat5t ! g5es (a ,guyami ,9dian woman :o %[s an unusual resi/.e to leukemia8#h ,:at wd x mean to pat5t "s"o's g5es1 anyway8 ,=bidd+ sci5tific rese>* on ! g5e )|t ! pat5t hold]'s 3s5t8 ,=bidd+ human reproduc;n8 ,c religions secure copy"rs ov] _! scriptures8 ,ev5 ! 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"uly+ moral & political & economic issues ne$ to 2 ?"| "?4 ,!y may 2 weird2 ali5 scriptural dicta;n mi5't un9t]e/+1 al? ,i admit to a c]ta9 prejudice on t po9t4 ,& "s ( !m1 l ! design ( |r telecommunica;ns net"ws1 or ! pat5t+ ( human g5es1 or ! rela;n%ip 2t copy"r & free spee*1 >e n m]ely 9t]e/+1 !y >e important4 ,x seems l a bad idea to leave !m to a few lawy]s & lobbyi/s simply 2c y >e told !y >e 8te*nical40 ,s ! f/ goal (! book is to 9troduce y to 9tellectual prop]ty1 to expla9 :y x matt]s1 :y x is ! legal =m (! 9=ma;n age4 ,! second goal is to p]suade y t #cb |r 9tellectual prop]ty policy is go+ ! wr;g way2 two roads >e div]g+ & we >e on ! "o t doesn't lead to ,rome4 ,! ?ird goal is h>d] to expla94 ,we h a simple ~w =1 & an 9tuitive "u/&+ (1 ! complex real;y ( 8prop]ty40 ,admitt$ly1 lawy]s ?9k ab prop]ty diff]5tly f ! way lay.-p d2 ? is only "o (! /range m5tal *anges t law s*ool br+s4 ,b "ey"o 9 |r society has a ri*ly textur$ "u/&+ ( 8m9e0 & 8?9e10 ( "rs ( exclu.n1 ( divi.n ( "rs ov] ! same prop]ty "<= example1 2t t5ant & l&"l">1 ( transf] ( "rs 9 "p or 9 :ole "<= example1 r5tal or sale">4 ,b :at ab ! opposite ( prop]ty'\x2014'prop]ty's antonym1 prop]ty's |tside8 ,:at is x8 ,is x j /uff t is n wor? [n+'\x2014'ab&on$ junk8 ,/uff t is n yet [n$'\x2014's* z a #cc sea%ell on a public bea*1 ab to 2 tak5 home8 ,or /uff t _c 2 [n$'\x2014' a human 2+1 = example8 ,or /uff t is collectively [n$'\x2014'wd t 2 ! radio spectrum or a public p>k8 ,or /uff t is [n$ by no "o1 s* z ! deep seab$ or ! moon8 ,prop]ty's |tside1 :e!r x is 8! public doma90 or 8! commons10 turns | to 2 h>d] to grasp ?an xs 9side4 ,to ! ext5t t we ?9k ab prop]ty's |tside1 x t5ds to h a negative 3nota;n2 we want to get /uff | (! lo/.-&.-f.d (fice & back 9to circula;n z prop]ty4 ,we talk ( 8! trag$y (! commons18#aa mean+ t un[n$ or collectively [n$ res|rces w 2 manag$ poorly2 ! common pa/ure w 2 ov]graz$ by ! villag]s,0 %eep 2c no "o has an 9c5tive to hold back4 ,:5 ! subject is 9tellectual prop]ty1 ? gap 9 |r k turns | to 2 #cd important 2c |r 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em dep5ds on a bal.e 2t :at is prop]ty & :at is n4 ,=a set ( reasons t ,i w expla9 lat]1 8! opposite ( prop]ty0 is a 3cept t is m* m important :5 we come to ! _w ( ideas1 9=ma;n1 expres.n1 & 9v5;n4 ,we want a lot ( mat]ial to 2 9 ! public doma91 mat]ial t c 2 spread )|t prop]ty "rs4 8,! g5]al rule ( law is1 t ! noble/ ( human produc;ns'\x2014'k1 tru?s asc]ta9$1 3cep;ns1 & ideas'\x2014'2come1 af volunt>y communica;n to o!rs1 free z ! air to common use48#ab ,|r >t1 |r culture1 |r sci;e dep5d on ? public doma9 e bit z m* z !y dep5d on 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,! ?ird goal ( ? book is to explore prop]ty's |tside1 prop]ty's v>i|s antonyms1 & to %[ h[ we >e "uvalu+ ! public doma9 &! 9=ma;n #ce commons at ! v mo;t 9 hi/ory :5 we ne$ !m mo/4 ,academic >ticles & cl"e legal briefs _c solve ? problem al"o4 ,9/ead1 ,i >gue t precisely 2c we >e 9 ! 9=ma;n age1 we ne$ a move;t'\x2014'ak9 to ! 5viron;tal move;t'\x2014'to pres]ve ! public doma94 ,! explo.n ( 9du/rial te*nologies t ?reat5$ ! 5viron;t al tau%ip1 :ile o!rs h be5 catalogu$ 9 detail4 ,i want to adv.e ! field1 to piece tgr ! /ory (! second 5closure move;t1 to tell y "s?+ new ab ! bal.e 2t prop]ty & xs opposite4 ,b ,i want to d s 9 a way t is readable4 ,= ~? 9 my pr(es.n1 2+ readable is a dang]|s goal4 ,y h n"e he>d true 3desc5.n until y h he>d academics pron|nce ! ~w 8popul>iz]40 ,!y say x z ,isadora ,duncan mie _! 3c]n4 ,all too (t51 cl>;y is a*iev$ by leav+ | ! key qualifica;n nec to ! >gu;t1 ! subtlety ( mean+1 ! 9conv5i5t empirical evid;e4 ,my solu;n is n a t]ribly satisfactory "o4 ,a lot ( mat]ial has be5 exil$ #cg to 5dnotes4 ,! 5dnotes = ea* *apt] al 9clude a %ort guide to fur!r read+4 ,i h us$ cita;ns sp>+ly1 b m widely ?an an au?or (a popul> book normally does1 s t ! s*ol>ly audi;e c trace | my reason+4 ,b ! core (! >gu;t is 9 ! text4 ,! second bal.e ,i h /ruggl$ to hit is t 2t bread? & dep?4 ,! c5tral !sis (! book is t ! l9e 2t 9tellectual prop]ty &! public doma9 is important 9 e >ea ( culture1 sci;e1 & te*nology4 ,z a result1 x ranges widely 9 subject matt]4 ,yet read]s come ) diff]5t backgr.ds1 9t]e/s1 & bodies ( k4 ,z a result1 ! /ructure (! book is design$ to facilitate self.-selec;n bas$ on 9t]e/4 ,! f/ ?ree *apt]s &! 3clu.n provide ! !oretical basis4 ,ea* *apt] builds on ~? !mes1 b is al design$ to 2 l>gely #ch free/&+4 ,! read]s :o ?rill to ! idea t "! migu;ts to _! he>ts,0 3t5t4 ,o!rs may qkly grasp ! gi/ & head on =! /ory ( h[ ,ray ,*>les's voice 5d$ up 9 a ma%up attack+ ,presid5t ,bu%1 or ! 4cus.n ( g5etically 5g9e]$ bact]ia t take photographs & >e !mvs ! subject ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,to ~? read]s :o n"e!.s 3clude t ,i h fail$ to bal.e correctly 2t preci.n & cl>;y1 or bread? & dep?1 ,i (f] my apologies4 ,i fe> y may 2 "r4 ,x 0 n = want ( try+4 ,*apt] #a ,:y ,9tellectual ,prop]ty8 ,imag9e yrf />t+ a society f scrat*4 ,p]h y f"| a revolu;n1 or p]h y l$ #ci a "py ( adv5tur]s 9to "s empty l&1 3v5i5tly free ( 9dig5|s peoples4 ,n[ yr task is to make ! society "w4 ,y h a pref];e = democracy & lib]ty & y want a vibrant culture3 a culture )a ll *unk ( "ey?+1 "o t (f]s hundr$s ( ways to live & ?|s&s ( ideals ( beauty4 ,y don't want "ey?+ to 2 hi< culture2 y want be] & skittles & tra%y delide !at]1 & %ock+ sculpture4 ,y c see a role = hit"ws1 b yr 9itial "w+ assump;n is t ! f9al >bit] ( culture %d 2 ! p :o wat*1 read1 & li/5 to x1 & :o remake x e "d4 ,& ev5 if y >e dubi|s ab ! way popul> *oice gets =m$1 y pref] x to "s gov]n;t fund+ body or cot]ie ( >t mav5s4 ,at ! same "t z y >e #dj develop+ yr culture1 y want a fl|ri%+ economy'\x2014'& n j 9 lit]ature or film4 ,y want 9nova;n & 9v5;n4 ,y want drugs t cure t]rible 4eases1 & designs = m fuel.-effici5t /oves1 & use;l ll doodads1 l m|setraps1 or ,po/.-x notes1 or sol>.-p[]$ backscrat*]s4 ,to 2 exact1 y want lots ( 9nova;n b y d n "k exactly :at 9nova;n or ev5 :at types ( 9nova;n y want4 ,giv5 sc>ce "t & res|rces1 %d we try to improve typewrit]s or r5d] !m obsolete ) ~w processors1 or develop func;nal voice recogni;n s(tw>e1 or j 3c5trate on mak+ sol>.-p[]$ backscrat*]s8 ,:o knew t !y ne$$ ,po/.-x notes or surgical /5ts or specializ$ rice plant]s until ~? ?+s 7 actually develop$8 ,h[ d y make priorities :5 ! priorities 9clude ?+s #da y _c ra;nally value 2c y d n h !m yet8 ,h[ d y decide :at to fund & :5 to fund x1 :at desires to trade (f ag/ ea* o!r8 ,! society y h f.d$ normally relies on m>ket signals to allocate res|rces4 ,if a lot ( p want petunias = _! g>d5s1 & >e will+ to pay h&"sly = !m1 !n "s f>m] :o 0 =m]ly gr[+ soybeans or g|rds w devote a field to petunias 9/ead4 ,he w compete )! o!r petunia sell]s to sell !m to y4 ,voila6 ,we d n ne$ a /ate plann] to 3sult ! vegetable five.-ye> plan & decree 8,petunias =! ,p60 ,9/ead1 ! deci.n ab h[ to deploy society's productive res|rces is 2+ made 8automatically10 cyb]netically ev51 by ra;nal 9dividuals respond+ to price signals4 ,& 9 a competitive m>ket1 y w get yr #db petunias at v close to ! co/ ( gr[+ !m & br++ !m to m>ket4 ,3sum] desires >e satisfi$ & productive res|rces >e allocat$ effici5tly4 ,x's a t|r de =ce4 ,( c|rse1 "! >e problems4 ,! m>ket measures ! value (a gd by :e!r p h ! abil;y & will+;s to pay = x1 s ! :ims (! ri* may 2 m 8valuable0 ?an ! ne$s (! de/itute4 ,we may sp5d m on pet psy*iatry =! traumatiz$ poodles on ,ea/ #ga/ ,/reet ?an on develop+ a cure = sleep+ sick;s1 2c ! emo;nal wellbe+ (! pets (! weal?y is 8wor? m0 ?an ! lives (! tropical _w's poor4 ,b =a lot ( products1 9 a lot ( >eas1 ! m>ket "ws'\x2014' & t is a fact n to 2 tak5 = grant$4 ,:y n use ? me*anism to meet yr cultural & 9nova;n ne$s8 ,if p ne$ ,madame ,bov>y or ,! ,new #dc ,york ,"ts or a new k9d ( antibiotic1 surely ! m>ket w provide x8 ,app>5tly n4 ,y h br"| economi/s ) y 9to yr brave new _w'\x2014'p]h | ( no/algia1 or 2c a lot ( pack+ got d"o at ! la/ m9ute4 ,! economi/s %ake _! heads#4a ,! petunia f>m] is sell+ "s?+ t is 8a rivalr|s gd40 ,if ,i h ! petunia1 y c't h x4 ,:at's m1 petunias >e 8excludable40 ,! f>m] only gives y petunias :5 y pay = !m4 ,x is ~! factors t make ! petunia m>ket "w4 ,:at ab ,madame ,bov>y1 or ! antibiotic1 or ,! ,new ,york ,"ts8 ,well1 x dep5ds4 ,if books h to 2 copi$ | by h&1 !n ,madame ,bov>y is j l ! petunia4 ,b if ?|s&s ( copies ( ,madame #dd ,bov>y c 2 pr9t$ on a pr9t+ press1 or photocopi$1 or d[nload$ f !n ! book 2comes "s?+ t is nonrival2 once ,madame ,bov>y is writt51 x c satisfy _m read]s ) ll addi;nal ef=t or co/4 ,9de$1 dep5d+ on ! te*nologies ( reproduc;n1 x may 2 v h>d to exclude p f ,madame ,bov>y4 ,imag9e a ,nap/] = ,fr5* lit]ature2 "ey"o cd h ,madame ,bov>y & only ! f/ pur*as] wd h to pay = x4 ,2c ( ~! 8nonrival0 & 8nonexcludable0 "*i/ics1 ,flaub]t's publi%] wd h a m difficult "t com+ up )a busi;s plan ?an ! petunia f>m]4 ,! same is true =! drug company t 9ve/s millions 9 scre5+ & te/+ v>i|s drug c&idates & #de 5ds up )a new antibiotic t is bo? safe & effective1 b : c 2 copi$ = p5nies4 ,:o w 9ve/ ! m"oy1 "k+ t any product c 2 "ucut by copies t don't h to pay ! rese>* co/s8 ,h[ >e au?ors & publi%]s & drug manufactur]s to make m"oy8 ,& if !y c't make m"oy1 h[ >e we to 9duce p to 2 au?ors or to 2 ! 9ve/ors :o put m"oy 9to ! publi%+ or ph>maceutical busi;s8 ,x is important to pause at ? po9t & 9quire h[ closely real;y hews to ! economic /ory ( 8nonexcludable0 & 8nonrival0 public gds4 ,x turns | t ! real;y is m* m complex4 ,f/1 "! may 2 motiva;ns = crea;n t d n dep5d on ! m>ket me*anism4 ,p "s"ts create 2c !y seek fame1 or | ( altruism1 or 2c an 9h]5t creative =ce w n let !m d o!rwise4 ,": ~? #df motiva;ns op]ate1 we may n ne$ a f9ancial 9c5tive to create4 ,?us ! 8problem0 ( *eap copy+ 9 fact 2comes a virtue4 ,second1 ! same te*nologies t make copy+ *eap] may al l[] ! co/s ( adv]tis+ & 4tribu;n1 cutt+ d[n on ! ne$ to f9.e exp5sive 4tribu;n *a9s4 ,?ird1 ev5 9 situa;ns t d require 9c5tives = creativ;y &= 4tribu;n1 x may 2 t 2+ 8f/ to m>ket0 ) an 9nova;n provides ! 9novator ) 5 (a head />t on ! competi;n to support ! 9nova;n4 ,f|r?1 :ile "s aspects (! 9nova;n may truly 2 nonrival1 o!r aspects may n4 ,s(tw>e is nonrival & h>d to exclude p f1 b x is easy to exclude yr cu/om]s f ! help l9e or te*nical support4 ,! ;,,cd may 2 copi$ *eaply2 ! 3c]t is easy to police4 ,! #dg 9novator may ev5 2 advantag$ by 2+ able to trade on ! likely effects ( h] 9nova;n4 ,if ,i "k ,i h develop$ ! digital cam]a1 ,i may sell ! 3v5;nal film company's %>es %ort4 ,gu>antees ( au!ntic;y1 qual;y1 & ease ( use may attract pur*as]s ev5 if unau?oriz$ copy+ is !oretically *eap]4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 ! economic model ( pure public gds w track |r real;y well 9 "s >eas & poorly 9 o!rs'\x2014'&! >gu;t = /ate 9t]v5;n to fix ! problems ( public gds w "!=e wax & wane correspond+ly4 ,9 ! case ( drug pat5ts1 = example1 x is v /r;g4 ,= lots ( l[.-level busi;s 9nova;n1 h["e1 we 2lieve t adequate 9c5tives >e provid$ by 2+ f/ to m>ket1 & s we see no ne$ to give monopoly p[] to ! f/ busi;s to come up )a new busi;s plan'\x2014' at #dh lea/ we did n until "s 4a/r|s pat5t law deci.ns 4cuss$ lat] 9 ? book4 ,nor does a l[]+ ( copy+ co/s hurt e 9du/ry equally4 ,digital copies ( music 7 a ?reat to ! tradi;nal music busi;s1 b digital copies ( books8 ,i am skeptical4 ,? book w 2 freely & legally available onl9e to all :o wi% to copy x4 ,bo? ! publi%] & ,i 2lieve t ? w 9crease r ?an decrease sales4 ,ignore ~! 9conv5i5t complicat+ factors =a mo;t4 ,assume t :]"e ?+s >e *eap to copy & h>d to exclude o!rs f1 we h a pot5tial collapse (! m>ket4 ,t book1 t drug1 t film w simply n 2 produc$ 9 ! f/ place'\x2014'un.s ! /ate /eps 9 "sh[ to *ange ! equa;n4 ,? is ! /&>d >gu;t = 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,&a v gd >gu;t x is4 ,9 #di ord] to solve ! pot5tially 8m>ketbreak+0 problem ( gds t >e exp5sive to make & *eap to copy1 we w use :at my colleague ,j]ry ,rei*man calls ! 8m>ket.-mak+0 device ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,! /ate w create a "r to exclude o!rs f ! 9v5;n or ! expres.n & 3f] x on ! 9v5tor or ! au?or4 ,! mo/ famili> "rs ( ? k9d >e copy"rs & pat5ts4 "<,tradem>ks pres5t "s special issues1 : ,i w address a ll lat]4"> ,hav+ be5 giv5 ! abil;y to =bid p to copy yr 9v5;n or yr novel1 y c make !m pay =! privilege ( gett+ access4 ,y h be5 put back 9 ! posi;n (! petunia f>m]4 ,pause =a mo;t & ?9k ( :at a brilliant social 9nova;n ? is'\x2014' at lea/ pot5tially4 ,focus n on ! 9c5tives al"o1 b on ! dec5traliza;n ( 9=ma;n process+ & deci.n mak+ #ej t a m>ket (f]s4 ,9/ead ( hav+ m9i/ries ( >t t def9e ! appropriate culture to 2 produc$ ? ye>1 or turn+ ! 5tire pa? ( na;nal 9nova;n policy ov] to ! gov]n;t1 9tellectual prop]ty dec5tralizes ! *oices ab :at creative & 9novative pa?s to pursue :ile reta9+ ! possibil;y t p w actually get pd = _! 9nova;n & creative expres.n4 ,! promise ( copy"r is ?3 if y >e a radical 5viron;tali/ :o wants to al]t ! _w to ! dang] pos$ by climate *ange1 or a pas.nate advocate ( homes*ool+1 or a c>tooni/ )a uniquely twi/$ view ( life1 or a musician :o c make a slack key guit> d v /range ?+s1 or a p]son :o likes to take amaz+ly sac*>9e pictures ( puppies & put !m on greet+ #ea c>ds'\x2014'maybe y c quit yr "d job & actually make a liv+ f yr expressive p[]s4 ,if ! m>ket "ws1 if ! middlem5 & 4tributors >e sm>t 5|<1 competitive 5|<1 & will+ to take a *.e on expres.n t competes ) _! in.-h|se tal5t1 if y c make x "sh[ 9to ! public 3sci|s;s1 !n y c 2 pd = all[+ ! _w to copy1 4tribute1 & p]=m yr /uff4 ,y risk yr "t & yr ef=t & yr pas.n &1 if ! m>ket likes x1 y w 2 rew>d$4 "<,at ! v lea/1 ! giant produc]s ( culture w 2 able to assemble va/ teams ( animators & musicians & s(tw>e gurus & meld _! labors 9to a videotape t w success;lly anes!tize yr *n = two h|rs2 no small accompli%;t1 let me tell y1 & "o = : p w c]ta9ly pay4"> ,m importantly1 if ! sy/em "ws1 ! *oices ab ! #eb 3t5t ( |r culture'\x2014'! mix ( e>ne/ essays & sac*>9e greet+ c>ds & scantily clad s+]s & poetic r5di;ns ( ,norse my?s'\x2014'w 2 dec5traliz$ to ! p :o actually read1 or li/5 to1 or wat* ! /uff4 ,? is |r cultural policy & x is driv51 9 "p1 by copy"r4 ,! promise ( pat5t is ?3 we h a multitude ( human ne$s &a multitude ( 9dividuals & firms :o miketplace1 w 2 able to reap ! return provid$ by ! legal "r to exclude'\x2014'by ! legal monopoly ov] ! result+ 9v5;n4 ,! m>ket h9ts #ec at "s unmet ne$'\x2014'= drugs t mie novel & 8nonobvi|s10 "s?+ t goes 2y :at any skill$ p]son 9 ! relevant field wd h d"o4"> ,9 return =! legal monopoly1 pat5t hold]s m/ describe ! te*nology well 5 to all[ any"o to replicate x once ! pat5t t]m 5ds4 ,?us pat5t law all[s u to av]t two dang]s3 ! dang] t ! 9nova;n w langui% 2c ! 9v5tor has no way to recov] h] 9ve/;t ( "t & capital1 &! dang] t ! 9v5tor w turn to secrecy 9/ead1 hid+ ! details ( h] 9nova;n #ed 2h black box te*nologies & re/rictive 3tracts1 s t society n"e gets ! k emb$d$ 9 x4 "<,? is a real dang]4 ,! m$ieval guilds (t5 reli$ on secrecy to ma9ta9 ! comm]cial advantage 3vey$ by _! special skills1 ?us sl[+ progress d[n & "s"ts simply /opp+ x4 ,we / don't "k h[ !y made ,/radiv>ius viol9s s.d s gd4 ,pat5ts1 by 3tra/1 keep ! k public1 at lea/ 9 !ory2 y m/ describe x to [n x4"> ,& ag1 deci.ns ab ! direc;n ( 9nova;n h be5 l>gely1 ?|< n 5tirely1 dec5traliz$ to ! p :o actually miks1 ! ll ~ws or symbols or product %apes t id5tify products = u8 ,:y d we h tradem>k law1 ? #ee 8home/ead law =! ,5gli% language08 ,:y n simply all[ any"o to use any "n or attractive symbol t !y want on _! products1 ev5 if "s"o else us$ x f/8 ,a tradem>k gives me a limit$ "r to exclude o!r p f us+ my m>k1 or br& "n1 or product %ape1 j z copy"r & pat5t law give me a limit$ "r to exclude o!r p f my orig9al expres.n or my novel 9v5;n4 ,:y create s* a "r & back x )! =ce ( law8 ,ac to ! economi/s1 ! answ] is t tradem>k law does two ?+s4 ,x saves 3sum]s "t4 ,we h gd reason to 2lieve t a soap t says 8,ivory0 or a tub ( ice cream t says 8,h~3aag5.-,dazs0 w 2 made by ! same manufactur] t made ! la/ bat* ( ,ivory soap or ,h~3aag5.- ,dazs ice cream4 ,if we lik$ ! gd 2f & we see ! symbol ag1 we "k :at #ef we >e gett+4 ,i c "w | :at k9d ( soap1 ice cream1 or c> ,i l1 & !n j look =! appropriate sign r ?an 9ve/igat+ ! product all ov] ag ea* "t ,i buy4 ,t wd 2 wa/e;l & economi/s hate wa/e4 ,at ! same "t1 tradem>ks fulfill a second func;n3 !y >e suppos$ to give manufactur]s an 9c5tive to make gd products'\x2014'or at lea/ to make products ( 3si/5t qual;y or price'\x2014'to build up a gd br& "n & 9ve/ 9 3si/5cy ( xs key features1 "k+ t no o!r firm c take _! "n or symbol4 "<,:y produce a hi<.-qual;y product1 or a reliable *eap product1 & build a big m>ket %>e if a free rid] cd wait until p lik$ ! product & !n j produce an imita;n )! same "n b ( l[] qual;y8"> ,! promise ( tradem>k is #eg t qual;y & comm]cial 9=ma;n fl[ regulate !mvs1 ) ra;nal 3sum]s judg+ am;g gds ( 3si/5t qual;y produc$ by manufactur]s ) an 9t]e/ 9 build+ up l;g.-t]m reputa;n4 ,s "! we h ! idealiz$ vi.n ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,x is n m]ely suppos$ to produce 9c5tives = 9nova;n by rew>d+ creators1 ?|< t is vital4 ,9tellectual prop]ty is al suppos$ to create a fe$back me*anism t dictates ! 3t|rs ( 9=ma;n & 9nova;n produc;n4 ,x is n an ov]/ate;t to say t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e design$ to %ape |r 9=ma;n m>ketplace4 ,copy"r law is suppos$ to give u a self.-regulat+ cultural policy 9 : ! "r to exclude o!rs f "o's orig9al expres.n fuels a vibrant public sph]e 9directly driv5 by popul> dem&4 ,at xs be/1 x is suppos$ to all[ a #eh dec5traliz$ & iconocla/ic cultural f];t 9 : 9dep5d5t >ti/s1 musicians1 & writ]s c take _! unique vi.ns1 hi/ories1 poems1 or s;gs to ! _w'\x2014' & make a liv+ do+ s if _! "w f9ds favor4 ,pat5t law is suppos$ to give u a self.-regulat+ 9nova;n policy 9 : ! "r to exclude o!rs f novel & use;l 9v5;ns creates a cyb]netic & responsive 9nova;n m>ketplace4 ,! alloca;n ( social res|rces to "picul> types ( 9nova;n is driv5 by guesses ab :at ! m>ket wants4 ,tradem>k law is suppos$ to give u a self.-regulat+ comm]cial 9=ma;n policy 9 : ! "r to exclude o!rs f "o's trade "n1 symbol1 or slogan produces a m>ket = 3sum] 9=ma;n 9 : firms h 9c5tives to e/abli% qual;y br& "ns & 3sum]s c rely on ! mean+ &! /abil;y (! logos t #ei surr.d !m4 ,ivory soap w alw mean ,ivory soap & ,coke w mean ,coke1 at lea/ until ! [n]s ( ~? m>ks decide to *ange ! nature ( _! products4 ,"s read]s w f9d my use (! t]m 89tellectual prop]ty0 mi/ak5 & (f5sive4 ,!y w >gue1 & ,i agree1 t ! use (! t]m 8prop]ty0 c cause p mi/ak5ly to 3flate ~! "rs ) ~? to physical prop]ty4 "<,i |tl9e t process & xs negative 3sequ;es 9 ! next *apt]4"> ,!y w >gue1 & ag ,i agree1 t "! >e big diff];es 2t ! ?ree fields ,i h describ$4 ,%d we n j li/ ! specific "rs ab : we >e speak+'\x2014'copy"r1 pat5t1 or tradem>k8 ,bo? ( ~! 3c]ns >e real & well.-f.d$1 b ,i respect;lly 4agree )! 3clu.n t we %d give up ! t]m 89tellectual prop]ty40 ,f/1 z ,i h tri$ to #fj %[ abv1 :ile "! >e 3sid]able diff];es 2t ! ?ree fields ,i 4cuss$1 "! is al a core simil>;y'\x2014'! attempt to use a legally creat$ privilege to solve a pot5tial 8public gds problem40 ,t simil>;y c 5lie bo? 8mammals0'\x2014'a socially 3/ruct$ category'\x2014's l;g z he has a reason = focus+ on t commonal;y4 ,second1 ! language ( 9tellectual prop]ty exi/s4 ,x has political real;y 9 ! _w4 ,"s"ts ! language 3fuses & misleads4 ,"! >e two possible reac;ns to s* a real;y4 ,"o c reject x & 9si/ on a diff]5t & 8purifi$0 nom5clature1 or "o c attempt to po9t | ! #fa misp]cep;ns & 3fu.ns us+ ! v language 9 : !y >e emb$d$4 ,i d n reject ! f/ tactic4 ,x c 2 use;l4 ,"h1 ?|<1 ,i h embrac$ ! second4 ,i h provid$ ! idealiz$ /ory ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,b is x true8 ,did ! law really develop t way8 ,does x "w t way n[8 ,does ? /ory / apply 9 ! _w (! ,9t]net &! ,human ,g5ome ,project8 ,if y 2liev$ ! idealiz$ /ory1 wd y "k :at k9d ( 9tellectual prop]ty laws to write8 ,! answ] to all ( ~! "qs is 8n exactly40 ,l mo/ social 9/itu;ns1 9tellectual prop]ty has an alt messi] & m 9t]e/+ hi/ory ?an ? sanitiz$ v].n ( xs func;n+ wd sugge/4 ,! precursors ( copy"r law s]v$ to =ce ! id5tifica;n (! au?or1 s t he cd 2 puni%$ if he prov$ to 2 a h]etic or a revolu;n>y4 ,! ,/atute ( ,anne'\x2014'! f/ true #fb copy"r /atute'\x2014'0 produc$ "ply 2c ( publi%]s,0 fid frs (! gov]n;t & re/rict or 3trol dang]|s te*nologies4 ,tradem>k law has %uttl$ uneasily 2t 2+ a free.-float+ way to police competi;n s z to prohibit ac;ns t c|rts ?"| 7 8unfair0 & an absolute prop]ty "r ov] an 9dividual ~w or symbol4 ,b does 9tellectual prop]ty "w ? way n[1 promot+ ! ideal ( progress1 a transp>5t m>ketplace1 easy & *eap access to 9=ma;n1 dec5traliz$ & iconocla/ic cultural produc;n1 self.-correct+ 9nova;n policy8 ,(t5 x does1 b 4tress+ly (t5 x does ! r"ese4 ,! "rs t 7 suppos$ to 2 limit$ 9 "t & scope #fc to ! m9imum monopoly nec to 5sure produc;n 2come 9/ead a k9d ( p]petual corporate welf>e'\x2014're/ra9+ ! next g5]a;n ( creators 9/ead ( 5c|rag+ !m4 ,! sy/em t 0 suppos$ to h>;s ! g5ius ( bo? ! m>ket & democracy "s"ts subv]ts bo?4 ,worse1 x does s 9effici5tly1 lock+ up va/ swa?s ( culture 9 ord] to 3f] a b5efit on a t9y m9or;y ( "ws4 ,b ? is too ab/ract4 ,a s+le 9/.e f copy"r law w s]ve z a 3crete example ( :at is at /ake "h4 ,lat] 9 ! book ,i w give o!r examples4 ,g to ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress catalogue4 ,x is onl9e at ,? is an a/.d+ repository ( mat]ial'\x2014'n j books & p]iodicals1 b pictures1 films1 & music4 ,! va/ major;y ( ? mat]ial1 p]h z m* z #ie p]c5t 9 ! case ( books1 is comm]cially #fd unavailable4 ,! process happ5s comp>atively qkly4 ,e/imates sugge/ t a m]e tw5tyeis af publica;n #he p]c5t (! "ws >e no l;g] 2+ comm]cially produc$4 "<,we "k t :5 ,u4,s4 copy"r requir$ r5ewal af tw5ty.-eis1 ab #he p]c5t ( all copy"r hold]s did n bo!r to r5ew4 ,? is a reasonable1 if r|<1 guide to comm]cial viabil;y4"> ,yet 2c ! copy"r t]m is n[ s l;g1 9 _m cases ext5d+ well ov] a c5tury1 mo/ ( tw5tie?.-c5tury culture is / "u copy"r'\x2014' copy"r$ b unavailable4 ,m* ( ?1 9 o!r ~ws1 is lo/ culture4 ,no "o is repr9t+ ! books1 scre5+ ! films1 or play+ ! s;gs4 ,no "o is all[$ to4 ,9 fact1 we may n ev5 "k :o holds ! copy"r4 ,companies h g"o | ( busi;s4 ,records >e 9complete or abs5t4 ,9 #fe "s cases1 x is ev5 m complicat$4 ,a film1 = example1 mie comm]cially unavailable & al h no id5tifiable copy"r hold]'\x2014'>e call$ 8orphan "ws40 ,!y make up a huge p]c5tage ( |r grt libr>ies,0 hold+s4 ,= example1 s*ol>s e/imate t ! major;y ( |r film hold+s >e orphan "ws4 ,= books1 ! e/imates >e simil>4 ,n only >e ~! "ws unavailable comm]cially1 "! is simply no way to f9d & 3tact ! p]son :o cd agree to give p]mis.n to digitize ! "w or make x available 9 a new =m4 ,take a 3s]vative set ( numb]s4 ,subtract f |r totals ! "ws t >e cle>ly 9 ! public doma94 ,9 ! #ff ,unit$ ,/ates1 t is g5]ally "w produc$ 2f #aibc4 ,t mat]ial1 at lea/1 we c use freely4 ,subtract1 too1 ! "ws t >e / available f ! copy"r hold]4 ,"! we c ga9 access if we >e will+ to pay4 ,yet ? / leaves a huge propor;n ( tw5tie?.- & tw5ty.-f/.-c5tury culture comm]cially unavailable b "u copy"r4 ,9 ! case ( books1 ! numb] is ov] #ie p]c5t1 z ,i sd 2f2 ) films & music1 x is h>d] to tell1 b ! p]c5tages >e / tragically hi<4 ,a sub/antial propor;n ( t total is made up ( orphan "ws4 ,!y _c 2 repr9t$ or digitiz$ ev5 if we 7 will+ to pay ! [n] to d s4 ,& !n comes ! ,9t]net4 ,"r n[1 y c se>* = ~? books or films or s;gs & h ! loca;n (! "w 9/antly 4play$1 z well z a few details ab x4 ,& if y live 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 or ne> "s o!r grt libr>y1 #fg y c g to a read+ room1 & if ! "w c 2 f.d & has n be5 *eck$ |1 & has n det]iorat$1 y c read ! books "range to see ! movies un.s y >e an accr$it$ film s*ol>">4 ,i 0 se>*+ ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress catalogue onl9e "o ni.-old book ab politics & m>kets1 :5 my son came 9 to wat* me4 ,he 0 ab eis old at ! "t b alr a * (! ,9t]net age4 ,he ask$ :at ,i 0 do+ & ,i expla9$ t ,i 0 pr9t+ | ! details (! book s t ,i cd try to f9d x 9 my [n univ]s;y libr>y4 8,:y don't y read x onl9e80 he sd1 rea*+ ov] my %|ld] & d|ble.-click+ on ! title1 fr[n+ :5 t m]ely l$ to ano!r 9=ma;n page3 8,h[ d y get to read ! actual book80 ,i smil$ at ! assump;n t all ! "ws ( lit]ature 7 n #fh m]ely 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress1 b actually on ! ,net3 available to any"o ) an ,9t]net 3nec;n any": 9 ! _w'\x2014's t y cd n m]ely se>* =1 b al read or pr9t1 "s l>ge slice (! ,libr>y's hold+s4 ,imag9e :at t wd 2 l4 ,imag9e ! ll "ul9$ blue hyp]l9k f ea* title'\x2014'to my son x made p]fect s5se4 ,! book's title 0 9 ! catalogue4 ,:5 y click$ ! l9k1 surely y wd get to read x4 ,t is :at happ5$ 9 8 exp]i;e :5 "o click$ a l9k4 ,:y n "h8 ,x 0 an old book1 af all1 no l;g] 9 pr9t4 ,imag9e 2+ able to read ! books1 he> ! music1 or wat* ! films'\x2014'or at lea/ ! "os t ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress ?"| x wor?:ile to digitize4 ,( c|rse1 t is ridicul|s4 ,i tri$ to expla9 ? to my son4 ,i %[$ hm t "! 7 "s "ws t cd 2 se5 onl9e4 ,i #fi took hm to ! onl9e photograph libr>y1 mean+ to %[ hm ! weal? ( amaz+ hi/orical photographs4 ,9/ead1 ,i f.d myf brood+ ov] ! l5g?y li/+ ( legal re/ric;ns on ! images &! explana;n t reproduc;n ( protect$ items may require ! writt5 p]mis.n (! copy"r [n]s & t1 9 _m cases1 only 9di/9ct & t9y ?umbnail images >e 4play$ to ~? se>*+ f |tside ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress 82c ( pot5tial "rs 3sid]a;ns40 ,! same 0 true (! scrat*y folk s;gs f ! tw5ties or ! e>ly film hold+s4 ,! mat]ial 0 9 ! ,libr>y1 ( c|rse'\x2014'rem>kable collec;ns 9 "s cases1 c>e;lly pres]v$1 & "s"ts ev5 digitiz$ at public exp5se4 ,yet only a t9y frac;n ( x is available onl9e4 "<,"! is a fasc9at+ set ( ,$ison's e>ly films1 = #gj example4"> ,mo/ (! mat]ial available onl9e comes f s l;g ago t ! copy"r cd n possibly / 2 9 =ce4 ,b s9ce copy"r la/s = sev5ty ye>s af ! dea? (! au?or "s if x 0 a corporate 8"w = hire0">1 t cd 2 a v1 v l;g "t 9de$4 ,l;g 5|<1 9 fact1 to keep (f limits alm ! :ole hi/ory ( mov+ pictures &! 5tire hi/ory ( record$ music4 ,l;g 5 to lock up alm all ( tw5tie?c5tury culture4 ,b is t n :at copy"r is suppos$ to d8 ,to grant ! "r to re/rict access1 s z to all[ au?ors to *>ge =! privilege ( obta9+ x8 ,yes1 9de$4 ,& ? is a v gd idea4 ,b z ,i >gue 9 ? book1 ! goal (! sy/em "| to 2 to give ! monopoly only = z l;g z nec to provide an 9c5tive4 ,af t1 we %d let ! "w fall 9to ! public doma9 ": all ( u c use x1 trans=m x1 #ga adapt x1 build on x1 republi% x z we wi%4 ,= mo/ "ws1 ! [n]s expect to make all ! m"oy !y >e go+ to rec|p f ! "w ) five or t5 ye>s ( exclusive "rs4 ,! re/ (! copy"r t]m is ( ll use to !m except z a k9d ( lott]y ticket 9 case ! "w proves to 2 a "o.-in.-a.-million p]5nial favorite4 ,! "o.-in.-a.-million lott]y w9n] w b5efit1 ( c|rse1 if 8 ticket comes up4 ,& if ! ticket is 8free10 :o wd n take x8 ,b ! ticket is n free to ! public4 ,!y pay hi<] prices =! "ws / 2+ comm]cially exploit$ &1 frequ5tly1 ! price ( complete unavailabil;y =! "ws t >e n4 ,?9k (a "o.-in.-a.-million p]5nial favorite'\x2014',h>ry ,pott]1 say4 ,l;g af ,j4 ,k4 ,r[l+ is du/1 we w all 2 =bidd5 f mak+ #gb d]ivative "ws1 or publi%+ *eap $i;ns or l>ge.-type v].ns1 or simply reproduc+ x = pleasure4 ,i am a grt admir] ( ,ms4 ,r[l+'s "w1 b my guess is t ll extra 9c5tive 0 provid$ by ! ?"| t h] copy"r w 5dure sev5ty r ?an m]ely fifty ye>s af h] dea?4 ,"s l>ge co/s >e 2+ impos$ "h1 =a small b5efit4 ,&! co/s fall ev5 m heavily on all ! o!r "ws1 : >e available no": b 9 "s mold]+ libr>y /acks4 ,to put x ano!r way1 if copy"r [n]s _h to pur*ase ea* addi;nal five ye>s ( t]m sep>ately1 ! same way we buy w>ranties on |r appli.es1 ! economically ra;nal "os wd ma9ly settle =a fairly %ort p]iod4 ,( c|rse1 "! >e "s "ws t >e / 2+ exploit$ comm]cially l;g af _! publica;n date4 ,obvi|sly ! [n]s ( ~! "ws wd n want !m freely available onl9e4 ,? seems #gc reasonable 5|<1 ?|< ev5 ) ~? "ws ! copy"r %d expire ev5tually4 ,b rememb]1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress's va/1 wond];l pudd+ ( s;gs & pictures & films & books & magaz9es & newspap]s1 "! is p]h a h&;l ( rais9s,0 wor? ( "ws t any"o is mak+ any m"oy f1 &! va/ major;y ( ~? come f ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,if "o goes back tw5ty ye>s1 p]h a rais94 ,fifty ye>s8 ,a slioma4 ,we re/rict access to ! :ole pudd+ 9 ord] to give ! [n]s (! rais9 sliv]s _! due4 ,b ? pudd+ is alm all ( tw5tie?.-c5tury culture1 & we >e re/rict+ access to x :5 alm ( all ( x cd 2 available4 ,if y d n "k m* ab copy"r1 y miy wd 2 free to put ~? "ws #gd onl9e8 ,doesn't 8no h>m1 no f|l0 apply 9 ! _w ( copy"r8 ,9 a ~w1 no4 ,copy"r is :at lawy]s call a 8/rict liabil;y0 sy/em4 ,? means t x is g5]ally n a legal excuse to say t y did n 2lieve y 7 violat+ copy"r1 or t y did s by accid5t1 or 9 ! 2lief t no "o wd c>e1 & t yr ac;ns b5efit$ ! public4 ,9noc;e & mi/ake d n absolve y1 ?|< !y mi on a "w1 _m libr>ies simply w n reproduce ! mat]ial or make x available onl9e until !y c 2 sure ! copy"r has expir$'\x2014': may mean wait+ = ov] a c5tury4 ,!y _c af=d to take ! risk4 ,:at is wr;g ) ? picture8 ,copy"r has d"o xs job & 5c|rag$ ! crea;n (! "w4 ,b n[ x acts z a f;e1 keep+ u | & re/rict+ access to ! #ge "w to ~? :o h ! "t & res|rces to trudge "? ! /acks (! na;n's >*ives4 ,9 "s cases1 z ) film1 x may simply make ! "w completely unavailable4 ,s f> ,i h be5 talk+ z ?|< copy"r 7 ! only reason ! mat]ial is n freely available onl9e4 ,b ( c|rse1 ? is n true4 ,digitiz+ co/s m"oy ""> & "! is a lot ( rubbi% | "!1 /uff no "o wd "e want to make available digitally "4 ,b t / leaves va/ am.ts ( mat]ial t we wd want1 & 2 will+ to pay1 to h digitiz$4 ,rememb] al t if ! mat]ial 7 legally free1 any"o cd get 9 on ! act ( digitiz+ x & putt+ x up4 ,google's m* h]ald$ ef=t to scan ! books 9 major libr>ies is j ! k9d ( ?+ ,i mean4 ,b ,google is 2+ su$ = violat+ #gf copy"r'\x2014'ev5 ?|< x all[s any au?or to 8opt |0 ( xs sy/em1 & ev5 ?|< "u ! ,google sy/em y _c click to get ! book if x is / "u copy"r1 m]ely a snippet a few s5t;es l;g f ! book4 ,if y >e %ak+ yr head z y read ?1 say+ t no "o wd bo!r digitiz+ mo/ (! mat]ial 9 ! >*ives1 look at ! ,9t]net & ask yrf ": ! 9=ma;n came f ! la/ "t y did a se>*4 ,0 x an (ficial & pre/igi|s 9/itu;n8 ,a univ]s;y or a museum or a gov]n;t8 ,"s"ts ~? >e |r s|rces ( 9=ma;n1 ( c|rse4 ,b d y n f9d ! major;y (! 9=ma;n y ne$ by w&]+ (f 9to a /range click.-trail ( sites1 amateur & pr(es.nal1 comm]cial & n1 hobbyi/ & 5trepr5eur1 all self.-organiz$ by 9t]nal ref]rals & se>* 5g9e algori?ms8 ,ev5 if ,google did n "utake ! task ( digitiza;n1 "! wd 2 #gg hundr$s1 ?|s&s1 maybe millions ( o!rs :o wd'\x2014'n ) ,google's res|rces1 to 2 sure4 ,9 ! process1 !y wd create "s?+ q rem>kable4 ,! mo/ satisfy+ pro(s >e exi/;e pro(s4 ,a platypus is an exi/;e pro( t mammals c lay eggs4 ,! ,9t]net is an exi/;e pro( (! rem>kable 9=ma;n process+ p[] (a dec5traliz$ net"w ( hobbyi/s1 amateurs1 univ]sities1 busi;ses1 volunte] gr|ps1 pr(es.nals1 & retir$ exp]ts & :o "ks :at else4 ,x is a net"w t produces use;l 9=ma;n & s]vices4 ,frequ5tly1 x does s at no co/ to ! us] & )|t any"o guid+ x4 ,imag9e t 5]gy1 t dec5traliz$ & idiosyncratically 4p]s$ patt]n ( 9t]e/s1 turn$ loose on ! cultural >tifacts (! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,!n imag9e x c|pl$ to ! ef=ts (! #gh grt /ate >*ives & private museums :o !mvs wd 2 free to d ! same ?+4 ,?9k (! p :o wd "w on ,bu/] ,keaton1 or ! lit]>y classics (! #aicjs1 or ! films (! ,second ,_w ,w>1 or footage on ! daily lives ( ,african.-,am]icans dur+ segrega;n1 or ! music (! ,grt ,depres.n1 or "!m9 record+s1 or ! be/ ( vaudeville4 ,imag9e yr ,google se>* 9 s* a _w4 ,imag9e t ,libr>y ( ,3gress4 ,"o sci;e fic;n writ] has tak5 a /ab4 ,8 "* utt]s ! immortal l9e1 8,man1 y'll get my ,libr>y ( ,3gress :5 y pry my cold dead f+]s (f x 6,7 ,famili> )! effect ( ? k9d ( tra9 ( ?"| on 8 "f1 my son _h l;g s9ce w&]$ (f 9 se>* (a basketball game to wat*4 ,b ,i h to admit 8 "q 0 "s?+ ( an epiphany = me3 #gi ,": d y click to get ! actual book8 ,! response ,i get f a lot ( p is t ? vi.n (! ,libr>y ( ,3gress is communism1 pure & simple4 ,s* p view ,google's attempt to digitize books z simple !ft4 ,surely x w de/roy ! 9c5tives nec to produce ! next bea* novel1 ! next academic monograph1 ! next te5 b& ;,,cd1 ! next hundr$.-million.-doll> movie8 ,b ? mi/akes my sugges;n4 ,imag9e a v 3s]vative sy/em4 ,f/1 let u make p demon/rate t !y want a copy"r1 by ! >du|s /ep ( actually writ+ ! ~w copy"r or ! ll ~c on ! "w4 "<,at ! mo;t1 "ey"o gets a copy"r z soon z ! "w is writt5 d[n or o!rwise fix$1 :e!r !y want "o or n4"> ,b h[ l;g a copy"r8 ,we "k t ! major;y ( "ws >e only valuable = five or t5 ye>s4 ,let u #hj give copy"r [n]s m ?an d|ble t1 say tw5ty.-eis ( exclusive "rs4 ,if prior exp]i;e is any guide1 #he p]c5t ( "ws w 2 all[$ to 5t] ! public doma9 af t p]iod4 ,if t isn't g5]|s 5|<1 let u say t ! small propor;n ( [n]s :o / f9d value 9 _! copy"r at ! 5d ( tw5ty.-eis c ext5d _! copy"r = ano!r tw5ty.-eis4 ,"ws t >e n r5ew$ fall immly 9to ! public doma94 ,if y *eck ! regi/] af tw5ty.-eis &! "w has n be5 r5ew$1 x is 9 ! public doma94 ,"ws t >e r5ew$ get ! extra "t4 ,n[ ? is a 3s]vative sugges;n1 too 3s]vative 9 my view1 ?|< / bett] ?an :at we h n[4 ,is x feasible8 ,x wd 2 h>d to >gue t x is n4 ,? pretty m* 0 ! law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until #aigh4 "<,my sy/em is a ll simpl]1 b ! broad /rokes >e ! #ha same4"> ,s9ce t po9t1 9 two broad /ages1 we h mov$ away f ? sy/em at ! v mo;t 9 hi/ory :5 ! ,9t]net made x a "picul>ly /upid idea to d s4 ,h[ h we *ang$ ! sy/em8 ,we h giv5 copy"rs to ! creator ( any orig9al "w z soon z x is fix$1 s t y1 read]1 >e ! au?or ( ?|s&s ( copy"r$ "ws4 ,alm "ey?+ up on ! ,9t]net is copy"r$1 ev5 if xs creators d n "k t & wd pref] x to 2 9 ! public doma94 ,imag9e t y want to make a docu;t>y & use a film clip t a /ud5t filmmak] has put up on 8 home page4 ,p]h y want to adapt ! nifty graphics t a hi< s*ool tea*] 9 ,hawaii creat$ to tea* h] calculus class1 ?9k+ t1 )a few *anges1 y cd use ! mat]ial = yr /ate's ;,k.-#ab physics program4 ,p]h y >e a collage >ti/ :o wi%es to 9corporate images t amateur >ti/s h put onl9e4 #hb ,n"o (! "ws >e m>k$ by a copy"r symbol4 ,c]ta9ly !y >e up on ! ,9t]net1 b does t mean t !y >e available = repr9t+1 adapta;n1 or 9corpora;n 9 a new "w8 ,9 ea* ( ~! cases1 y simply d n "k :e!r :at y >e do+ is legal or n4 ,( c|rse1 y c take ! risk1 ?|< t 2comes less advisable if y want to %>e yr "w ) o!rs4 ,ea* broad5+ (! circle ( %>+ 9creases ! value to society b al ! legal dang] to y4 ,:at if y want to put ! c|rse mat]ials on ! ,net1 or publi% ! an?ology1 or 4play ! movie8 ,p]h y c try to p]suade yr publi%] or employ] or 4tributor to take ! risk4 ,p]h y c track d[n ! au?ors ( e piece y wi% to use & puzzle "? ! way to get a legal release f !m /at+ t !y give y p]mis.n to use ! "w !y did n ev5 "k !y _h copy"r ov]4 ,or y c #hc give up4 ,:at"e happ5s1 y wa/e "t & ef=t 9 try+ to figure | a way ( gett+ >.d a sy/em t is design$ >.d nei yr ne$s nor ! ne$s ( _m (! p ~: "w y want to use4 ,a"p f do+ away )! ne$ to 9dicate t y want yr "ws to 2 copy"r$1 we h l5g!n$ ! copy"r t]m4 ,we did ? )|t any cr$ible evid;e t x 0 nec to 5c|rage 9nova;n4 ,we h ext5d$ ! t]ms ( liv+ & ev5 ( dead au?ors ov] "ws t h alr be5 creat$4 "<,x is h>d to >gue t ? 0 a nec 9c5tive1 :at )! "ws alr exi/+ &! au?ors (t5 2+ dead4"> ,we h d"o away )! ne$ to r5ew ! "r4 ,"ey"o gets ! t]m ( life plus sev5ty ye>s1 or n9ety.-five ye>s = corporate 8"ws = hire40 ,all protect$ by a 8/rict liabil;y0 sy/em ) sc>y p5alties4 ,&1 z ,i sd 2f1 we h made all ~? *oices j :5 ! ,9t]net makes #hd _! co/s "picul>ly tragic4 ,9 sum1 we h =g"o ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress ,i describ$ )|t ev5 app>5tly realiz+ we 7 do+ s4 ,we h lock$ up mo/ ( tw5tie?c5tury culture & d"o x 9 a "picul>ly 9effici5t & s5se.s way1 creat+ va/ co/s 9 ord] to 3vey propor;nally t9y b5efits4 "<,& all )|t m* compla9t f ~? :o normally object to 9effici5t gov]n;t subsidy programs4"> ,wor/ ( all1 we h turn$ ! sy/em on xs head4 ,copy"r1 9t5d$ to 2 ! s]vant ( creativ;y1 a means ( promot+ access to 9=ma;n1 is 2com+ an ob/acle to bo?4 ,t1 !n1 is "o example (! /akes (! debate ov] 9tellectual prop]ty policy4 ,un=tunately1 ! problem ( copy"r t]ms is j "o example1 "o 9/.e (a l>g] patt]n4 ,z ,i w try to %[1 ? patt]n is repeat$ ag & ag 9 pat5ts1 9 tradem>ks1 & #he else": 9 copy"r law4 ,? is n an isolat$ 8glit*40 ,x is a complicat$ b rel5t.s t5d5cy t has l$ to a hyp]trophy ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs & an assault on ! public doma94 ,9 fact1 9 _m cases1 ! real;y is ev5 worse3 "! appe>s to 2 a complete ignor.e ab ! value (! public doma94 ,prop]ty's opposite1 xs |tside1 is gett+ %ort %rift4 ,to p>aphrase a s;g f my y|?1 8h[ did we get "h80 ,": %d we turn to "u/& ! role ( 9tellectual prop]ty 9 ! ]a (! ,9t]net &! decod+ (! human g5ome8 ,we cd turn to ! cutt+ $ge ( te*nology or to economics or 9=ma;n !ory4 ,b n"o ( ~? wd 2 z use;l a />t+ place z a lr t 0 writt5 ab two hundr$ ye>s ago1 us+ a hi<.-te* quill p51 ab a subject f> f ! digital _w4 ,fur!r ,read+ #hf ,? *apt] >gues t at lea/ "o goal we h 9 an 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em is ! attempt to solve v>i|s 8public gds problems40 "<,subsequ5t *apt]s def5d t view hi/orically & normatively1 4cuss ! ideas ( moral "r & natural "r1 ! tradi;n (! droits d'auteur1 &! simil>ities & 4simil>ities 2t ! >gu;ts = tangible & 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,fur!r read+ on ~? issues c 2 f.d 9 ! relevant *apt]4"> ,! s+le be/ />t+ po9t = "s"o :o wi%es to "u/& an economic p]spective on 9tellectual prop]ty is ,william ,m4 ,l&es & ,ri*>d ,a4 ,posn]1 ,! ,economic ,/ructure ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,law "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,belknap ,press1 #bjjc">4 ,! /ory laid | 9 ? *apt] is "o l>gely " focus$ on ! idea ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs (f]$ z 9c5tives'\x2014'! c>rot t 9duces ! au?or to write1 ! 9v5tor to rese>*1 ! 9ve/or to fund t rese>*1 &! corpora;n to develop attractive & /able br& "ns t 3vey reliable 9=ma;n to 3sum]s4 ,? is 3v5;nally "kn z ! ex ante p]spective4 ,b z ! *apt] al h9ts1 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 l prop]ty "rs 9 g5]al1 h a role af ! 9nova;n has occurr$'\x2014'facilitat+ xs effici5t exploita;n1 all[+ 9v5tors to 4close _! 9v5;ns to prospective lic5sees )|t "!by los+ 3trol ( !m1 & provid+ a /ate.-3/ruct$1 neatly ti$ bundle ( 5title;ts t c 2 effici5tly trad$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,read]s 9t]e/$ 9 ~! p]spectives w b5efit f look+ at ~! >ticles3 ,$mund ,kit*1 8,! ,nature & ,func;n (! #hh ,pat5t ,sy/em10 ,j|rnal ( ,law & ,economics #bj "<#aigg">3 #bfe"-#bij2 ,paul ,j4 ,heald1 8,a ,transac;n ,co/s ,!ory ( ,pat5t ,law10 ,ohio ,/ate ,law ,j|rnal #ff "<#bjje">3 #dgc"-#eji2 & ,rob]t ,m]ges1 8,a ,transac;nal ,view ( ,prop]ty ,"rs10 ,b]keley ,te*nology ,law ,j|rnal #bj "<#bjje">3 #adgg"-#aebj4 ,( c|rse1 j z ! 9c5tives acc.t ( 9tellectual prop]ty has xs skeptics1 s ~! ex po/ !ories attract skepticism f ~? :o 2lieve t1 9 practice1 ! "rs w n 2 cle> & well.-del9eat$ b vague & pot5tially ov]lapp+1 t ! lic5s+ m>kets w f9d !mvs 5tangl$ 9 8pat5t ?ickets0 f : ! "picipants c escape only at grt co/ or by ignor+ ! law alt4 ,x is wor? comp>+ ,mi*ael ,a4 ,hell] & ,rebecca ,s4 ,eis5b]g1 8,c ,pat5ts ,det] ,9nova;n8 ,! ,anticommons 9 #hi ,biom$ical ,rese>*10 ,sci;e #bhj "<#aiih">3 #fih"-#gja1 ) ,john ,wal%1 ,a%i% ,>ora1 & ,wesley ,coh51 8,effects ( ,rese>* ,tool ,pat5ts & ,lic5s+ on ,biom$ical ,9nova;n10 9 ,pat5ts 9 ! ,k.-,bas$ ,economy "<,wa%+ton ,d4,c43 ,na;nal ,academies ,press1 #bjjc">1 #bhe"-#cdj4 ,"! is a nice irony to imag9+ t ! nec me*anism (! effici5t m>ket is 8ignore ! prop]ty "rs :5 !y >e 9conv5i5t40 ,! skeptics >gue t ! alt]native to a deeply commodifi$ _w ( 9v5;n & 9nova;n1 ) hundr$s ( ?|s&s ( lic5s+ m>kets1 is a ri* 9=ma;n & 9nova;n commons1 f : all c draw freely1 support+ a ?9 & well.-def9$ lay] ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs close to ! ultimate comm]cially viable 9nova;n4 ,! rhetorical /ructure (! debate'\x2014'replete #ij ) p>adox & 9v].n'\x2014'is laid | 9 ,james ,boyle1 8,cruel1 ,mean1 or ,lavi%8 ,economic ,analysis1 ,price ,4crim9a;n & ,digital ,9tellectual ,prop]ty10 ,v&]bilt ,law ,review #ec "<#bjjj">3 #bjjg"-#bjci4 ,= "s (! difficulties 9 ! attempt to >rive at a coh]5t economic !ory ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 see ,james ,boyle1 ,%amans1 ,s(tw>e1 & ,sple5s3 ,law &! ,3/ruc;n (! ,9=ma;n ,society "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,h>v>d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aiif">1 #ce"-#df4 ,f9ally1 :ile ,i urge t at ! |tset we m/ c>e ab ! actual effects & economic 9c5tives provid$ by 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 ,i am by no means ass]t+ t we %d /op "!4 ,9de$ to d s wd dramatically impov]i% |r view (! _w4 ,james ,boyle1 8,5clos+ ! ,g5ome3 ,:at ,squabbles ov] ,g5etic ,pat5ts ,cd #ia ,tea* ,u10 9 ,p]spectives on ,prop]ties (! ,human ,g5ome ,project1 $4 ,f4 ,scott ,kieff "<,san ,diego1 ,calif43 ,elsevi] ,academic ,press1 #bjjc">1 #ig1 #ajg"-#aji4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 z all ? sugge/s1 ? *apt] is only an 9troduc;n to a ri* & complex debate4 ,*apt] #b ,?omas ,jeff]son ,writes a ,lr ,on ,augu/ #ac1 #ahac1 ,?omas ,jeff]son took up 8 p5 to write to ,isaac ,mc,ph]son4 ,x 0 a quiet week 9 ,jeff]son's correspond;e4 ,he wrote a lr to ,madison ab ! appo9t;t (a tax assessor1 attempt$ to procure a gov]n;t posi;n = an acqua9t.e1 produc$ a fasc9at+ & l5g?y s]ies ( com;ts on a new 8,rudi;ts ( ,5gli% ,gramm>10 #ib 4cuss$ ! or?ography ( n|ns 5d+ 9 8;y10 accept$ ! nec delay 9 ! publica;n (a /udy on ! anatomy ( mammo? b"os1 complet$ a brief biography ( ,gov]nor ,lewis1 &1 9 g5]al1 3f9$ hmf n>r[ly 9 subject matt]4 ,b on ! #ac? ( ,augu/1 ,jeff]son's m9d 0 on 9tellectual prop]ty1 & mo/ specifically1 pat5ts4 ,jeff]son's writ+ is1 z usual1 app>5tly ef=t.s4 ,"s f9d 8 p5man%ip a ll h>d to deciph]4 ,to me1 us$ to pl[+ "? ! fr5zi$ *ick5 tracks t law /ud5ts produce dur+ exams1 x seems p]fectly cle>4 ,if h&writ+ truly %[$ ! >*itecture (! s|l1 !n ,jeff]son's wd 3jure up ,monticello or ! ,univ]s;y ( ,virg9ia4 ,"! >e a few revi.ns & 9t]l9ea;ns1 a c|ple ( ~ws squeez$ 9 )a c>et at ! bottom (! l9e1 b =! mo/ #ic "p ! l9es ( h&writ+ simply roll on & on'\x2014'8! fugitive f];ta;n ( an 9dividual bra910 to quote a phrase f ! lr1 cauies4 ,i love ! mu%room smell ( g5tly rott+ pap]1 ! flaky crackle ( manuscripts1 &! surprise ( mat*+ /yle ( h&writ+ ) /yle ( ?"|4 ,td1 ?|<1 ,i am view+ 8 lr ov] ! ,9t]net on a comput] scre54 "<,y c too4 ,! details >e at ! back (! book4"> ,i ?9k ,jeff]son wd h be5 fasc9at$ by ! ,9t]net4 ,af all1 ? 0 ! man ~: libr>y 2came ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress1 :o exemplifies ! no;n (! brilliant dabbl] 9 a hundr$ fields1 ~: [n book collec;n 0 cle>ly a vital & m* #id 3sult$ "p ( 8 daily exi/;e1 & ~: vi.n ( politics celebrates ! p[] ( an 9=m$ citiz5ry4 ,admitt$ly1 ! massive 3flicts 2t ,jeff]son's ann|nc$ pr9ciples & 8 ac;ns on ! issue ( slav]y h l$ "s1 ?|< n me1 to d|bt t "! is any s9c];y or moral 9/ruc;n to 2 f.d 9 8 ~ws4 ,b ev5 ~? :o f9d hm a %am c h>dly fail to see ! 3t9ual & obvi|s joy he felt ab k & xs spread4 ,9 ! lr to ,isaac ,mc,ph]son1 a lr t has 2come v fam|s 9 ! _w (! dig]ati1 ? joy 2comes manife/4 ,! 9itial subject (! correspond;e seems f> f ! onl9e _w4 ,mc,ph]son wrote to ,jeff]son ab 8elevators1 3vey]s & ,hopp].-boys40 ,specifically1 he want$ to "k ,jeff]son's op9ion #ie (a pat5t t _h be5 issu$ to ,mr4 ,oliv] ,evans4 ,jeff]son devotes a p>agraph to a rec5t retrospective ext5.n ( pat5t "rs " & !n turns to ,evans's elevators4 ,pat5ts !n1 z n[1 7 only suppos$ to 2 giv5 = 9v5;ns t 7 novel1 nonobvi|s1 & use;l4 ,jeff]son _h 3sid]able d|bt :e!r ,evans's device1 ess5tially a revolv+ /r+ ( buckets us$ to move gra91 actually c.t$ z 8an 9v5;n40 8,! "q !n :e!r s* a /r+ ( buckets 0 9v5t$ f/ by ,oliv] ,evans1 is a m]e "q ( fact 9 ma!matical hi/ory4 ,n[1 turn+ to s* books only z ,i happ5 to possess1 ,i f9d abundant pro( t ? simple ma*9]y has be5 9 use f "t immemorial40 ,jeff]son cites f 8 libr>y example af example ( ref];es to ! 8,p]sian :eel0'\x2014'a /r+ ( buckets to move #if wat]4 ,! 4play ( s*ol>%ip is ef=t.s & )|t >tifice4 ,if ! device exi/$ to move wat]1 he dcls1 ,mr4 ,evans c h>dly pat5t x to move gra94 8,if "o p]son 9v5ts a knife 3v5i5t = po9t+ |r p5s1 ano!r _c h a pat5t "r =! same knife to po9t |r p5cils4 ,a compass 0 9v5t$ = navigat+ ! sea2 ano!r cd n h a pat5t "r = us+ x to survey l&40 ,s f> z we c tell1 ? 0 ! only "p (! lr t 9t]e/$ ,mc,ph]son4 ,lat] correspond;e 9dicates t he _h a pamphlet pr9t$ "q+ ! pat5t4 ,b :ile x is impressive to see ,jeff]son's easy comm& ( hi/orical evid;e or 8 grasp (! import.e ( limit+ ! subject matt]1 scope1 & dura;n ( pat5ts1 ~! qualities al"o wd n h giv5 ! lr ! fame x n[ has4 ,x is :5 ,jeff]son turns to ! idea ( 9tellectual prop]ty xf #ig t ! lr 2comes m ?an a hi/orical curios;y4 ,9 a c|ple ( pages1 qkly jott$ d[n on a humid ,augu/ "d 9 #ahac1 he frames ! issue z well z any"o has s9ce4 ,he />ts by 4miss+ ! idea 8t 9v5tors h a natural & exclusive "r to _! 9v5;ns1 & n m]ely = _! [n lives1 b 9h]itable to _! heirs40 ,9 l9es t w s.d /range to ~? :o assume t ! fram]s (! ,3/itu;n 7 prop]ty absoluti/s1 ,jeff]son >gues t 8/able [n]%ip0 ( ev5 tangible prop]ty is 8a gift ( social law40 ,9tellectual prop]ty1 !n1 has / less (a claim to "s p]man5t1 absolute1 & natural /atus4 .<;,w.>hile x is a moot "q :e!r ! orig9 ( any k9d ( prop]ty is d]iv$ f nature at all1 x wd 2 s+ul> to admit a natural & ev5 an h]$it>y "r to 9v5tors4 ,x is #ih agre$ by ~? :o h s]i|sly 3sid]$ ! subject1 t no 9dividual has1 ( natural "r1 a sep>ate prop]ty 9 an acre ( l&1 = 9/.e4 ,by an univ]sal law1 9de$1 :at"e1 :e!r fix$ or movable1 2l;gs to all m5 equally & 9 common1 is ! prop]ty =! mo;t ( hm :o occupies x1 b :5 he rel9qui%es ! occupa;n1 ! prop]ty goes ) x4 ,/able [n]%ip is ! gift ( social law1 & is giv5 late 9 ! progress ( society4 ,x wd 2 curi|s !n1 if an idea1 ! fugitive f];ta;n ( an 9dividual bra91 cd1 ( natural "r1 2 claim$ 9 exclusive & /able prop]ty4 ,jeff]son's po9t "h may seem obscure to u4 ,we >e n us$ to />t+ e >gu;t f f/ pr9ciples4 ,b x is 9 fact q simple4 ,x is society t creates prop]ty "rs t g 2y m]e occupancy4 ,x does s = s"eal #ii reasons'\x2014'reasons ( bo? practical;y & natural ju/ice4 "<,else": 9 8 writ+s1 ,jeff]son exp&s on ? po9t at grt] l5g?4"> ,"o ( ~? reasons has to d )! difficulty1 p]h ev5 ! impossibil;y1 ( two diff]5t p hav+ full & unfett]$ [n]%ip (! same piece ( prop]ty simultane|sly4 ,ano!r l9k$ reason comes f ! practical;y ( exclud+ o!rs f |r prop]ty1 s t we c exploit x secure f ! pl"u or slo? ( o!rs4 ,! economi/s y 5c.t]$ 9 ,*apt] #a h1 ) _! usual l+ui/ic felic;y1 co9$ ! t]ms 8rivalr|s0 & 8excludable0 to describe ~! "*i/ics4 ,) rivalr|s prop]ty1 "o p]son's use precludes ano!r's4 ,if ,i dr9k ! milk1 y _c4 ,excludable prop]ty is1 logically 5|<1 prop]ty f : o!rs c easily 2 exclud$ or kept |4 ,b ideas seem #ajj to h nei ( ~! "*i/ics4 ,if nature has made any "o ?+ less susceptible ?an all o!rs ( exclusive prop]ty1 x is ! ac;n (! ?9k+ p[] call$ an idea1 : an 9dividual may exclusively possess z he keeps x to hmf2 b ! mo;t x is divulg$1 x =ces xf 9to ! posses.n ( e "o1 &! rcvr _c 4possess hmf ( x4 ,xs peculi> "*1 too1 is t no "o possess ! less1 2c e o!r possess ! :ole ( x4 ,he :o rcvs an idea f me1 rcvs 9/ruc;n hmf )|t less5+ m9e2 z he :o lik5+ me4 ,t ideas %d freely spread f "o to ano!r ov] ! globe1 =! moral & mutual 9/ruc;n ( man1 & improve;t ( 8 3di;n1 seems to h be5 peculi>ly & b5evol5tly design$ by nature1 :5 %e made !m1 l fire1 expansible ov] all space1 )|t less5+ _! d5s;y 9 any po9t1 & l ! air 9 #aja : we brea!1 move1 & h |r physical 2+1 9capable ( 3f9e;t or exclusive appropria;n4 ,9v5;ns !n _c1 9 nature1 2 a subject ( prop]ty4 ,~? :o quote ! passage "s"ts /op "h1 : is a %ame1 2c x leaves ! impres.n t ,jeff]son 0 unequivocally ag/ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,b t wd 2 a 3sid]able ov]/ate;t4 ,:5 he says t 9v5;ns c n"e 2 ! subject ( prop]ty1 he means a p]man5t & exclusive prop]ty "r :1 z a matt] ( natural "r1 no j gov]n;t cd abridge4 ,h["e1 9v5;ns cd 2 cov]$ by tempor>y /ate.-creat$ monopolies 9/itut$ =! common gd4 ,9 ! l9es immly foll[+ ! popul>ly quot$ exc]pt1 ,jeff]son goes on3 ,society may give an exclusive "r to ! pr(its >is+ f .<9v5;ns.>1 z #ajb an 5c|rage;t to m5 to pursue ideas : may produce util;y1 b ? may or may n 2 d"o1 ac to ! w & 3v5i;e (! society1 )|t claim or compla9t f any body4 ,acly1 x is a fact1 z f> z ,i am 9=m$1 t ,5gl& was1 until we copi$ h]1 ! only c.try on e>? : "e1 by a g5]al law1 gave a legal "r to ! exclusive use ( an idea4 ,9 "s o!r c.tries x is "s"ts d"o1 9 a grt case1 & by a special & p]sonal act1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 o!r na;ns h ?"| t ~! monopolies produce m emb>rass;t ?an advantage to society2 & x may 2 obs]v$ t ! na;ns : refuse monopolies ( 9v5;n1 >e z fruit;l z ,5gl& 9 new & use;l devices4 ,jeff]son's message 0 a skeptical recogni;n t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs mie;l explana;n t !y %d n 2 treat$ z #ajc natural "rs1 &a w>n+ (! monopoli/ic dang]s t !y pose4 ,he immly goes on to say "s?+ else1 "s?+ t is1 if any?+1 m true 9 ! _w ( pat5ts on ,9t]net busi;s me?ods & g5e sequ;es ?an x 0 9 ! _w ( 83vey]s & ,hopp].-boys40 ,3sid]+ ! exclusive "r to 9v5;n z giv5 n ( natural "r1 b =! b5efit ( society1 ,i "k well ! difficulty ( draw+ a l9e 2t ! ?+s : >e wor? to ! public ! emb>rass;t ( an exclusive pat5t1 & ~? : >e n4 ,s ,jeff]son gives u a classic set ( cau;ns1 cau;ns t we %d 2 requir$ to repeat1 z police (fic]s repeat ! ,mir&a ,w>n+ to a suspect4 ,9 ? case1 !y %d 2 repeat$ 2f we ru% (f 9to ! _w ( 9tellectual prop]ty policy r ?an 2f we talk to ! police )|t |r lawy]s pres5t4 #ajd ,! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ ,l ! ,mir&a ,w>n+1 ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ has a numb] ( important "ps4 ,f/1 ! /uff we cov] ) 9tellectual prop]ty "rs has c]ta9 vital diff];es f ! /uff we cov] ) tangible prop]ty "rs4 ,"ply 2c ( ~? diff];es1 ,jeff]son1 l mo/ ( 8 successors 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 does n see 9tellectual prop]ty z a claim ( natural "r bas$ on exp5d$ labor4 ,9/ead x is a tempor>y /ate.-creat$ monopoly giv5 to 5c|rage fur!r 9nova;n4 ,second1 "! is no 85title;t0 to h an 9tellectual prop]ty "r4 ,s* "rs may or may n 2 giv5 z a matt] ( social 8w & 3v5i;e0 )|t 8claim or compla9t f any body40 ,?ird1 9tellectual #aje prop]ty "rs >e n & %d n 2 p]man5t2 9 fact !y %d 2 tirass;t ?an advantage40 ,9 fact1 s9ce 9tellectual prop]ty "rs pot5tially re/ra9 ! b5evol5t t5d5cy ( 8ideas 444 . freely spread f "o to ano!r ov] ! globe1 =! moral & mutual 9/ruc;n ( man10 !y may 9 "s cases actually h9d] r ?an 5c|rage 9nova;n4 ,fif?1 decid+ :e!r to h an 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em is only ! f/ *oice 9 a l;g s]ies4 ,ev5 if "o 2lieves t 9tellectual prop]ty is a gd #ajf idea1 : ,i firmly d1 "o w / h ! h>d job ( say+ : types ( 9nova;n or 9=ma;n >e 8wor? to ! public ! emb>rass;t0 ( an exclusive "r1 &( draw+ ! limits ( t "r4 ,? l9e.-draw+ task turns | to 2 v difficult4 ,)|t ! cau;ns t ,jeff]son gave u x is impossible to d x well4 ,jeff]son's message 0 fam|sly e*o$ & amplifi$ ?irty ye>s lat] 9 ,brita9 by ,?omas ,bab+ton ,macaulay4 ,macaulay's spee*es to ! ,h|se ( ,commons 9 #ahda on ! subject ( copy"r t]m ext5.n / express bett] ?an any?+ else ! posi;n t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e nec evils : m/ 2 c>e;lly circumscrib$ by law4 ,9 ord] =! supply ( valuable books to 2 ma9ta9$1 au?ors 8m/ 2 remun]at$ = _! lit]>y lab|r4 ,& "! >e only two ways 9 : !y c 2 remun]at$4 ,"o #ajg ( ~? ways is patronage2 ! o!r is copy"r40 ,patronage is reject$ | ( h&4 8,i c 3cv no sy/em m fatal to ! 9tegr;y & 9dep5d;e ( lit]>y m5 ?an "o "u : !y %d 2 taue nei few nor small4 ,copy"r is monopoly1 & produces all ! effects : ! g5]al voice ( mank9d attributes to monopoly444 4 ,i 2lieve1 ,sir1 t ,i may safely take x = grant$ t ! effect ( monopoly g5]ally is to make >ticles sc>ce1 to make !m de>1 & to make !m bad4 ,& ,i may ) equal safety *all5ge my honorable fr to f9d | any 4t9c;n 2t copy"r & o!r privileges (! same k9d2 any reason :y a monopoly #ajh ( books %d produce an effect directly ! r"ese ( t : 0 produc$ by ! ,ea/ ,9dia ,company's monopoly ( tea1 or by ,"l ,essex's monopoly ( sweet w9es4 ,?us1 !n1 /&s ! case4 ,x is gd t au?ors %d 2 remun]at$2 &! lea/ excep;nable way ( remun]at+ !m is by a monopoly4 ,yet monopoly is an evil4 ,=! sake (! gd we m/ submit to ! evil2 b ! evil "| n to la/ a "d l;g] ?an is nec =! purpose ( secur+ ! gd4 ,notice t x is ! monopoli/ic qual;y ( 9tellectual prop]ty t really 4turbs ,macaulay4 ,8 0 a g5]a;n ( ?9k]s = :om ! negative effect ( monopolies ( any k9d "<& /ate.-grant$ monopolies 9 "picul>"> 0 axiomatic4 ,he 2comes alm 3temptu|s :5 "o (! support]s ( copy"r ext5.n dcld t x 0 m]ely 8a !ory0 t #aji monopoly makes ?+s exp5sive4 ,macaulay agrees1 t;gue 9 *eek4 8,x is a !ory 9 ! same s5se 9 : x is a !ory1 t "d & nis5ic poisons1 t alcohol 9toxicates40 ,~! ~ws f ,jeff]son & ,macaulay 5capsulate an ei views4 ,monopolies t c>ry on l;g af !y 7 ne$$ to 5c|rage "s socially b5eficial activ;y1 he sd1 tax e o!r citiz5 8v absurdly 9 two diff]5t ways3 f/1 by ! hi< price ( gds1 :1 9 ! case (a free trade1 !y cd buy m* *eap]2 &1 secondly1 by _! total exclu.n f a bran* ( busi;s : x miry on40 ,x is important to #aaa note1 ?|<1 t ! eica/ic ab ! co/s & b5efits ( ext5d+ ! copy"r t]m s t x wd la/ _m ye>s af ! au?or's dea?3 ,i w take an example4 ,dr4 ,johnson di$ fifty.-six ye>s ago4 ,if ! law 7 :at my hon|rable & le>n$ fr wi%es to make x1 "sbody wd n[ h ! monopoly ( ,dr4 ,johnson's "ws4 ,:o t "sbody wd 2 x is impossible to say2 b we may v5ture to guess4 ,i guess1 !n1 t x wd h be5 "s booksell]1 :o 0 ! #aab assign ( ano!r booksell]1 :o 0 ! gr&son (a ?ird booksell]1 :o _h b"| ! copy"r f ,black ,frank1 ! ,doctor's s]vant & residu>y legatee1 9 #aghe or #aghf4 ,n[1 wd ! k t ? copy"r wd exi/ 9 #ahda h be5 a s|rce ( gratifica;n to ,johnson8 ,wd x h /imulat$ 8 ex];ns8 ,wd x h once drawn hm | ( 8 b$ 2f noon8 ,wd x h once *e]$ hm "u a fit (! sple58 ,wd x h 9duc$ hm to give u "o m allegory1 "o m life (a poet1 "o m imita;n ( ,juv5al8 ,i firmly 2lieve n4 ,i firmly 2lieve t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 he 0 writ+ |r debates =! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 he wd v m* r h _h twop;e to buy a plate ( %9 ( beef at a cook's %op "ugr.d4 ,ag1 ,i am /ruck by h[ seam.sly ,macaulay c|pl$ beauti;l1 evocative writ+ & c>e;l1 analytic #aac >gu;t4 ,admitt$ly1 he 0 rem>kable ev5 9 8 [n "t1 b x is h>d to imag9e a 3tempor>y spee*writ]1 let al"o a politician1 com+ up ) ,dr4 ,johnson 8*e]$ 444 "u a fit (! sple50 or buy+ a 8plate ( %9 ( beef at a cook's %op "ugr.d40 ,alm z h>d z x is to imag9e any ( !m 5gag+ 9 ,jeff]son's correspond;e ab mammo? b"os1 or?ography1 &! practicalities (! nautical torp$o4 ,b ,i digress4 ,macaulay is n ag/ us+ a l5g!n$ copy"r t]m to give an extra rew>d to writ]s1 ev5 if ? wd dramatically raise ! price ( books4 ,:at he objects to is dramatically rais+ ! price ( books writt5 by l;gdead au?ors 9 a way t b5efits ! au?ors h>dly at all4 ,3sid]$ z a rew>d to hm1 ! diff];e 2t a tw5ty ye>s,0 &a sixty ye>s,0 t]m ( po/hum|s copy"r wd h be5 no?+ #aad or next to no?+4 ,b is ! diff];e no?+ to u8 ,i c buy ,rasselas = sixp;e2 ,i miy 1 ! 5tire g5u9e ,dic;n>y 1 = two gu9eas1 p]h = less2 ,i mie to 2 worse1 & ,johnson's n"o ! bett]2 t ,i am to give five p.ds = :at to hm 0 n wor? a f>?+4 ,?|< ,macaulay won ! debate ov] copy"r t]m #aae ext5.n1 x is wor? not+ "h t 8 oppon5ts triumph$ 9 ! 5d4 ,z ,i po9t$ | 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! copy"r t]m 9 mo/ ( ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ la/s =! life (! au?or & an addi;nal sev5ty ye>s afw1 t5 ye>s m ?an ! proposal : made ,macaulay s 9dignant4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 corporate [n]s ( 8"ws.-=.-hire0 get n9etyfive ye>s4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt rec5tly he>d a 3/itu;nal *all5ge to ! law : exp&$ ! t]m ( copy"rs by tw5ty ye>s to rea* ? rem>kable l5g?4 "<,full 4closure3 ,i help$ prep>e an amicus brief 9 t case4"> ,? law1 ! ,sonny ,bono ,copy"r ,t]m ,ext5.n ,act1 al ext5d$ exi/+ copy"rs ov] "ws : _h alr be5 creat$4 ,z ,i obs]v$ #aaf e>li]1 ? is "picul>ly rem>kable if ! idea is to give an 9c5tive to create4 ,obvi|sly ! au?ors ( exi/+ "ws 7 giv5 suffici5t 9c5tive to create2 we "k t 2c !y did4 ,:y d we ne$ to give ! p :o n[ hold _! copy"rs ano!r tw5ty ye>s ( monopoly8 ,? is all co/ & no b5efit4 ,macaulay wd h be5 furi|s4 ,:5 ! ,supreme ,c|rt he>d ! case1 x 0 pres5t$ )a rem>kable fr.-(.-!.-c|rt brief f sev5te5 economi/s1 s"eal ( !m ,nobel laureates4 ,! economi/s made exactly ,macaulay's >gu;t1 ?|< 9 less grace;l language4 ,!y po9t$ | t copy"r ext5.n impos$ 5orm|s co/s on ! public & yet 3vey$ t9y advantages1 if any1 to ! creator4 ,s* an #aag ext5.n1 "picul>ly ov] "ws t _h alr be5 writt51 h>dly fit ! limits ( ,3gress's p[] "u ! ,3/itu;n 8to promote ! ,progress ( ,sci;e & use;l ,>ts1 by secur+ = limit$ ,"ts to ,au?ors & ,9v5tors ! exclusive ,"r to _! respective ,writ+s & ,4cov]ies40 ,macaulay d|bt$ t ~! 5orm|sly l;g t]ms wd 5c|rage ! liv+4 ,surely !y wd d ll to 5c|rage ! dead1 :ile impos+ 3sid]able co/s ( access on ! liv+8 ,?us !y cd h>dly 2 sd to 8promote ! progress0 ( k z ! ,3/itu;n requires4 ,! ,c|rt 0 unmov$ by ? & o!r >gu;ts4 ,x upheld ! law4 ,i w return to xs deci.n at ! 5d (! book4 ,! 9tellectual prop]ty skeptics _h o!r 3c]ns4 ,macaulay 0 "picul>ly worri$ ab ! p[] t w5t )a #aah transf]able & 9h]itable monopoly4 ,x is n only t ! effect ( monopoly is 8to make >ticles sc>ce1 to make !m de>1 & to make !m bad40 ,macaulay al po9t$ | t ~? :o 3troll$ ! monopoly1 "picul>ly af ! dea? (! orig9al au?or1 midson 9 t]ms t1 to mod]n eyes1 seem a ll f]vid "<8,no writ+s1 ~? ( ,%akespe>e except$1 %[ m prof.d k (! human he>t0">1 #aai ,macaulay rec.ts ! /ory ( ,ri*>dson's gr&son1 8a cl]gyman 9 ! c;y ( ,london40 ,?|< a 8mo/ up"r & excell5t man10 ! gr&son 8_h 3cvd a /r;g prejudice ag/ "ws ( fic;n10 8?"| all novel.-read+ n only frivol|s b s9;l10 & 8_h n"e ?"| x "r to read "o ( 8 gr&"f's books40 ,ext5d$ copy"r t]ms midson's novels'\x2014' ,pamela 1 ,cl>issa ,h>l[e 1 & s on'\x2014'>e n[ ! pres]ve (! classroom r ?an ! draw+ room1 s ? mi to he> ! ,life ( ,johnson m5;n$4 ,suppose t ! law _h be5 :at my hon|rable & le>n$ fr wi%es to make x4 ,suppose t ! copy"r ( ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson _h 2l;g$1 z x well mis1 to ,boswell's elde/ son4 ,:at wd h be5 ! 3sequ;e8 #aba ,an unadult]at$ copy (! f9e/ biographical "w 9 ! _w wd h be5 z sc>ce z ! f/ $i;n ( ,camd5's ,britannia 4 ,f m rec5t examples we c see t |t"r suppres.n is n ! only ?+ to fe>4 ,! au?ors,0 heirs1 or ! corpora;ns : h pur*as$ _! "rs1 may keep polic+ ! b.d>ies (! "w l;g af ! orig9al au?or is dead4 ,9 #bjja1 ,alice ,r&all publi%$ ,! ,w9d ,d"o ,g"o 4 ,z xs title mig>et ,mit*ell4 ,mo/ crucially1 p]h1 x 0 a v].n ( ,g"o ,)! ,w9d #abb told f ! slaves,0 po9t ( view4 ,sudd5ly ! ac;ns ( ,rhett "<8;,r0">1 ,sc>lett "<8,o!r0">1 & an obvi|sly gay ,a%ley "<8,dreamy ,g5tleman0"> come 9to new p]spective "? ! eyes ( ,sc>lett's 8mulatto0 half.-si/]4 ,mit*ell's e/ate want$ to prev5t publica;n (! book4 ,at f/ !y 7 success;l4 ,z ,yo*ai ,b5kl] puts x1 ,alice ,r&all1 an ,african ,am]ican woman1 0 ord]$ by a gov]n;t (ficial n to publi% h] criticism (! romanticiza;n (! ,old ,s|?1 at lea/ n 9 ! ~ws %e want$ to use4 ,! (ficial 0 n "o (! _m 9 ,3gress &! ,adm9i/ra;n :o %>e ! romantic view (! ,3f$]acy4 ,x 0 a f$]al judge 9 ,atlanta :o told ,r&all t %e cd n write h] critique 9 ! ~ws %e want$ to use'\x2014'a judge #abc 5=c+ copy"r law4 8,!y kill$ ,miss ,sc>lett60 ! a/oni%$ trial judge sd af read+ ,r&all's book4 ,my colleague ,j5nif] ,j5k9s1 "o (! lawy]s 9 ! case1 rec.ts t ! judge saw ! case 9 rel5t.sly physical t]ms1 see+ ! p>ody z a 8bulldoz]0 & ,g"o ,)! ,w9d z a wall$ c.try e/ate 9to : ! bulldoz] _h viol5tly trespass$4 ,he 0 3sequ5tly unimpress$ )! claim t ? 8bulldoz]0 0 protect$ by ! ,f/ ,am5d;t4 ,ev5tually1 ! c|rt ( appeals ov]turn$ ! 4trict c|rt's judg;t4 ,fifty.-two ye>s af ,m>g>et ,mit*ell's dea?1 x 0 a hotly debat$ po9t h[ m* leeway copy"r gave to o!rs to com;t ~u1 critique1 embelli% ~u1 & p>ody ! cultural icon %e _h 3jur$ up4 #abd ,a ,natural ,"r ,to "s p1 my >gu;t s f>'\x2014'& ,jeff]son's & ,macaulay's'\x2014'w seem to miss ! po9t4 ,!y see 9tellectual prop]ty "rs n z an 9c5tive1 a me?od ( 5c|rag+ ! produc;n & 4tribu;n ( 9nova;n1 b z a natural or moral "r4 ,my book is m9e 2c ,i wrote x1 n 2c society or ! law gives me "s p]iod ( exclusiv;y ov] all[+ ! copy+ ( xs 3t5ts4 ,my 9v5;n is m9e 2c x came f my bra91 n 2c ! law dcls a tw5ty.-ye> monopoly ov] xs produc;n or 4tribu;n4 ,my logo is m9e 2c ,i "w$ h>d on x1 n 2c ! /ate grants me a tradem>k 9 ord] to l[] se>* co/s & prev5t 3sum] 3fu.n4 ,"o answ] is simply to say 8,in ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! fram]s (! ,3/itu;n1 ! #abe legislature1 &! c|rts h *os5 to >range ?+s o!rwise4 ,9 copy"r1 pat5t1 & tradem>k law'\x2014'despite occa.nal devia;ns'\x2014'!y h embrac$ ! utilit>ian view 9/ead40 ,broadly speak+1 t answ] is correct4 ,x al holds1 to a less] ext5t1 9 ,brita94 ,ev5 9 ! droits d'auteur c.tries1 : h a m>k$ly diff]5t copy"r law regime1 x l>gely holds = _! pat5t & tradem>k law sy/ems1 & utilit>ian /r&s suffuse ev5 8! sacr$ "rs ( au?ors40 ,s1 on a na;nal level1 we h reject$ or dramatically limit$ ! natural "rs view1 & on an 9t]na;nal level1 we h reject$ x 9 89du/rial prop]ty0'\x2014'pat5t & tradem>k'\x2014'& modifi$ x 9 copy"r4 ,i ?9k ? answ] is correct & important1 b we h #abf an obliga;n to g fur!r4 ,"ply t is 2c 9tui;ns ab [n]%ip com+ naturally ) labor or 4cov]y 3t9ue to 9flu;e ! law4 ,"ply x is 2c ~? moral 9tui;ns >e important & appeal+4 ,"ply x is 2c we mie ( "picul> import.e =! legal policy deci.ns we face 9 ! %ort run1 ! issues on : m* ( my >gu;t is 3c5trat$4 ,"! >e v>y+ /at$ gr.ds = natural or moral "rs 9 9tellectual crea;ns4 ,"s p may ?9k ! book is m9e 2c ,i "w$ on x'\x2014' a ,lockean 3cep;n ": ,i mix my sweat ) ~! ~ws & rcv a prop]ty "r 9 ! process4 ,= all xs attrac;ns1 "! >e 3sid]able #abg difficulties ) s* a view4 ,ev5 )9 ! _w ( tangible prop]ty1 ,locke's !ory is m complicat$ ?an a simple equa;n ( labor ) prop]ty "r4 ,jeff]son's acc.t ( prop]ty is actually clos] to ,locke's ?an _m wd realize4 ,:5 ,jeff]son po9ts | ! difficulty 9 ju/ify+ a natural "r ev5 9 an acre ( l&1 let al"o a book1 8 premises >e n radically diff]5t f ,locke's4 ,! same is true :5 ,jeff]son says t 8.<;s.>table [n]%ip is ! gift ( social law1 & is giv5 late 9 ! progress ( society40 ,ev5 if natural "r does create ! gr.d =! prop]ty claim1 x is 8social law0 t %apes xs 3t|rs & gu>antees xs /abil;y4 ,jeff]son1 ( c|rse1 ?"| t 0 "picul>ly true = 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,9 t 3text1 he felt ! natural "rs >gu;t 0 m* weak] &! ne$ = #abh socially def9$ purposive 3t|rs & limita;ns /r;g]4 ,locke's [n views on :at we wd ?9k ( z copy"r >e h>d to det]m9e4 ,we d "k t he _h a /r;g antipa?y to monopolies'\x2014'"picul>ly ~? affect+ expres.n4 ,he 2liev$1 = example1 t giv+ publi%]s monopolies ov] grt public doma9 books caus$ a 4a/r|s fall 9 qual;y4 ,9/ead1 he >gu$1 s* books %d 2 op5 = all to compete to produce ! be/ $i;n4 ,( c|rse1 he 0 writ+ 9 ! 3text ( monopoli/ic pr9t+ privileges'\x2014'to : he 0 /r;gly oppos$'\x2014'r ?an ( 9dividual au?orial "rs4 ,yet he w5t fur!r & sugge/$ t ev5 = 3tempor>y "ws1 af a "picul> "t 9 pr9t'\x2014'say fifty ye>s'\x2014'books cd 2 pr9t$ by any"o4 ,i dem& :e!r1 if ano!r act = pr9t+ %d 2 made1 x 2 n reasonable t nobody #abi %d h any peculi> "r 9 any book : has be5 9 pr9t fifty ye>s1 b any "o z well z ano!r miian >gu;t1 r ?an "o bas$ on labor & natural "r4 ,( c|rse1 we >e n b.d by :at ,locke or ,jeff]son ?"|4 ,/ x is /rik+ to see ! turn to a utilit>ian 3cep;n f bo? ( !m4 ,! ,lockean tradi;n is n ! only "o1 ( c|rse4 ,o!rs 2lieve t ! prop]ty "r /ems f ! unique p]sonal;y ( ea* 9dividual'\x2014'! 3figura;ns ( yr 9dividual g5ius made manife/ 9 ! l9es ( yr sonnet4 "<,"s limit ! natural "r to lit]>y & expressive "w2 c a m|setrap or a drug molecule express ! riddle & wond] (! human _s8"> ,:at"e _! moral #acj basis or _! ambit1 ! common gr.d 2t ~! posi;ns is ! 2lief 9 a ra;nale = 9tellectual prop]ty "rs 2y ! utilit>ian 3c]ns ( ,jeff]son or ,macaulay4 ,! norms embodi$ 9 ! moral "rs or natural "rs tradi;n >e deeply attractive'\x2014'at lea/ to me4 ,_m ( u feel a special 3nec;n to |r expressive crea;ns'\x2014'ev5 ! humble "os s* z a t]m pap] or a bir?"d poem4 ,x is "o (! reasons t ! c5tral moral "rs 9 ! ,fr5* droits d'auteur 1 or au?or's "rs1 tradi;n resonate s /r;gly ) u4 ,! 5title;t ( an au?or to 2 correctly attribut$1 to h "s 3trol ov] ! 9tegr;y ( 8 "w1 seems important reg>d.s ( xs utilit>ian func;ns4 ,yet ev5 z we f9d ? claim attractive1 we 2come #aca aw>e (! ne$ to f9d limit+ pr9ciples to x4 ,x gives u pause to ?9k t ,m>g>et ,mit*ell or h] heirs cd =bid "s"o p>ody+ h] "w4 ,>e "! no freespee* limita;ns8 ,:5 o!r =ms ( au?or%ip1 s* z comput] programs1 >e br"| 9to copy"r's doma91 does ! p[] (! moral "r decrease1 :ile ! ne$ to limit xs scope 9t5sifies8 ,!n "! is ! "q ( l5g?4 ,h[ l;g is a natural "r 9 expres.n or 9v5;n suppos$ to la/8 ,x seems absurd to imag9e t ,%akespe>e's or ,moz>t's heirs1 or ~? :o _h b"| _! copy"rs1 wd / 2 3troll+ ! p]=m.e1 reproduc;n1 & 9t]preta;n ( _! "ws hundr$s ( ye>s af _! dea?4 ,if ! "rs >e truly =m$ =a nonutilit>ian purpose1 af all1 :y %d !y expire8 ,! p]son :o f/ acquires prop]ty "rs 9 l& by "w or 3que/ passes ~? "rs d[n to #acb heirs & buy]s )! *a9 ( transmis.n rea*+ to ! pres5t "d4 ,%d copy"r foll[ suit8 ,ev5 9 ,fr.e1 ! home (! /r;ge/ =m (! droits d'auteur &(! 8moral "rs0 tradi;n1 ! answ] to ? "q 0 9 ! negative4 ,we [e a l>ge "p (! lit]>y moral "rs tradi;n to ! imm afma? (! ,fr5* ,revolu;n4 ,9 ,fr.e 2f ! ,revolu;n1 z 9 ,5gl& 2f ! ,/atute ( ,anne1 ! f/ true copy"r legisla;n1 ! regula;n ( publi%+ 0 "? a set ( 8privileges0 giv5 to pr9t]s1 n "rs giv5 to au?ors4 ,publi%]s wd h a guild.-5=c$ monopoly ov] c]ta9 titles4 ,_! "r 0 ag/ compet+ publi%]s pr9t+ ! li/ ( titles ov] : !y _h ! privilege4 ,! ,revolu;n aboli%$ ~! privileges &1 at f/1 put no?+ 9 _! place4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,c>la ,hesse's fasc9at+ "w reveals1 #acc "! 0 9t]mitt5t 9t]f];e by ! ,prefecture ( ,police ) ~? :o copi$ mo/ flagrantly4 ,"o s* publi%] 0 /]nly 9/ruct$ by ! police 9 ~! t]ms3 .<,a.>ccord+ to ! ,decl>a;n (! ,"rs ( ,man1 lib]ty means only ! fre$om to d :at does n h>m o!rs2 & t x h>ms o!rs to appropriate ! "w ( an au?or1 2c x is an 9fr+e;t (! sacr$ "r ( prop]ty2 & t s* an 5t]prise1 if x 7 to rema9 unpuni%$1 wd deprive citiz5s (! 9/ruc;n !y await f celebrat$ au?ors l ,m4 ,b]n>d9 de ,st4 ,pi]re1 2c no au?or wd want to 3secrate 8 labors to ! 9/ruc;n ( 8 age if piracy 7 "e au?oriz$4 ,note ! 9t]e/+ mixture (! language (! 8sacr$ "rs ( prop]ty0 &! /r;g utilit>ian ju/ifica;n : cites effects on future lit]>y produc;n &! 89/ruc;n0 ( citiz5s4 ,m expansive #acd 3cep;ns (! "rs ( au?ors &1 "picul>ly1 ( publi%]s 7 al (f]$4 ,ev5 2f ! ,revolu;n1 publi%]s _h be5 mak+ ! >gu;ts t _! privileges 7 a =m ( prop]ty "rs & _h ! v gd s5se to hire ! "y ,did]ot to make ~? >gu;ts4 ,hesse quotes 8 ~ws3 ,:at =m ( weal? cd 2l;g to a man1 if n a "w (! m9d1 444 if n 8 [n ?"|s1 444 ! mo/ preci|s "p ( hmf1 t w n"e p]i%1 t w immortalize hm8 ,:at comp>ison cd "! 2 2t a man1 ! v sub/.e ( man1 8 s|l1 &a field1 a tree1 a v9e1 t nature has (f]$ 9 ! 2g9n+ equally to all1 & t an 9dividual has only appropriat$ "? cultivat+ x8 ,did]ot's !me is t au?ors,0 "rs %d actually 2 /r;g] ?an o!r prop]ty "rs = two reasons4 ,f/1 !y relate to ! v ess;e (! p]son1 ! mo/ 8preci|s "p ( hmf40 ,second1 !y >e ! only prop]ty #ace "rs ov] "s?+ t has be5 add$ to ! exi/+ /ore ( weal? r ?an tak5 f x4 ,au?orial prop]ty1 unlike prop]ty 9 l&1 adds to ! common /ore r ?an detract+ f x4 ,locke 2liev$ t a j ass];n ( prop]ty "rs m/ leave 85|< & z gd0 = o!rs 9 ! society4 ,:at cd bett] satisfy ? 3di;n ?an a prop]ty "r ov] a novel t did n exi/ 2f ,i wrote x8 ,"o hundr$ ye>s lat] ,victor ,hugo e*o$ ! same ?"|s 9 a spee* to ! ,3seil d',etat & po9t$ | at ! same "t t lit]>y prop]ty "rs cd pot5tially 8reconcile0 tr|ble"s au?ors to society & /ate4 ,y feel ! import.e & necess;y ( def5d+ prop]ty td4 ,well1 2g9 by recognis+ ! f/ & mo/ sacr$ ( all prop]ties1 ! "o : is nei a transmis.n nor an acquisi;n b a crea;n1 "nly lit]>y prop]ty 444 reconcile #acf ! >ti/s ) society by means ( prop]ty4 ,did]ot want$ p]petual copy"rs = au?ors &1 agreeably to 8 employ]s1 a correspond+ly p]petual pr9t+ privilege4 ,if ! au?or's heirs cd n 2 trac$1 ! copy"r wd devolve to ! curr5t publi%]4 ,b z ,hesse po9ts |1 "! 0 ano!r view ( lit]>y prop]ty'\x2014'a m* m skeptical "o put =w>d be/ by ,3dorcet4 ,? view is al an 9flu5tial "p (! h]itage (! droits d'auteur 1 ev5 if x is d[nplay$ 9 xs 3tempor>y rhetoric4 ,3dorcet 2gan by fram+ ! "q ( lit]>y prop]ty z "o ( political lib]ty4 8,does a man h ! "r to =bid ano!r man to write ! same ~ws t he hmf wrote f/8 ,t is ! "q to resolve40 ,l ,jeff]son1 #acg ,3dorcet is utt]ly unconv9c$ t prop]ty "rs 9 a book c 2 comp>$ to ~? 9 a field or a piece ( furniture : c 2 occupi$ or us$ by only "o man4 ,! type ( prop]ty is 8bas$ on ! nature (! ?+40 ,he 3clud$1 ag 9 language /rik+ly simil> to ,jeff]son's & ,macaulay's1 t lit]>y prop]ty 0 n a real prop]ty "r b a privilege1 & "o : m/ 2 assess$ on a utilit>ian basis 9 t]ms ( xs 3tribu;n to 5lim;l to ! "rs ( o!rs :o want to copy1 b ! "rs ( all ~? :o want copies1 & t : 9creases ! price is an 9ju/ice4 ,does ! public 9t]e/ require t m5 make ? sacrifice8 ,t is ! "q t m/ 2 3sid]$2 ,9 o!r ~ws1 >e .y.> privileges #ach ne$$ & use;l or h>m;l to ! progress ( 5lim;l4 8,! books t mo/ fur!r$ ! progress ( 5lik.-l protec;n : all[$ an au?or to id5tify a "picul> $i;n ( 8 "w z ! g5u9e "o1 b : al all[$ compet+ $i;ns to circulate freely4 ,9 s* a m>ket1 he 2liev$ t ! price (! compet+ $i;ns wd fall to 8natural0 levels'\x2014'td we wd call x m>g9al co/'\x2014'b ! orig9al au?or wd / 2 able to *>ge a mode/ premium =! $i;n he au?oriz$ or c]tifi$ 2c read]s wd pref] x z bo? m #aci accurate & m au!ntic4 ,"o possible analogy is to ! hi/ory (! fa%ion 9du/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x op]ates l>gely )|t design protec;n b relies heavily on ! tradem>ks accord$ to favor$ design]s & br&s4 ,"! >e 8knock(fs0 ( ,>mani or ,bal5ciaga1 b ! weal?y / pay an 5orm|s premium =! real ?+4 ,3dorcet al 9si/$ t :at"e protec;n 0 accord$ to lit]>y "ws m/ n ext5d to ! ideas )9 !m4 ,x is ! tru?s )9 books t make !m 8use;l0'\x2014'a ~w t does n h ! same lum9.e & import.e = u td z x did =! philosoph]s (! ,5ligu$ t any privilege giv5 ! au?or cd n ext5d to 8prev5t+ ano!r man f exhibit+ ! same tru?s1 9 p]fectly ! same ord]1 f ! same evid;e0 or f ext5d+ ~? >gu;ts & develop+ _! 3sequ;es4 ,9 a l9e t #adj ,hesse "rly higues1 correctly ,i ?9k1 t two w>r+ ideas %ap$'\x2014'or >e at lea/ use;l ways ( "u/&+'\x2014'! develop;t (! droits d'auteur tradi;n4 ,on "o side 7 ,did]ot &! publi%]s promot+ an expansive & p]petual natural au?orial "r1 : n"e!.s 0 #ada suppos$ to ve/ suspici|sly easily 9 publi%]s4 ,on ! o!r 0 ,3dorcet1 look+ skeptically at au?orial privileges z m]ely "o type ( /ate 9t]f];e ) free m>kets &! free circula;n ( books & ideas4 ,9 place ( ,did]ot's p]petual natural "r1 ,3dorcet sket*$ | a regime t 5c|rages produc;n & 4tribu;n by grant+ ! m9imum "rs nec = progress4 ,diff]5t z !y >e1 ~! two sides %>e a common gr.d4 ,!y bo? focus1 ?|< = diff]5t reasons1 on 8expres.n0'\x2014'! imprimatur (! au?or's unique human _s on ! ideas & facts t he or %e transmits4 ,x is ? 8orig9al expres.n0 t mod]n copy"r &! mod]n droits d'auteur actually cov]4 ,9 td's copy"r law1 ! facts & ideas 9 an au?or's "w proce$ immly 9to ! #adb public doma94 ,9 o!r "w1 ,i h >gu$ t by 3f9+ ! prop]ty "r tiy1 limit$1 utilit>ian /ate grant1 revocable at w4 .<,at ! same "t x (f]s.> a moral & philosophical ju/ifica;n = f5c+ 9 ! commons1 giv+ ! au?or prop]ty 9 "s?+ built f ! res|rces (! public doma9'\x2014'language1 culture1 g5re1 sci5tific commun;y1 or :at h y4 ,if "o makes orig9al;y ( _s ! assum$ feature ( #adc au?or%ip &! t|*/"o = prop]ty "rs1 "o c see ! au?or z creat+ "s?+ 5tirely new '\x2014'n recomb9+ ! res|rces (! commons4 ,t is an acc.t (! romantic !ory ( au?or%ip 9 ! 3text ( 3tempor>y ,anglo.-,am]ican copy"r law4 ,b :5 "o looks at ! hi/ory (! ,fr5* droits d'auteur tradi;n1 x is /rik+ h[ well ~? ~ws describe t sy/em z well4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* legislature f9ally produc$ a law ( au?ors,0 "rs x turn$ |1 9 ,hesse's ~ws1 to reflect 8an epi/emologically impure & un/able legal syn!sis t comb9$ an 9/ru;tali/ no;n (! public gd )a !ory ( au?or%ip bas$ on natural "rs40 ,al? x drew on a ,did]oti/ rhetoric (! sanct;y ( 9dividual creativ;y z #add an 9violable "r1 x did n rigor|sly respect ! 3clu.ns ,did]ot drew f ? posi;n4 ,9 3tra/ to ! privil~*ege d'auteur ( #aggg1 ! law did n recognize ! au?or's claim 2y 8 life"t b 3secrat$ ! no;n1 adv.ed f/ by ,pi]re ,manuel to def5d 8 $i;n ( ,mirabeau1 t ! only true heir to an au?or's "w 0 ! na;n z a :ole4 ,? no;n (a public doma91 ( democratic access to a common cultural 9h]it.e on : no "picul> claim cd 2 made1 bore ! traces n ( ,did]ot1 b ( ,3dorcet's fai? t tru?s 7 giv5 9 nature &1 al? m$iat$ "? 9dividual m9ds1 2l;g$ ultimately to all4 ,progress 9 human "u/&+ dep5d$ n on private k claims1 b on free & equal access to 5lis (! ,revolu;n f a privileg$ creature (! absoluti/ police /ate 9to a s]vant ( public 5ligues t ? 9/abil;y wd 3t9ue "? ! revolu;n>y p]iod4 ,i agree2 9de$ ,i wd >gue t x does s to ! pres5t "d4 ,:y8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,! moral "rs view simply prov$ too m*4 ,)|t a limit+ pr9ciple'\x2014'( "t1 or scope1 or effect'\x2014'x seem$ to presage a p]petual & expansive 3trol ( expressive crea;ns1 & p]h ( 9v5;ns4 ,|r 9tui;n t ? is a bad idea comes f |r 9tuitive "u/&+ t 8,poetry c only 2 made | ( o!r poems2 #adf novels | ( o!r novels4 ,all ( ? 0 m* cle>] 2f ! assimila;n ( lit]ature to private 5t]prise40 ,? is ! flip side (! >gu;ts t ,did]ot & lat] ,hugo put =w>d4 ,p]h ! romantic au?or does n create | ( ?9 air4 ,p]h he or %e is deeply emb$d$ 9 a lit]>y1 musical1 cultural1 or sci5tific tradi;n t wd n fl|ri% if treat$ z a set ( p]man5tly wall$ private plots4 ,ev5 )9 ! droits d'auteur tradi;n1 we see a recogni;n t ! 3t9u+ progress ( 5lie 9 funda;tal t5.n4 ,:5 x comes to reconcil+ t t5.n we m/ turn 9 "p to #adg utilit>ian effects4 ,9 %ort1 we %d pay att5;n to ,jeff]son & ,macaulay & ,3dorcet1 n j 2c _! ?"|s %ap$ ! legal & philosophical tradi;ns 9 : we n[ "w'\x2014'?|< t is "picul>ly true 9 ! case (! ,unit$ ,/ates'\x2014'b 2c !y 7 "r1 or at lea/ m "r ?an ! alt]native4 ,( c|rse1 we cd build a culture >.d a no;n ( natural1 absolute1 & p]man5t "rs to 9v5;n & expres.n4 ,x is n a _w _m ( u wd want to live in4 ,"! >e excep;ns ( c|rse4 ,9 a rec5t ,new ,york ,"ts op.-$1 ,m>k ,helpr9'\x2014'au?or ( ,w9t]'s ,tale '\x2014'>gu$ t 9tellectual prop]ty %d 2come p]petual4 ,af all1 "rs 9 real e/ate or p]sonal prop]ty d n #adh expire'\x2014'?|< _! [n]s mis1 or pat5ts =a m]e tw5ty8 ,mr4 ,helpr9 expresses respect =! g5ius (! fram]s1 b is unmov$ by _! firm comm& t "rs 2 grant$ only = 8limit$ "ts40 ,he 3cludes t x 0 a mis"u/&+4 ,jeff]son did n realize t :ile ideas _c 2 [n$1 _! expres.n c4 ,:at's m1 ! fram]s 7 misl$ by _! ru/ic "ts4 8,no "o except p]h ,hamilton or ,frankl9 miy fields ( 5deavor &! *ief 5g9es (! economy4 ,n[ !y >e1 & x is no m ra;nal to d5y !m equal /atus ?an x wd h be5 to 3fiscate f>ms1 ropewalks & o!r =ms ( prop]ty 9 ! #ah? c5tury40 ,poor ,jeff]son4 ,h[ lucky we >e to h ,mr4 ,helpr9 to rem$y ! 3sequ;es ( 8 #adi lack ( vi.n4 ,or p]h n4 ,?9k (! way t ,jeff]son trac$ ! orig9s (! me*anical >ts us$ 9 ! elevators & hopp].-boys all ! way back to anci5t ,p]sia4 "<,in ,mr4 ,helpr9's utopia1 presumably1 a royalty /ream wd run to ,cyrus ! ,grt's 5g9e]s4"> ,jeff]son's po9t 0 t =! process ( 9v5;n to "w1 we ne$ to 3f9e n>r[ly ! "t & scope (! /ate.-provid$ monopoly1 o!rwise fur!r 9v5;ns wd 2come impossible4 ,ea* process or "p (a new 9v5;n wd risk 9fr++ a myriad ( prior pat5ts on xs subcompon5ts4 ,9nova;n wd /rangle 9 a ?icket ( 3flict+ monopolies ) _! roots vani%+ back 9 "t4 ,presumably ! title ( ,mr4 ,helpr9's excell5t novel wd require cle>.e f ,%akespe>e's heirs4 ,( c|rse1 "o cd 3/ruct a m mode/ ,lockean idea ( 9tellectual prop]ty #aej '\x2014'build+ on ! no;n ( 85|< & z gd0 left ov] = o!rs & draw+ ! limits ti5t'\x2014'at lea/ z a />t+ place4 ,! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ w play an important role 9 ? book4 ,b my >gu;ts "h h implica;ns f> 2y ,jeff]son's "t1 c.try1 or 3/itu;nal tradi;n4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 ,i hope to 3v9ce y (! import.e (! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ or ! views ( ,macaulay n 2c !y >e fam|s au?orities & rev]$ ?9k]s or 2c !y fram$ 3/itu;ns or debat$ legisla;n4 ,i wi% to 3v9ce y t _! views >e important 2c !y 5capsulate neatly an important s]ies ( tru?s ab 9tellectual #aea prop]ty4 ,we %d li/5 to ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ n 2c x is pre/igi|s b 2c ( xs 9si m]ely 2c "o embraces a philosophy ( moral "rs'\x2014'if any?+1 !y 2come m press+1 "picul>ly :5 "o comes to def9e ! limits ( 9tellectual prop]ty 9 scope & "t4 ,i ask t ~? read]s :o rema9 le]y (! ,jeff]sonian focus 3c5trate on t la/ issue4 ,9 an ]a :5 we h be5 exp&+ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs rel5t.sly1 x is a crucial "o4 ,if ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ produces 9 my unconv9c$ read] ev5 a sliian s]ies ( cau;ns4 #aeb ,a ,tradi;n ( ,skeptical ,m9imalism ,eiy h]itage4 ,:ile ,macaulay is ! be/.-rememb]$ ,5gli% skeptic f ! #ahdjs1 "! 7 o!r1 m radical skeptics :o saw copy"r prim>ily z a 8tax on lit]acy0 or a 8tax on k10 id5tical 9 xs effects to ! newspap] /amp taxes4,? 0 a "t :5 mass lit]acy & mass $uca;n 7 ! hotly debat$ coroll>ies to ! 5l>ge;t (! fran*ise4 ,! radical re=m]s look$ ) ho/il;y on any?+ t seem$ likely to raise ! co/ ( read+ & ?us 3t9ue to re/rict political & social debate to ! weal?i] classes4 ,macaulay worri$ ab a #aec _w 9 : 8a copy ( ,cl>issa wd 444 . z r>e z an ,aldus or a ,caxton40 ,8 m radical colleagues saw copy"r'\x2014'to use |r ugly j>gon r ?an _!s'\x2014'z "o (! _m ways 9 : /ate communica;ns policy is set &! communicative l&scape tilt$ to favor ! ri* & p[];l4 ,macaulay worri$ ab ! effects ( monopoly on lit]ature & culture4 ,all ( !m worri$ ab ! effects ( copy"r on democracy1 on spee*1 on $uca;n4 ,9 ! _w (! ,9t]net1 ~! skeptics too h _! 3tempor>y equival5ts4 ,pat5t law al attract$ xs %>e ( attacks 9 ! mid.-n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a fusillade ( criticism1 (t5 deliv]$ by economi/s & ca/ 9 ! language ( free #aed trade1 portray$ ! pat5t sy/em z actively h>m;l4 ,at ! annual meet+ (! ,k;gress deuts*] ,volkswir! held 9 ,dresd51 ,septemb] #ahfc1 ! foll[+ resolu;n 0 adopt$ 8by an ov]:elm+ major;y03 8,3sid]+ t pat5ts h9d] r ?an fur!r ! progress ( 9v5;n2 t !y hamp] ! prompt g5]al utiliza;n ( use;l 9v5;ns2 t on bal.e !y cause m h>m ?an b5efit to ! 9v5tors !mvs &1 ?us1 >e a hie 9juri|s to common welf>e40 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! pat5t sy/em 0 actually aboli%$ 9 #ahfi z a result ( s* criticisms4 ,obs]v]s 9 a numb] ( o!r c.tries1 9clud+ ,brita91 3clud$ t _! na;nal pat5t sy/ems 7 doom$4 ,v>i|s proposals 7 made to #aee replace pat5ts1 ) /ate.-provid$ prizes or b.ties to "picul>ly use;l 9v5;ns 2+ ! mo/ popul>4 ,~! snippets >e h>dly suffici5t to 3/itute any k9d ( survey ( critical reac;ns to 9tellectual prop]ty sy/ems1 b ,i 2lieve t n"e!.s !y give u "s s5se ( typical debates4 ,:at d ~! debates tell u8 ,f ! e>ly "ds ( 9tellectual prop]ty z we "k x n[1 ! ma9 objec;ns rais$ ag/ x 7 fram$ 9 ! language ( free trade & 8anti.-monopoly40 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! f.d+ g5]a;n ( 9tellectuals _h be5 nurtur$ on ! philosophy (! ,scotti% ,5ligu;ts 9 favor ( 9tellectual prop]ty b w>n$ ag & ag (! ne$ to circumscribe bo? xs t]m & xs scope4 ,? is #aef ! po9t at ! he>t ( ,jeff]son's lr4 ,? is :y he 9si/$ t we "u/& ! policy implica;ns (! diff];es 2t tangible prop]ty & ideas1 : 8l fire0 >e 8expansible ov] all space1 )|t less5+ _! d5s;y 9 any po9t40 ,:at 7 ! 3c]ns ( ~! e>ly critics8 ,!y worri$ ab 9tellectual prop]ty produc+ >tificial sc>c;y1 hi< prices1 & l[ qual;y4 ,!y 9si/$ t ! b5efits ( ea* 9cre;tal expan.n ( 9tellectual prop]ty 2 wei<$ ag/ xs co/s4 ,?9k ( ,macaulay 4cuss+ ,johnson's pref];e =a %9 ( beef r ?an ano!r slice ( po/mortem copy"r protec;n4 ,!y worri$ ab xs ju/ice2 giv5 t we all le>n f & build on ! pa/1 d we h a "r to c>ve | |r [n 9cre;tal 9nova;ns & protect !m by 9tellectual prop]ty "rs8 #aeg ,price aside1 !y al worri$ t 9tellectual prop]ty " mi phrase4 ,b ! ov]:elm+ !me 0 ! promo;n ( free trade &a correspond+ opposi;n to monopolies4 ,n[ if we 7 to /op "h & simply require t td's policy mak]s1 legislators1 & judges recite ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ 2f !y ru% (f to make new 9tellectual prop]ty rules =! ,9t]net &! g5ome1 we #aeh wd h accompli%$ a grt deal4 ,na;nal & 9t]na;nal policy mak]s >e ke5 to set ! 8rules (! road =! digital age40 ,if !y wd mo;t>ily pause _! excit$ mill5>ian burbl+ & read ! po9ts scrat*$ | )a quill p5 9 #ahac1 or deliv]$ "<)|t ,p[],po9t support"> on ! floor (! ,h|se ( ,commons 9 ! #ahdjs1 we wd 2 bett] (f4 ,"ey"o is 2g9n+ to "u/& t 9 ! _w (! tw5ty.-f/ c5tury ! rules ( 9tellectual prop]ty >e bo? vital & 3t5ti|s4 ,h[ gd x wd 2 !n if |r debate on 9tellectual prop]ty policy 7 z vigor|s & z 9=m$ z ! debates (! n9ete5? c5tury4 "<,?|< we mi ,& yet 444 "! is m* t is miss+ f ! skepticism (! ei4 ,look at ! /ructure ( ~! com;ts2 !y >e fram$ z criticisms #aei ( 9tellectual prop]ty r ?an def5ses (! public doma9 or ! commons1 t]ms t simply d n appe> 9 ! debates4 ,"! is no real 4cus.n (! _w ( 9tellectual prop]ty's |tside1 xs opposite4 ,mo/ ( ~! critics take z _! goal ! prev5;n or limita;n ( an 8>tificial0 monopoly2 )|t ? monopoly |r goal is to h a _w ('\x2014':at8 ,! assump;n is t we w return to a norm ( fre$om1 b ( :at k9d8 ,free trade 9 expres.n & 9nova;n1 z oppos$ to monopoly8 ,free access to expres.n & 9nova;n1 z oppos$ to access = pay8 ,or free access to 9nova;n & expres.n 9 ! s5se ( n 2+ subject to ! "r ( ano!r p]son to pick & *oose :o is giv5 access1 ev5 if all h to pay "s flat fee8 ,or is x common [n]%ip & 3trol t we seek1 9clud+ ! communal "r to =bid c]ta9 k9ds ( uses (! %>$ #afj res|rce8 ,! eie m* m obscure to u ?an prop]ty xf4 ,=! mo/ "p1 ! antimonopoli/ view ( 9tellectual prop]ty makes a simple case4 ,monopolies >e bad4 ,h z few z possible & make !m z n>r[ & z %ort z possible4 ,? is a f9e pr9ciple1 b x falls %ort ( an affirmative explana;n & def5se (! role (! public doma9 or ! commons 9 5abl+ creativ;y1 culture1 & sci;e4 ,t is a %ame 2c j z 9tellectual prop]ty is diff]5t f tangible prop]ty1 s too is xs opposite1 xs |tside4 ,:at >e ~? opposites8 ,! two major t]ms 9 use #afa >e 8! public doma90 & 8! commons40 ,bo? >e us$ 9 multiple ways'\x2014'probably a gd ?+4 ,! public doma9 is mat]ial t is n cov]$ by 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,mat]ial mie or ! pat5ts ov] p[]$ flie examples4 ,"s def9i;ns (! public doma9 >e m granul>4 ,!y focus n only on complete "ws b on ! res]v$ spaces ( fre$om 9side 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,! public doma9 wd 9clude ! privilege to exc]pt %ort quota;ns 9 a review4 ,? vi.n is messi]1 b m 9/ructive4 ,if "o uses a spatial metaphor1 ! #afb absoluti/ vi.n is a tessellat$ map4 ,>eas ( private prop]ty >e neatly del9eat$ f >eas (! public doma94 ,moz>t's plot sits next to t ( ,britney ,spe>s2 "o public1 ! o!r private4 ,9 ! granul> view1 ! map is m complex4 ,ms4 ,spe>s,0 plot is cut "? ) "rs to make fair use1 z well z ) limita;ns on [n]%ip ( /&>d !mes4 ,9/ead (! simple til$ map1 ! granul> vi.n has private plots ) public roads runn+ "? !m4 ,9 popul> 4cus.n1 we t5d to use ! absoluti/ view ( bo? prop]ty &! public doma94 ,lawy]s pref] ! m complex view ( prop]ty & >e com+ sl[ly to h a simil>ly complex view (! public doma94 ,t is ! def9i;n ,i w 2 us+4 ,! t]m 8commons0 is g5]ally us$ to d5ote a res|rce ov] : "s gr|p #afc has access & use "rs'\x2014'albeit p]h "u c]ta9 3di;ns4 ,x is us$ 9 ev5 m ways ?an ! t]m 8public doma940 ,! f/ axis al;g : def9i;ns (! t]m 8commons0 v>y is ! size (! gr|p t has access "rs4 ,"s wd say x is a commons only if ! :ole society has access4 ,t is ! view ,i w take "h4 ,! o!r diff];e 2t public doma9 & commons is ! ext5t ( re/ric;ns on use4 ,mat]ial 9 ! public doma9 is free ( prop]ty "rs4 ,y may d ) x :at y wi%4 ,a commons c 2 re/rictive4 ,= example1 "s op5 s|rce s(tw>e makes yr fre$om to modify ! s(tw>e 3t+5t on ! 3di;n t yr 3tribu;ns1 too1 w 2 freely op5 to o!rs4 ,i w 4cuss ? type ( commons 9 ,*apt] #h4 ,s ~! >e "w+ def9i;ns ( public doma9 & commons4 ,b :y %d we c>e #afd 8 ,2c ! public doma9 is ! basis = |r >t1 |r sci;e1 & |r self.-"u/&+4 ,x is ! raw mat]ial f : we make new 9v5;ns & create new cultural "ws4 ,:y is x s important8 ,let u />t )! dry reasons4 ,9=ma;n & 9nova;n >e l>gely nonrival & nonexcludable gds4 ,? is ,jeff]son's po9t1 ?|< express$ 9 less grace;l language4 ,x has "s 9t]e/+ coroll>ies4 ,9=ma;n is h>d to value until y h x1 b once y h x1 h[ c y 4possess yrf ( x8 ,! apple c 2 tak5 back by ! m]*ant if y decide n to buy4 ,! facts or ! =mulae _c4 ,! mo;t :5 y mir[ =maliz$ ? 9sige ext5t1 = #afe example1 ! require;t ( 8pat5t 4closure0 attempts to solve ? problem4 ,i c read all ab yr m|setrap b ,i am / =bidd5 f us+ x4 ,i c decide :e!r or n to lic5se yr design at t po9t4"> ,b = all ! mat]ial 9 ! public doma91 ": no 9tellectual prop]ty "r is nec1 ? po9t is solv$ elegantly by hav+ ! 9=ma;n 2 8free z ! air to common use40 ,all ( u c use ! same /ore ( 9=ma;n1 9nova;n1 & free culture4 ,x w 2 available at xs co/ ( reproduc;n'\x2014'close to z]o'\x2014'& we c all build ~u x )|t 9t]f]+ ) ea* o!r4 ,?9k (! ,5gli% language1 basic busi;s me?ods1 tables ( log>i?ms1 ! ,py?agorean !orem1 ,%akespe>e's 9siy legal j>gon 9 td's legal sy/em4 ,b ev5 "! ! language is free to ! autodidact4"> ,we c imag9e language1 sci5tific k1 basic algebra1 ! tonic scale1 or ! classics ( f|r.-hundr$.-ye>.-old lit]ature all 2+ available only z prop]ty4 ,~? :o _h ! hiket look l8 ,x wd probably 2 v 9effici5t1 ! economi/s tell u4 ,p]fect 9=ma;n is a def9+ feature (! p]fect m>ket4 ,! m commodifi$ & re/rict$ |r access to 9=ma;n1 ! less effici5t ! op]a;n (! m>ket1 ! m poorly x allocates res|rces 9 |r society4 "<,! p]man5t & 9 "s s5se 9soluble t5.n 2t ! ne$ to provide 9c5tives to g5]ate 9=ma;n1 ?us rais+ xs co/1 &! ne$ to h access to p]fect 9=ma;n = effici5cy is ! c5tral feature ( |r 9tellectual prop]ty policy4"> ,:5 we commodify too m* we actually "um9e creativ;y1 s9ce we >e rais+ ! #afh price (! 9puts = future crea;ns'\x2014': mikets1 |r democracy1 |r sci;e1 |r tradi;ns ( free spee*1 & |r >t all dep5d m heavily on a public doma9 ( freely available mat]ial ?an !y d on ! 9=ma;nal mat]ial t is cov]$ by prop]ty "rs4 ,! public doma9 is n "s gummy residue left 2h :5 all ! gd /uff has be5 cov]$ by prop]ty law4 ,! public doma9 is ! place we qu>ry ! build+ blocks ( |r culture4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! major;y ( |r culture4 ,or at lea/ x has be54 ,i delib]ately gave easy examples4 ,x is obvi|s h[ unnec b al h[ h>m;l x wd 2 to ext5d prop]ty "rs to language1 to facts1 #afi to busi;s me?ods & sci5tific algori?ms1 to ! basic /ructures ( music1 to >t ~: creators >e l;g dead4 ,x is obvi|s t ? wd n produce m 9nova;n1 m debate1 m >t1 m democracy4 ,b :at ab ! places ": ! value (! public doma9 is n obvi|s8 ,:at if we 7 actually mov+ to ext5d pat5ts to busi;s me?ods1 or 9tellectual prop]ty "rs to unorig9al compila;ns ( facts8 ,:at if we _h lock$ up mo/ ( tw5tie?.-c5tury culture )|t gett+ a net b5efit 9 return8 ,:at if ! basic build+ blocks ( new sci5tific fields 7 2+ pat5t$ l;g 2f any?+ 3crete or use;l cd 2 built f !m8 ,:at if we 7 litt]+ |r electronic communica;n space ) digital b>b$ wire & regulat+ ! t9ie/ frag;ts ( music z if !y 7 /ock c]tificates8 ,:at if we 7 do+ all ? 9 ! bli! #agj 2lief t m prop]ty "rs mean m 9nova;n8 ,! /ory ( ? book is t we >e4 ,! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ is important4 ,x is1 h["e1 j a w>n+4 ,:ile x wd 2 excell5t to pr9t x on pocket c>ds & h& x to |r elect$ repres5tatives1 t al"o w n solve ! mo/ press+ problems we face4 ,9 ! *apt]s t foll[1 ,i % try to g fur!r4 ,9 ,*apt] #c1 ,i set ! process ( expan.n we >e 5gag$ 9'\x2014'|r 8second 5closure move;t0'\x2014'9 p]spective by comp>+ x to ! orig9al 5closures (! grassy commons ( old ,5gl&4 ,9 ,*apt] #d1 ,i jump f ! _w (! fifte5? or n9ete5? c5tury to ! _w (! tw5ty.-f/1 f elevators & gra9 hopp]s to video record]s1 ! ,9t]net1 & file.-%>+ s]vices4 ,i use ! /ory ( s"eal key legal 4putes to illu/rate a broad] hi/ory'\x2014'! #aga hi/ory ( 9tellectual prop]ty's /ruggle ) communica;ns te*nologies t all[ p to copy m *eaply4 ,/rangely 5|<1 ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ w 2 crucial 9 "u/&+ ! debate ov] copy"r onl9e &1 9 "picul>1 9 "u/&+ ! fe> t drives |r curr5t policy mak+1 a fe> ,i ref] to z ! ,9t]net ,?reat4 ,fur!r ,read+ ,9 ? *apt] ,i (f]$ a snap%ot (! hi/orical debate ov] copy"r1 pat5t &'\x2014' to a less] ext5t'\x2014'tradem>k law4 ,! >gu;t is "ply a matt] ( 9tellectual hi/ory3 a claim ab :at v>i|s 9dividuals & gr|ps actually 2liev$ ab 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 &! way ~? 2liefs %ap$ ! policies !y support$ &! legal /ructures !y creat$4 ,b x is al a #agb normative >gu;t'\x2014'a claim t ? vi.n ( 9tellectual prop]ty is bett] ?an ! m 8physicali/0 & 8absoluti/0 alt]natives ,i describ$ or1 at ! v lea/1 t x is an important corrective to |r curr5t excesses4 ,? dual "* complicates ! task ( provid+ a guide to fur!r read+3 books cd 2 writt5 on ei por;n al"o4 ,my [n "u/&+ (! hi/ory ( 89tellectual prop]ty0'\x2014'xf a relatively rec5tly 9v5t$ & 3t5ti|s category'\x2014'has be5 prof.dly 9flu;ed by m s*ol>s ?an ,i c li/ "h4 ,$w>d ,c4 ,walt]s*eid1 ,! ,nature (! ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,clause3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,hi/orical ,p]spective "<,buffalo1 ,n4,y43 ,w4 ,s4 ,he91 #bjjb">1 gives a magi/]ial acc.t (! orig9s (! ,u4,s4 ,3/itu;n's 9tellectual prop]ty #agc clause4 ,tyl] ,t4 ,o*oa & ,m>k ,rose1 8,! ,anti.-,monopoly ,orig9s (! ,pat5t & ,copy"r ,clause10 ,j|rnal (! ,pat5t `& ,tradem>k ,(fice ,society #hd "<#bjjb">3 #iji"-#idj1 (f] a vi.n (! hi/ory t is close/ to ! "o ,i put =w>d "h4 ,9 addi;n1 ,tyl] ,t4 ,o*oa1 8,orig9s & ,mean+s (! ,public ,doma910 ,univ]s;y ( ,"dton ,law ,review #bh "<#bjjb">3 #bae"-#bfg1 provides ! same s]vice =! 3cept (! public doma94 ,malla ,pollack provides a use;l hi/orical /udy (! 3tempor>y "u/&+ (! ~w 8progress0 at ! "t (! ,am]ican ,3/itu;n 9 ,malla ,pollack1 8,! ,democratic ,public ,doma93 ,reconnect+ ! ,mod]n ,f/ ,am5d;t &! ,orig9al ,progress ,clause "10 ,jurimetrics #de "<#bjjd">3 #bc"-#dj4 #agd ,a ri* & ?"|.-provok+ acc.t (! way t ideas ( 9tellectual prop]ty "w$ !mvs | 9 ! 3text (! corporate "wplace c 2 f.d 9 ,ca!r9e ,fisk1 ,"w+ ,k3 ,employee ,9nova;n &! ,rise ( ,corporate ,9tellectual ,prop]ty1 #ahjj"-#aicj "<,*apel ,hill3 ,univ]s;y ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,press1 =?com+ #bjji">4 ,( c|rse1 ! hi/ory ( copy"r or ( 9tellectual prop]ty _c 2 3f9$ to ! two figures ,i focus on pr9cipally "h'\x2014',jeff]son & ,macaulay'\x2014'nor _c x 2 3f9$ to ! ,anglo.-,am]ican tradi;n or to ! debates 9 : ,jeff]son & ,macaulay 7 "picipat+4 ,c>la ,hesse1 ,publi%+ & ,cultural ,politics 9 ,revolu;n>y ,p>is1 #aghi"-#ahaj "<,b]keley3 ,univ]s;y ( ,cali=nia ,press1 #aiia">1 is vital read+ to #age "u/& ! p>allels 2t ! ,anglo.-,am]ican & droits d'auteur tradi;n4 ,x is al fasc9at+ read+4 ,= /udies (! broad] 9tellectual climate1 ,i recomm5d ,m>?a ,woodmansee1 ,! ,au?or1 ,>t1 &! ,m>ket3 ,rer1d+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,aes!tics "<,new ,york3 ,columbia ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aiid">2 ,pet] ,jaszi1 8,t[>d a ,!ory ( ,copy"r3 ,! ,metamorphoses ( ,8,au?or%ip1,0 ,7 ,duke ,law ,j|rnal #aiia1 no4 #b3 #dee"-#ejb2 ,m>k ,rose1 ,au?ors & ,[n]s3 ,! ,9v5;n ( ,copy"r "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,h>v>d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aiic">2 ,lyman ,ray ,patt]son1 ,copy"r 9 ,hi/orical ,p]spective "<,na%ville1 ,t5n43 ,v&]bilt ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aifh">4 ,! ,briti% debates at ! "t ( ,macaulay >e beauti;lly captur$ 9 ,ca!r9e ,seville1 #agf ,lit]>y ,copy"r ,re=m 9 ,e>ly ,victorian ,5gl&3 ,! ,fram+ (! #ahdb ,copy"r ,act "<,cambridge1 ,u4,k43 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aiii">4 "<,x %d 2 not$ t1 :ile sympa!tic1 %e is less mov$ ?an ,i by ,macaulay's >gu;ts4"> ,any collec;n ( hi/orical "ws ? ri* & complex resi/s summ>y descrip;n'\x2014' n"e!.s1 ,i ?9k x is fair to say t ! va/ major;y ( ~! "ws /ress ! c5tral;y (! skeptical 8antimonopoli/0 attitudes ,i use ,jeff]son & ,macaulay to repres5t to ! hi/ory ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,? does n mean "! is unanim;y or any?+ close to x4 ,9 "picul>1 ,adam ,moss(f1 8,:o ,c>es ,:at ,?omas ,jeff]son ,?"| ab ,pat5ts8 ,reevaluat+ ! ,pat5t ,8,privilege,0 9 ,hi/orical ,3text10 ,cornell ,law ,review #ib #agg "<#bjjg">3 #iec"-#ajab1 : came to ligu;ts >e 4cuss$ fully lat] 9 ! notes to ? *apt]4 ,! c5tral po9t1 h["e1 &! s+le /r;ge/ >gu;t ag/ ~? :o wd 9/ead attempt to 3/ruct a m absoluti/1 physicali/ or labor.-bas$ !ory ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 is ! problem ( limits4 ,": does "o /op8 ,h[ c "o put a limit on ! pot5tially absolute claim ov] "s 9tellectual crea;n8 ,h[ c "o specify ! limits on prior creators t actually give me [n]%ip ov] :at ,i create1 = ,i surely h built on ! "ws ( o!rs8 ,h[ c "o circumscribe ! #agh negative effects on spee*1 life1 & culture t ! absoluti/ or maximali/ tradi;n ?reat5s to g5]ate8 ,my ultimate >gu;t is t ! purpose.-driv51 skeptical1 antimonopoli/ic t5d5cies ( ,jeff]son & ,macaulay answ] ~? "qs f> bett] ?an any 3t5d+ !ory1 t !y repres5t n m]ely an 9tellectual hi/ory sadly neglect$ 9 td's political debates1 b a practical solu;n to ! 9evitable "q1 8": d y draw ! l9e80 ,*apt] #c ,! ,second ,5closure ,move;t ,! law locks up ! man or woman ,:o /eals ! goose f (f ! common ,b leaves ! grt] villa9 loose ,:o /eals ! common f (f ! goose4 #agi ,! law dem&s t we at"o ,:5 we take ?+s we d n [n ,b leaves ! "ls & ladies f9e ,:o take ?+s t >e yrs & m9e4 ,! poor & wret*$ don';t escape ,if !y 3spire ! law to break2 ,? m/ 2 s b !y 5dure ,~? :o 3spire to make ! law4 ,! law locks up ! man or woman ,:o /eals ! goose f (f ! common ,& geese w / a common lack ,till !y g & /eal x back4 .<,anon4.> ,9 fits & />ts f ! fifte5? to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,5gli% 8commons0 0 85clos$40 ,5closure did n necess>ily mean physical f5c+1 ?|< t cd happ54 ,m likely1 ! previ|sly common l& 0 #ahj simply 3v]t$ 9to private prop]ty1 g5]ally 3troll$ by a s+le l&hold]4 ,! poem t 2g9s ? *apt] is ! pi?ie/ 3demna;n (! process4 ,x manages 9 a few l9es to criticize d|ble /&>ds1 expose ! 3trov]sial nature ( prop]ty "rs1 & take a slap at ! legitimacy ( /ate p[]4 ,& x does ? all ) humor1 )|t j>gon1 & 9 rhym+ c|plets4 ,academics %d take note4 ,l mo/ criticisms (! 5closure move;t1 ! poem depicts a _w ( rapaci|s1 /ate.-aid$ 8privatiza;n10 a 3v].n 9to private prop]ty ( "s?+ t _h =m]ly be5 common prop]ty or p]h _h be5 |tside ! prop]ty sy/em alt4 ,"o k9d ( 8/eal+0 is legal1 says ! poet1 2c ! /ate *anges ! law ( prop]ty to give ! 8"ls & ladies0 a "r ov] an >ea =m]ly op5 to all4 ,b let a common] /eal "s?+ & he is lock$ up4 #aha ,! anonym|s au?or 0 n al"o 9 feel+ 9dignant4 ,?omas ,m "<"o ( only two sa9ts to write really gd political !ory"> made simil> po9ts1 ?|< he us$ %eep r ?an geese 9 8 >gu;t4 ,writ+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 he _h >gu$ t 5closure 0 n m]ely unju/ 9 xf b h>m;l 9 xs 3sequ;es3 a cause ( economic 9equal;y1 crime1 & social 4loca;n4 ,9 a wond];lly biz>re passage he >gues t %eep >e a pr9cipal cause ( !ft4 ,%eep8 ,:y1 yes4 .<;,y.>|r %eep t 7 wont to 2 s meek & tame1 & s small eat]s1 n[1 z ,i he> say1 2 2come s grt dev|r]s & s wild1 t !y eat up1 & swall[ d[n ! v m5 !mvs4 ,!y 3sume1 de/roy1 & dev|r :ole fields1 h|ses1 & cities4 ,:o 7 ~! %eep8 ,biz>re ,dolly.-l cl"os8 ,transg5ic kill] rams8 ,no4 ,m meant only t "u ! economic #ahb lure (! wool trade1 ! 8noblem5 & g5tlem50 7 attempt+ _! [n 5closure move;t4 .<,!y.> leave no gr.d = tillage1 !y 5close all 9to pa/ures2 !y ?r[ d[n h|ses2 !y pluck d[n t[ns1 & leave no?+ /&+1 b only ! *ur* to 2 made a %eep.-h|se444 4 ,"!=e t "o covet|s & 9satiable cormorant & v plague ( 8 native c.try may compass ab & 5close _m ?|s& acres ( gr.d tgr )9 "o pale or h$ge1 ! husb&m5 2 ?ru/ | ( _! [n4 ,! %eep dev|r all4 ,! 4possess$ 8husb&m50 n[ f9d !mvs )|t l& or m"oy & turn 9/ead to !ft4 ,9 ,m's vi.n1 x is all v simple4 ,gre$ leads to 5closure4 ,5closure 4rupts ! life (! poor f>m]4 ,4rup;n leads to crime & viol;e4 ,writ+ #djj ye>s lat]1 ,k>l ,polanyi e*oes #ahc ,m precisely4 ,he calls ! 5closure move;t 8a revolu;n (! ri* ag/ ! poor0 & goes on to pa9t x 9 ! mo/ unflatt]+ lie 9 ! common444 4,7 ,& turn+ !m to 8begg>s & ?ieves40 ,! critics ( 5closure saw o!r h>ms too1 ?|< !y >e h>d] to classify4 ,!y 2moan$ ! rel5t.s p[] ( m>ket logic to migrate to new >eas1 4rupt+ tradi;nal social rela;n%ips & p]h ev5 views (! self1 or ! rela;n%ip ( human 2+s to ! 5viron;t4 ,funda;tally1 !y m|rn$ ! loss (a =m ( life4 ,s m* =! bad side (! 5closure move;t4 ,= _m economic hi/orians1 #ahd "ey?+ ,i h sd up to n[ is ! wor/ k9d ( s5ti;tal bunk1 romanticiz+ a =m ( life t 0 nei com=table nor noble1 & c]ta9ly n v egalit>ian4 ,! big po9t ab ! 5closure move;t is t x "w$2 ? 9nova;n 9 prop]ty sy/ems all[$ an unp>allel$ expan.n ( productive possibilities4 ,by transf]r+ 9effici5tly manag$ common l& 9to ! h&s (a s+le [n]1 5closure escap$ ! aptly "nd 8trag$y (! commons40 ,x gave 9c5tives = l>ge.-scale 9ve/;t1 all[$ 3trol ov] exploita;n1 & 9 g5]al 5sur$ t res|rces cd 2 put to _! mo/ effici5t use4 ,2f ! 5closure move;t1 ! feudal "l wd n 9ve/ 9 dra9age sy/ems1 %eep pur*ases1 or crop rota;n t mive 9 ! l;g run4 ,if ! price ( ? social ga9 is a grt] 3c5tra;n ( economic p[]1 ! 9troduc;n ( m>ket =ces 9to >eas ": !y previ|sly _h n be5 s obvi|s1 or ! 4rup;n (a modus viv5di )! 5viron;t'\x2014'!n1 5closure's def5d]s say1 s 2 x6 ,9 _! view1 ! agricultural surplus produc$ by 5closure help$ to save a society deva/at$ by ! mass dea?s (! sixte5? c5tury4 ,~? :o weep ov] ! t]rible effects ( private prop]ty %d realize t x lit]ally saves lives4 ,n[ x is wor? not+ t :ile ? view 0 once un*all5g$1 #ahf rec5t s*ol>%ip has ?r[n "s d|bts on ! effects ( 5closure on agricultural produc;n4 ,"s s*ol>s >gue t ! commons 0 actually bett] run ?an ! def5d]s ( 5closure admit4 ,?us1 :ile 5closure did produce ! *anges 9 ! 4tribu;n ( weal? t s 9c5s$ an e>li] g5]a;n ( critical hi/orians1 !y >gue t "! >e significant "qs ab :e!r x l$ to grt] effici5cy or 9nova;n4 ,! pie 0 c>v$ up diff]5tly1 b did x get bigg]8 ,! debate ab ~! issues is ll "kn1 h["e1 |tside ! _w ( economic hi/orians4 8,"ey"o0 "ks t a commons is by def9i;n tragic & t ! logic ( 5closure is z true td z x 0 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,i w n get 9volv$ 9 ? debate4 ,assume =! sake ( >gu;t t 5closure did 9de$ produce a surge 9 #ahg agriculture4 ,assume1 9 o!r ~ws1 t 3v]t+ ! commons 9to private prop]ty sav$ lives4 ,? is ! logic ( 5closure4 ,x is a p[];l >gu;t1 b x is n alw "r4 ,? is all v well1 b :at does x h to d ) 9tellectual prop]ty8 ,i hope ! answ] is obvi|s4 ,! >gu;t ( ? book is t we >e 9 ! middle (a second 5closure move;t4 ,:ile x s.ds gr&iloqu5t to call x 8! 5closure (! 9tangible commons (! m9d10 9 a v real s5se t is j :at x is4 ,true1 ! new /ate.-creat$ prop]ty "rs may 2 89tellectual0 r ?an 8real10 b once ag ?+s t 7 =m]ly ?"| ( z common prop]ty1 or z 8uncommodifiable10 or |tside ! m>ket alt1 >e 2+ cov]$ ) new1 or newly ext5d$1 prop]ty "rs4 ,take ! human g5ome z an example4 ,ag1 ! #ahh support]s ( 5closure h >gu$ t ! /ate 0 "r to /ep 9 & ext5d ! rea* ( prop]ty "rs2 t only ?us cd we gu>antee ! k9d ( 9ve/;t ( "t1 9g5u;y1 & capital nec to produce new drugs & g5e !rapies4 ,to ! "q1 8,%d "! 2 pat5ts ov] human g5es80 ! support]s ( 5closure wd answ] t private prop]ty saves lives4 ,! oppon5ts ( 5closure h claim$ t ! human g5ome 2l;gs to "ey"o1 t x is lit]ally ! common h]itage ( humank9d1 t x %d n & p]h 9 "s s5se _c 2 [n$1 & t ! 3sequ;es ( turn+ ov] ! human g5ome to private prop]ty "rs w 2 dread;l1 z m>ket logic 9vades >eas : %d 2 ! f>!/ f ! m>ket4 ,9 /ories ab /em cell & g5e sequ;e pat5ts1 critics h mus$ d>kly ab ! way 9 : ! /ate is h&+ #ahi ov] monopoly p[] to a few 9dividuals & corpora;ns1 pot5tially 9troduc+ bottlenecks & coord9a;n co/s t sl[ d[n 9nova;n4 ,al;gside ~! acc.ts (! b5efici>ies (! new prop]ty s*eme run news /ories ab ~? :o 7 n s =tunate1 ! common]s (! g5etic 5closure4 ,law /ud5ts acr ,am]ica read ,moore v4 ,reg5ts ( ,univ]s;y ( ,cali=nia1 a ,cali=nia ,supreme ,c|rt case decid+ t ,mr4 ,moore _h no prop]ty 9t]e/ 9 ! cells d]iv$ f 8 sple54 ,! c|rt tells u t giv+ private prop]ty "rs to 8s|rces0 wd sl[ ! free:eel+ practice rese>*]s h ( %>+ _! cell l9es ) all & sundry4 ,! doctors ~: 9v5tive g5ius creat$ a billion.-doll> cell l9e f ,mr4 ,moore's 8naturally occurr+ #aij raw mat]ial10 by 3tra/1 >e grant$ a pat5t4 ,private prop]ty "rs "h1 by 3tra/1 >e a nec 9c5tive to rese>*4 ,economi/s on bo? sides (! 5closure debate 3c5trate on ! effici5t alloca;n ( "rs4 ,popul> 4cus.n1 on ! o!r h&1 d|bt.s demon/rat+ a repreh5sible lack ( rigor1 returns ag & ag to m naturali/ic assump;ns s* z ! ess5tially 8common0 qual;y (! prop]ty 9volv$ or ! idea t "o [ns "o's [n body4 ,! g5ome is n ! only >ea to 2 "pially 85clos$0 dur+ ? second 5closure move;t4 ,! expan.n ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs has be5 rem>kable'\x2014'f busi;s me?od pat5ts1 to ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act1 to tradem>k 8anti.-dilu;n0 rul+s1 to ! ,european ,database ,protec;n #aia ,directive4 ,! old limits to 9tellectual prop]ty "rs'\x2014'! anti]o.n walls >.d ! public doma9'\x2014'>e al "u attack4 ,! annual process ( updat+ my syllabus =a basic 9tellectual prop]ty c|rse provides a nice snap%ot ( :at is go+ on4 ,i c wax no/algic look+ back to a five.-ye>.-old text1 ) xs 3fid5t li/ ( subject matt] t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs cd n cov]1 ! privileges t circumscrib$ ! "rs t did exi/1 &! l5g? ( "t 2f a "w falls 9to ! public doma94 ,9 ea* case1 ! limits h be5 eat5 away4 ,h[ ,m* ,( ,! ,9tangible ,commons ,%d ,we ,5close8 ,s f> ,i h >gu$ t "! >e prof.d simil>ities 2t ! f/ 5closure move;t & |r 3tempor>y expan.n ( #aib 9tellectual prop]ty1 : ,i call ! second 5closure move;t4 ,once ag1 ! critics & propon5ts ( 5closure >e lock$ 9 battle1 hurl+ at ea* o!r 9comm5surable claims ab 9nova;n1 effici5cy1 tradi;nal values1 ! b.d>ies (! m>ket1 ! sav+ ( lives1 ! loss ( famili> lib]ties4 ,once ag1 opposi;n to 5closure is portray$ z economically illit]ate3 ! b5efici>ies ( 5closure tell+ u t an expan.n ( prop]ty "rs is ne$$ 9 ord] to fuel progress4 ,9de$1 ! po/.-,cold ,w> 8,wa%+ton 3s5sus0 is 9vok$ to claim t ! lesson ( hi/ory xf is t ! only way to get gr[? & effici5cy is "? m>kets2 prop]ty "rs1 surely1 >e ! s9e qua non ( m>kets4 ,? fai? 9 5closure is root$ 9 a correspond+ly deep pessimism ab ! #aic possibil;y ( manag+ res|rces t >e ei commonly [n$ or [n$ by no "o4 ,if all h ! "r to graze _! h]ds on common l&1 :at 9c5tive does any"o h to hold back8 ,my attempt to safegu>d ! future (! pa/ure w simply 2 "ucut by o!rs anxi|s to get _!s :ile ! gett+ is gd4 ,soon ! pa/ure w 2 ov]graz$ & all |r flocks w g hungry4 ,9 a #aifh >ticle1 ,g>rett ,h>d9 came up )! phrase t wd 2come %orth& =! idea t "! 7 9h]5t problems ) collectively manag$ res|rces3 8! trag$y (! commons40 ,! phrase1 m s ?an ! actual >gu;ts 9 8 >ticle1 has come to ex]cise 3sid]able p[] ov] |r policies td4 ,private prop]ty'\x2014'5closure'\x2- 014'is portray$ z ! happy 5d+ =! trag$y (! commons3 :5 policy mak]s see a res|rce t is un[n$1 !y t5d to #aid rea* reflexively = 8! solv+ idea ( prop]ty40 ,ac to ? view1 5closure is n a 8revolu;n (! ri* ag/ ! poor10 x is a revolu;n to save ! wa/e ( socially vital res|rces4 ,to say t "s social res|rce is n [n$ by an 9dividual1 t x is free z ! air to common use1 is automatically to 3jure up ! idea t x is 2+ wa/$4 ,b if "! >e simil>ities 2t |r two 5closures1 "! >e al prof.d 4simil>ities2 ! net"w$ commons (! m9d has _m diff]5t "*i/ics f ! grassy commons ( ,old ,5gl&4 ,i want to 3c5trate "h on two key diff];es 2t ! 9tellectual commons &! commons (! f/ 5closure move;t1 diff];es t %d lead u to "q :e!r ? commons is truly tragic & to ask :e!r /r;g] 9tellectual #aie prop]ty "rs really >e ! solu;n to |r problems4 ,~! diff];es >e well "kn1 9de$ !y >e ! />t+ po9t = mo/ 9tellectual prop]ty law1 a />t+ po9t t ,jeff]son & ,macaulay h alr laid | = u4 ,n"e!.s1 reflec;n on !m mi?y commons1 ! commons (! m9d is g5]ally 8nonrival40 ,_m uses ( l& >e mutually exclusive3 if ,i am us+ ! field = graz+1 x may 9t]f]e ) yr plans to use x = gr[+ crops4 ,by 3tra/1 a g5e sequ;e1 an ,,mp#c file1 or an image may 2 us$ by multiple "pies2 my use does n 9t]f]e ) yrs4 ,to simplify a complicat$ analysis1 ? means t ! ?reat ( ov]use ( fields & fi%]ies is g5]ally n a problem )! 9=ma;nal or 9nova;nal commons4 #aif ,?us1 "o type ( trag$y (! commons is avoid$4 ,! 3c]ns 9 ! 9=ma;nal commons h to d )a diff]5t k9d ( collective ac;n problem3 ! problem ( 9c5tives to create ! res|rce 9 ! f/ place4 ,! difficulty comes f ! assump;n t 9=ma;n gds >e n only nonrival "1 b al nonexcludable "d1 to /op "o unit (! gd f satisfy+ an 9f9ite numb] ( us]s at z]o m>g9al co/">4 ,pirates w copy ! s;g1 ! m|setrap1 ! drug =mula1 ! br&4 ,! re/ (! >gu;t is well "kn4 ,lack+ an abil;y to exclude1 creators w 2 unable to *>ge = _! crea;ns2 "! w 2 9adequate 9c5tives to create4 ,?us1 ! law m/ /ep 9 & create a limit$ monopoly call$ an 9tellectual prop]ty "r4 ,h[ ab ! >gu;t t ! #aig 9creas+ import.e ( 9=ma;n9t5sive products to ! _w economy means t protec;n m/ 9crease8 ,m/ ! 9=ma;n commons 2 5clos$ 2c x is n[ a m important sector ( economic activ;y8 ,? 0 c]ta9ly "o (! >gu;ts =! f/ 5closure move;t4 ,= example1 dur+ ! ,napoleonic ,w>s 5closure 0 def5d$ z a nec me?od ( 9creas+ ! effici5cy ( agricultural produc;n1 n[ a vital sector (a w>"t economy4 ,"h we come to ano!r big diff];e 2t ! commons (! m9d &! e>?y commons4 ,z has frequ5tly be5 po9t$ |1 9=ma;n products >e (t5 made up ( frag;ts ( o!r 9=ma;n products2 yr 9=ma;n |tput is "s"o else's 9=ma;n 9put4 ,~! 9puts may 2 snippets ( code1 4cov]ies1 prior rese>*1 images1 g5res #aih ( "w1 cultural ref];es1 or databases ( s+le nucleotide polymorphisms'\x2014'ea* is raw mat]ial = future 9nova;n4 ,e 9crease 9 protec;n raises ! co/ (1 or r$uces access to1 ! raw mat]ial f : y miket4 ,:e!r or n x is impossible 9 !ory1 x is surely a difficult problem 9 practice4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 ev5 if 5closure (! >able commons alw produc$ ga9s "1 5closure (! 9=ma;n commons cle>ly has ! pot5tial to h>m 9nova;n z well z to support x4 ,m prop]ty "rs1 ev5 ?|< !y suppos$ly (f] grt] #aii 9c5tives1 d n necess>ily make = m & bett] produc;n & 9nova;n'\x2014'"s"ts j ! opposite is true4 ,x may 2 t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs sl[ d[n 9nova;n1 by putt+ multiple roadblocks 9 ! way ( subsequ5t 9nova;n4 ,us+ a nice 9v].n (! idea (! trag$y (! commons1 ,hell] & ,eis5b]g ref]r$ to ~! effects'\x2014'! transac;n co/s caus$ by myriad prop]ty "rs ov] ! nec compon5ts ( "s subsequ5t 9nova;n'\x2014'z 8! trag$y (! anticommons40 ,9 %ort1 ev5 if ! 5closure move;t 0 a complete success1 "! >e important reasons to 2lieve t ! 9tangible _w is less cle>ly a c&idate = 5closure1 t we %d pause1 /udy ! bal.e 2t ! _w (! [n$ &! _w (! free1 ga!r #bjj evid;e4 ,af all1 ev5 9 physical space1 8common0 prop]ty s* z roads 9creases ! value (! surr.d+ private tracts4 ,if "! >e limits to ! virtues ( 5closure ev5 "!1 h[ m* m s 9 a _w ( 9tangible & nonrival gds1 : develop by draw+ on prior crea;ns8 ,yet ! second 5closure move;t proce$s 3fid5tly n"e!.s'\x2014') ll >gu;t & less evid;e4 ,to 2 sure1 "! is a dang] ( ov]/ate;t4 ,! v fact t ! *anges h be5 s "o.-sid$ makes x h>d to resi/ exagg]at+ _! impact4 ,9 #aiah1 ,ju/ice ,br&eis 3fid5tly claim$ t 8.<;t.>he g5]al rule ( law is1 t ! noble/ ( human produc;ns'\x2014'k1 tru?s asc]ta9$1 3cep;ns1 & ideas'\x2014'2come1 af volunt>y communica;n to o!rs1 free z ! air to common use40 #bja ,t basel9e'\x2014'9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e ! excep;n r ?an ! norm2 ideas & facts m/ alw rema9 9 ! public doma9'\x2014'is / suppos$ to 2 |r />t+ po9t4 ,x is1 h["e1 "u attack4 ,bo? ov]tly & cov]tly1 ! commons ( facts & ideas is 2+ 5clos$4 ,pat5ts >e 9creas+ly /ret*$ to cov] 8ideas0 t tw5ty ye>s ago all s*ol>s wd h agre$ 7 unpat5table4 ,mo/ tr|bl+ ( all >e ! attempts to 9troduce 9tellectual prop]ty "rs ov] m]e compila;ns ( facts4 ,if ,u4,s4 9tellectual prop]ty law _h an >ticle ( fai?1 x 0 t unorig9al compila;ns ( facts wd rema9 9 ! public doma91 t ? availabil;y (! raw #bjb mat]ial ( sci;e & spee* 0 z important to ! next g5]a;n ( 9nova;n z ! 9tellectual prop]ty "rs !mvs4 ,! sy/em wd h& | monopolies 9 9v5;ns & 9 orig9al expres.n1 :ile ! facts 2l "<& ideas abv"> wd rema9 free = all to build ~u4 ,b ? premise is 2+ "um9$4 ,"s (! *all5ges >e subtle3 9 pat5t law1 /ret*$ 9t]preta;ns ( novelty & nonobvi|s;s all[ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs to move clos] & clos] to ! "uly+ data lay]2 g5e sequ;e pat5ts come v close to 2+ "rs ov] a "picul> 4cov]$ >range;t ( data'\x2014',c's1 ,g's1 ,a's1 & ,t's4 ,o!r *all5ges >e ov]t3 ! ,european ,database ,protec;n ,directive did "<& v>i|s propos$ bills 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates wd"> create propriet>y "rs ov] compila;ns ( facts1 #bjc (t5 )|t ev5 ! c>e;lly fram$ excep;ns (! copy"r s*eme1 s* z ! use;lly protean category ( fair use4 ,! old] /rategy ( 9tellectual prop]ty law 0 a 8braid$0 "o3 ?read a ?9 lay] ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >.d a commons ( mat]ial f : future creators wd draw4 ,ev5 t ?9 lay] ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs 0 limit$ s z to all[ access to ! mat]ial :5 t 0 nec to fur!r ! goals (! sy/em4 ,fair use all[s = p>ody1 com;t>y1 & criticism1 & al = 8decompila;n0 ( comput] programs s t ,micros(t's competitors c r"ese 5g9e] ,~w's features 9 ord] to make sure _! program c 3v]t ,~w files4 ,x may s.d p>adoxical1 b 9 a v real s5se protec;n (! commons 0 "o (! funda;tal goals ( 9tellectual prop]ty #bjd law4 ,9 ! new vi.n ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 h["e1 prop]ty %d 2 ext5d$ "ey":2 m is bett]4 ,exp&+ pat5table & copy"rable subject matt]1 l5g!n+ ! copy"r t]m1 giv+ legal protec;n to 8digital b>b$ wire10 ev5 if x is us$ to prev5t fair use3 ea* ( ~! c 2 "u/ood z a vote ( no 3fid;e 9 ! productive p[]s (! commons4 ,we seem to 2 %ift+ f ,br&eis's assump;n t ! 8noble/ ( human produc;ns >e free z ! air to common use0 to ! assump;n t any commons is 9effici5t1 if n tragic4 ,! expan.n is m ?an a =mal "o4 ,x us$ to 2 relatively h>d to violate an 9tellectual prop]ty "r4 ,! te*nologies ( reproduc;n or ! activities nec to 9fr+e 7 l>gely1 ?|< n 5tirely1 9du/rial4 ,imag9e "s"o walk+ up to y 9 #aiej1 h&+ #bje y a book or a record or a movie reel1 & say+ 8,qk6 ,d "s?+ ! law ( 9tellectual prop]ty miio only likely to come to ! m9d (a p]son 9 my l9e ( "w4"> ,y wd h be5 h>d.-press$ to d s4 ,p]h y cd f9d a balky mimeograph ma*9e1 or press a reel-to.-reel tape record] 9to use4 ,y mikets by ! "rs #bjf hold]4 ,copy+1 p]=m.e1 4tribu;n'\x2014'~! 7 ?+s d"o by o!r 9du/rial 5tities :o 7 9 competi;n )! [n] (! "rs3 o!r publi%]s1 movie !at]s1 4tributors1 manufactur]s4 ,9 practice1 if n !ory1 ! law 0 predom9antly a =m ( horizontal 9du/ry regula;n ( unfair competi;n'\x2014'made by ! p 9 ! affect$ 9du/ries =! p 9 ! affect$ 9du/ries4 ,! latt] po9t is wor? /ress+4 ,3gress wd1 & / does1 lit]ally h& ov] ! lawmak+ process to ! 9du/ries 9volv$1 tell+ !m to draft _! 9tra.-9du/ry 3tract 9 ! =m (a law1 & !n to return to ,3gress to h x 5act$4 ,! public 0 n at ! table1 ne$.s to say1 &! assump;n 0 t to ! ext5t "! 0 a public 9t]e/ 9volv$ 9 9tellectual prop]ty law1 x 0 9 mak+ sure t ! 9du/ries 9volv$ got _! act tgr1 s t ! fl[ ( new books & #bjg drugs & movies wd 3t9ue4 ,memb]s (! public1 9 o!r ~ws1 7 g5]ally ?"| ( z passive 3sum]s ( f9i%$ products produc$ "u a =m ( 9tra9du/ry regula;n t r>ely implicat$ any act t an ord9>y p]son wd want1 or 2 able1 to 5gage in4 ,9 ! _w (! #aiejs1 ~! assump;ns make "s s5se'\x2014'?|< we mie ?+s diff]5t td8 ,if y >e a p]son :o #bjh r|t9ely uses comput]s1 ! ,9t]net1 or digital m$ia1 imag9e a "d :5 y d n create'\x2014'9t5;nally & un9t5;nally'\x2014'hundr$s ( tempor>y1 evanesc5t copies4 "<,if y d|bt ?1 look 9 ! ca*e ( yr br[s]4"> ,is "! a "d :5 y d n 84tribute0 or retransmit frag;ts ( >ticles y h read1 :5 y d n seek to %>e ) frs "s image or tune8 ,is "! a "d :5 y d n re"w = yr job1 = yr class "w1 or simply = pa/i*e or fun1 "s (! digital mat]ial >.d y8 ,9 a net"w$ society1 copy+ is n only easy1 x is a nec "p ( transmis.n1 /orage1 ca*+1 &1 "s wd claim1 ev5 read+4 ,z bio9=matics blurs ! l9e 2t comput] model+ & biological rese>*1 digital produc;n te*niques blur ! l9es 2t li/5+1 $it+1 & remak+4 8,rip1 mix1 & burn10 says ! ,apple adv]tise;t4 ,x #bji m>ks a _w 9 : ! old regime ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 op]at+ up/ream z a =m ( 9du/rial competi;n policy1 has be5 replac$4 ,9tellectual prop]ty is n[ 9 & on ! desktop & is implicat$ 9 r|t9e creative1 communicative1 & j pla9 3sumptive acts t ea* ( u p]=ms e "d4 ,sudd5ly1 ! trigg]s ( copy"r'\x2014'reproduc;n1 4tribu;n'\x2014'c 2 activat$ by 9dividual foot/eps4 ,( c|rse1 we wd hope t 9 yr daily ac;ns y scrupul|sly obs]v$ ! "rs'\x2014'all ! "rs'\x2014'( ! companies t h 9t]e/s 9 ! texts1 tunes1 images ( celebrities1 tradem>ks1 busi;s me?od pat5ts1 & frag;ts ( comput] code y dealt )4 ,did y8 ,c y 2 sure8 ,i tea* 9tellectual prop]ty1 b ,i admit to "s unc]ta9ty4 #baj ,i wd n h imag9$ t a tempor>y image (a ,web page captur$ 9 ! ca*e ( my br[s] c.t$ z a 8copy0 =! purposes ( copy"r law4 ,i wd h ?"| t x 0 fair use =a company to photocopy >ticles 9 j|rnals x subscrib$ to1 & pd =1 9 ord] to circulate !m to xs rese>*]s4 ,if a 3s]vative ,web site repo/$ news >ticles f lib]al newspap]s ) critical com;t>y1 t1 too1 wd h seem$ l fair use4 ,i wd h ?"| t x 0 b5eficial competi;n1 & n a trespass1 = an electronic 8aggregator0 to ga!r tgr auc;n prices or airl9e f>es1 s z to give 3sum]s m *oice4 ,i wd n h ?"| t a se>* 5g9e t catalogu$ & 4play$ 9 fram$ =mat ! digital #baa graphics f.d on ! ,9t]net wd 2 su$ = 9fr++ ! copy"rs (! [n]s ( ~? images4 ,i wd n h ?"| t ,i mitridges t 7 compatible ) xs pr9t]s4 ,! examples g on4 ,i "k t ! 8rese>* exemp;n0 9 ,u4,s4 pat5t law is v ti* univ]s;y 0 =bidd5 f do+ rese>* un.s t rese>* _h no 3ceivable practical or academic wor?'\x2014'9 o!r ~ws t ev5 9 academia1 9 a project ) no comm]cial goal1 ! rese>* exemp;n only cov]$ rese>* t 0 completely po9t.s4 ,:y h an exemp;n at all1 9 t case8 ,i wd h told an academic #bab cryptography rese>*] t he ne$ n fe> legal ?reats f copy"r [n]s simply = rese>*+ & publi%+ "w on ! vuln]abilities ( copy protec;n s*emes4 ,i wd n h ?"| t "o cd pat5t ! idea ( hav+ an electronic ,dut* auc;n on ! ,9t]net1 "w+ | ! daily prices (a bundle ( mutual funds "? simple >i?metic1 or buy+ "s?+ onl9e ) "o click4 ,i wd h assum$ t celebrities,0 "rs to 3trol _! images %d 5d ) _! dea?s1 & t c|rts wd agree t ~? "rs 7 tid ev5 = me1 ?|<1 z ,i sd1 ,i tea* 9tellectual prop]ty law4 ,y1 probably1 d n4 ,9 #aiej n"o ( ? wd h matt]$4 ,un.s y 7 9 "s relat$ busi;s'\x2014'z a publi%]1 broadca/]1 film 4tributor1 or :at h y'\x2014'x wd h be5 h>d = y to trigg] ! rules ( 9tellectual prop]ty law4 ,if y 7 9 s* a busi;s1 y 7 probably v famili> )! rules t gov]n$ yr activities & well repres5t$ by corporate c|nsel :o knew !m ev5 bett]4 ,:at's m1 ! rules 7 nei z complex nor z c.t]9tuitive z !y >e n[4 ,!y al did n rea* z f>4 ,! rea* (! "rs has be5 exp&$1 & _! 3t5t made m difficult to "u/&1 at ! exact mo;t t _! practical effect has be5 trans=m$4 ,x is n m]ely t ! trigg]s ( 9tellectual prop]ty law c easily 2 set (f by #bad 9dividual foot/eps4 ,"! >e n[ _m m trigg]s & _! trip wires >e h>d] to see4 ,f ! po9t ( view (! 3t5t 9du/ries1 ( c|rse1 all ? is fooli%;s4 ,x is n "s undesirable accid5t t 9tellectual prop]ty has come to regulate p]sonal1 noncomm]cial activ;y4 ,x is absolutely nec4 ,?9k ( ,nap/]4 ,:5 9dividuals 5gag+ 9 noncomm]cial activ;y h ! abil;y to ?reat5 ! music or film 9du/ry's busi;s plan by 5gag+ 9 ! v acts t copy"r law alw regulat$'\x2014'"nly reproduc;n & 4tribu;n'\x2014'( c|rse x is appropriate = !m1 &! net"ws !y 8%>e0 on1 to 2 subject to liabil;y4 ,:at's m1 to ! ext5t t copy+ 2comes *eap] & easi]1 x is nec = u to /r5g!n 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,we m/ meet ! grt] dang] ( copy+ ) m expansive "rs1 h>%] p5alties1 & #bae exp&$ protec;ns1 "s ( : may 9de$ h ! practical effect ( r$uc+ "rs t citiz5s ?"| !y _h1 s* z fair use1 l[.-level noncomm]cial %>+ am;g p]sonal frs1 resale1 & s on4 ,)|t an 9crease 9 private prop]ty "rs1 9 o!r ~ws1 *eap] copy+ w eat ! he>t | ( |r creative & cultural 9du/ries4 ,i call ? claim ! ,9t]net ,?reat4 ,fur!r ,read+ ,! 5dnotes to ? *apt] supply copi|s "picul> ref];es2 ? page provides ! ov]view4 ,~? seek+ to "u/& ! v>i|s me?ods by : diff]5t aspects ( common l& 7 5clos$ ov] a #djj ye> hi/ory 9 ,5gl& %d />t ) ,j4 ,a4 ,yell+1 ,common ,field & ,5closure 9 ,5gl&1 #adej"-#ahej "<,hamd51 ,3n43 ,>*on ,books1 #baf #aigg">4 ,?omas ,m1 ,utopia "<,new ,york3 ,w4 ,j4 ,black1 #aidg">1 provides a h>% criticism (! 5closure move;t1 "o t is e*o$ hundr$s ( ye>s lat] by ,polanyi3 ,k>l ,polanyi1 ,! ,grt ,trans=ma;n3 ,! ,political & ,economic ,orig9s ( ,|r ,"t "<,bo/on3 ,beacon ,press1 #aieg">4 ,economic hi/orians h g5]ally 2liev$ t ! 5closure move;t yield$ 3sid]able effici5cy ga9s'\x2014'br++ "u c5traliz$ 3trol & manage;t1 prop]ty t _h previ|sly be5 9effici5tly manag$ "u a regime ( common access4 ,:5 effici5cy ga9s mean hi<] productiv;y s t few] p />ve1 ? is no small ?+4 ,donald ,n4 ,mc,closkey1 8,! ,5closure ( ,op5 ,fields3 ,preface to a ,/udy ( #bag ,xs ,impact on ! ,effici5cy ( ,5gli% ,agriculture 9 ! ,ei3 #ae"-#ce2 8,! ,prud5t ,peasant3 ,new ,f9d+s on ,op5 ,fields10 ,j|rnal ( ,economic ,hi/ory #ea "<#aiia">3 #cdc"-#cee4 ,? >gu;t seems plausible1 b x has rec5tly rcvd p[];l *all5ges1 = example1 t by ,rob]t ,c4 ,all51 ,5closure &! ,yeoman "<,new ,york3 ,ox=d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aiib">4 ,9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! negative effects ( op5 access or common [n]%ip rcvd an 5viron;tal gloss ?anks to ! "w ( ,g>rett ,h>d91 8,! ,trag$y (! ,commons10 ,sci;e #afb #bah "<#aifh">3 #abdc"-#abdh4 ,h["e1 "w by s*ol>s s* z ,el9or ,o/rom1 ,gov]n+ ! ,commons3 ,! ,evolu;n ( ,9/itu;ns = ,collective ,ac;n "<,cambridge3 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aiij">1 & ,c>ol ,rose1 8,! ,com$y (! ,commons3 ,cu/om1 ,comm]ce1 & ,9h]5tly ,public ,prop]ty10 ,univ]s;y ( ,*icago ,law ,review #ec "<#aihf">3 #gaa"-#gha1 h 9troduc$ 3sid]able nu.e to ? idea4 ,"s res|rces may 2 m effici5tly us$ if !y >e held 9 common4 ,9 addi;n1 nonlegal1 cu/om>y1 & norm.-bas$ =ms ( 8regula;n0 (t5 act to mitigate ! !oretical dang]s ( ov]use or "u.-9ve/;t4 ,2y ! !oretical & hi/orical >gu;ts ab ! effects ( 5closure on #bai real prop]ty lie ! "q ( h[ well ~? >gu;ts translate to ! _w (! 9tangible & 9tellectual4 ,x is t "q : ? *apt] raises4 ,*ri/oph] ,may1 ,a ,global ,political ,economy ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,"rs3 ,! ,new ,5closures8 "<,london3 ,r|tl$ge1 #bjjj"> (f]s a simil> analogy'\x2014'z d s"eal o!r >ticles cit$ 9 ! text4 ,! key diff];es obvi|sly lie 9 ! features ( 9tellectual prop]ty id5tifi$ 9 ! e>li] *apt]s'\x2014'xs nonrivalr|s;s & nonexcludabil;y'\x2014'& on ! ways 9 : a commons ( cultural1 sci5tific1 & te*nical 9=ma;n has be5 c5tral to ! op]a;n ( bo? lib]al democracy & capitali/ economy4 ,i [e ! latt] po9t "picul>ly to ,ri*>d ,nelson1 ~: "w on ! economics #bbj ( 9nova;n amply repays fur!r /udy3 ,ri*>d ,nelson1 ,te*nology1 ,9/itu;ns1 & ,economic ,gr[? "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,h>v>d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjje">4 ,*apt] #d ,! ,9t]net ,?reat ,! 3v5;nal wisdom is t gov]n;ts respond sl[ly to te*nological *ange4 ,9 ! case (! ,9t]net1 no?+ cd 2 fur!r f ! tru?4 ,9 #aiid & #aiie1 8dot-com0 0 / a my/ical t]m = _m4 ,mo/ /ories ab ! ,9t]net dealt ) sexual preda;n r ?an possibilities ( extreme weal?4 ,9t]net comm]ce xf 0 b>ely an idea1 & "s (! mo/ excit+ sites on ! ,web _h pictures ( c(feepots 9 univ]s;y de"p;ts f> away4 "<8,see10 "o wd pr|dly say to a te*nological neophyte fr :5 9troduc+ hm to #bba ! wond]s (! ,net1 8! pot is empty & we c see t live f "h6 ,? *anges "ey?+ 6,7) ,x 0 an 9noc5t "t4 ,yet ! ,u4,s4 gov]n;t 0 alr turn+ ! :eels ( 9tellectual prop]ty policy to respond to ! ?reat "<& promise"> (! ,9t]net4 ,m precisely1 !y 7 try+ to %ape ! future (! cumb]"sly "nd 8,na;nal ,9=ma;n ,9fra/ructure10 ! (ficial "n =! 89=ma;n sup]hik ,(fice4 ,t (fice promulgat$ f/ a ,gre5 ,pap] & !n1 af fur!r he>+s1 a ,:ite ,pap]1 on 8,9tellectual ,prop]ty &! ,na;nal ,9=ma;n #bbb ,9fra/ructure40 ,z policy & legal docu;ts ~! >e 9 "o s5se l;g | ( date4 ,"s ( _! legal >gu;ts 7 success;lly *all5g$4 ,"s ( _! mo/ important proposals 7 reject$1 :ile _m o!rs h 2come law4 ,b z a />t+ po9t f : to trace ! frame ( m9d t has come to dom9ate 9tellectual prop]ty policy onl9e1 !y >e h>d to equal4 ,~! docu;ts 3ta9$ proposals t n[a"ds wd 2 se5 z fairly 3trov]sial4 ,9t]net s]vice provid]s 7 sd to 2 8/rictly liable0 = copy"r viola;ns committ$ by _! subscrib]s2 t is to say1 !y 7 legally responsible :e!r or n !y knew ab ! viola;n or 7 at fault 9 any way4 ,load+ a docu;t 9to yr br[s]'s transi5t ca*e memory :ile read+ x 0 sd to 2 mak+ a 8copy40 ,"! 0 m3 ! 2g9n+s ( :at lat] 2came ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r #bbc ,act1 mak+ x illegal to cut "? ! digital f;es : 3t5t provid]s put >.d _! products4 ,! attitude t[>d fair use 0 "picul>ly reveal+4 ,at "o po9t 9 ! ,:ite ,pap] x 0 h9t$ t fair use mid$ n[ t we cd h automat$ frac;nal pay;ts = ev5 ! mo/ 9significant use4 "<,x 0 not$1 h["e1 t "s 4agre$ ) ? 3clu.n4"> ,at ano!r po9t1 fair use 0 describ$ z a 8tax0 on "rs hold]s &a 8subsidy0 to ~? :o b5efit$ f x1 s* z $uca;nal 9/itu;ns4 ,! ,:ite ,pap] al sugge/$ t :ile any pot5tial loss to "rs hold]s caus$ by ! new te*nology ne$$ to 2 c.t]$ ) new "rs & new protec;ns1 any pot5tial ga9 to !m "? ! new #bbd te*nology 0 simply _!s4 ,pot5tial ga9 did n (fset ! ne$ to comp5sate = pot5tial loss4 ,s :at views ( 9tellectual prop]ty 7 we c>ry+ =w>d 9to ! ,9t]net age8 ,9tellectual prop]ty is j l o!r prop]ty4 ,"rs >e presumptively absolute4 ,any limita;ns on !m1 s* z fair use1 >e taxes on prop]ty [n]s1 subsidies to ! society at l>ge4 ,x s.ds l a p]fect "t to adm9i/] ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ ,i sket*$ | 9 ,*apt] #b4 ,af all1 ,jeff]son 0 specifically w>n+ ag/ ea* ( ~! ]rors two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,to f9d !m 9 a /ud5t pap] wd 2 4appo9t+'\x2014'irritat+1 ev54 ,b ? docu;t 0 ! bluepr9t =! 9tellectual prop]ty regime ( cyb]space4 ,b d ~! mi/akes #bbe matt]8 ,h[ important is x t we get ! rules ( 9tellectual prop]ty "r8 ,to me1 a numb] ( my colleagues1 "s libr>ians1 &a few s(tw>e gurus1 ! ,:ite ,pap] 0 m ?an j a bit ( bad policy 9 a te*nical field'\x2014'l a poorly draft$ /atute ab ! wit;s+ ( wills1 say4 ,:5 y set up ! prop]ty rules 9 "s new space1 y det]m9e m* ab ! hi/ory t foll[s4 ,prop]ty rules h a huge effect on p[] rela;n%ips & b>ga9+ posi;ns4 ,?9k ( rules sett+ | wat] "rs or ! "r to drive cattle ov] home/ead]s,0 l& 9 ! ,am]ican ,we/4 ,b !y al >e "p (a l>g] way ( see+ ! _w2 ?9k (! e>ly.-tw5tie?.-c5tury rules treat+ unions z 83spiracies 9 re/ra9t ( trade0 or ! ,supreme ,c|rt deci.ns t 4possess$ ! ,am]ican ,9dians on ! !ory t !y did n compreh5d ! 3cept ( prop]ty & ?us did n #bbf 8[n0 ! l& 2+ tak5 f !m4 ,we 7 at a comp>able po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( cyb]space4 ,:at 0 2+ set up "h 0 a vi.n ( economy & culture1 a frame ( m9d ab h[ ! _w ( cultural ex*ange op]ates1 & ev5tually a bluepr9t = |r sy/ems ( communica;n4 ,at ? /age1 ! range ( possibilities is extremely wide4 ,a lot ( diff]5t *oices cd 2 made1 b subsequ5t *anges wd 2 h>d] & h>d] z p & companies built _! activities >.d ! rules t _h be5 laid d[n4 ,? was1 9 %ort1 a tipp+ po9t ": x 0 "picul>ly important t we make ! "r deci.ns4 ,3v5;nal political sci;e told u "! 7 a lot ( reasons to fe> t we wd n make ! "r deci.ns4 ,! political process 0 go+ to 2 "picul>ly vuln]able to problems ( capture by e/abli%$ 9du/ries1 _m ( :om wd #bbg "<"rly"> see ! ,9t]net z a pot5tial ?reat to _! role z 9t]m$i>ies 2t >ti/s & creators on ! "o h& &! public on ! o!r4 ,9tellectual prop]ty legisla;n _h alw be5 a cozy _w 9 : ! 3t5t1 publi%+1 & 4tribu;n 9du/ries 7 lit]ally ask$ to draft ! rules by : !y wd live4 ,! law 0 treat$ z a k9d ( 3tract 2t ! affect$ 9du/ries4 ,ra;nally 5|<1 ~? 9du/ries wd wi% to use ! law n m]ely to protect _! legitimate exi/+ prop]ty "rs1 b to make *all5ges to _! basic busi;s plans illegal4 "<,imag9e :at wd h happ5$ if we _h giv5 ! lamp.-oil sell]s ! "r to def9e ! rules "u : ! newfangl$ electric li ,"! wd 2 no easy c.t]weigely bo? ignorant & 4tru/;l (! te*nology (! ,9t]net'\x2014': was1 at ! "t1 ?"| to 2 dom9at$ by =eign hack]s1 suicidal cults1 pirates1 & sleazy pornograph]s4 "<,t]rori/s & ,nig]ian spamm]s wd 2 add$ to ! mix lat]4"> ,giv5 an >ea ( law t legislators 7 happy to h& ov] to ! affect$ #bbi 9du/ries &a te*nology t 0 bo? unfamili> & ?reat5+1 ! prospects = legislative 9sigu;ts wd (t5 2 comb9$4 ,legislators,0 /ate;ts seem$ to sugge/ t ? 0 a #bcj r|t9e ,>mag$don 9 : firm1 decisive /atesman%ip 0 ne$$ to pres]ve ! digital /atus quo 9 a prof.dly trans=mative & proconsum] way4 ,read+ ! 3gres.nal debates 0 likely to give "o 3ceptual :ipla%4 ,to make ?+s worse1 ! press 0'\x2014'9 #aiie1 at lea/'\x2014'clue.s ab ~! issues4 ,x 0 n t ! newspap]s 7 ignor+ ! ,9t]net4 ,!y 7 pay+ att5;n'\x2014'obsessive att5;n 9 "s cases4 ,b z f> z ! ma9/ream press 0 3c]n$1 ! /ory l9e on ! ,9t]net 0 sex3 pornography1 onl9e preda;n1 m pornography4 ,! l[br[ press /opp$ "!4 ,to 2 fair1 ! hi & 3/itu;nal "qs "4 ,report]s 7 al ask+ "qs ab ! social effect (! net"w "<9clud+1 am;g o!r ?+s1 ! ?reats pos$ by pornography & onl9e pr$ators">4 ,"! 7 c]ta9ly important issues )9 ! >eas ! press 0 will+ to focus on1 & ,i d n mean to trivialize !m4 ,i "w$ )a c|ple ( civil lib]ties gr|ps 9 oppos+ ! hap.s ,communica;ns ,dec5cy ,act1 "o (! mo/ poorly draft$ pieces ( spee* regula;n "e to come | ( ,3gress4 ,x 0 a palpably uncon/itu;nal /atute1 ev5tually /ruck d[n by a unanim|s ,supreme ,c|rt4 ,xs proposals wd h burd5$ ! spee* ( adults :ile fail+ to protect ! 9t]e/s ( m9ors4 ,report]s lov$ ! topic (! ,communica;ns ,dec5cy ,act4 ,x 0 ab sex1 te*nology1 &! ,f/ #bcb ,am5d;t4 ,x =e%ad[$ ! future ( onl9e spee* regula;n4 ,"o cd write ab x :ile feel+ simultane|sly pruri5t1 pr9cipl$1 & presci5t3 ! j|rnali/ic trifecta4 ,= law pr(essors :o "w$ on digital issues1 ! ,communica;ns ,dec5cy ,act 0 an easy topic to get ! public to focus on2 we _h ! report]s & $itors call+ u 1 plead+ =a quote or an op9ion piece4 ,9tellectual prop]ty 0 "s?+ q diff]5t4 ,x 0 occa.nally cov]$ 9 ! busi;s pages )! same 5?usiasm devot$ to *anges 9 d]ivatives rules4 ,pres5t$ )! proposals 9 ! ,gre5 & ,:ite ,pap]s1 ! report]s w5t look+ = op9ions f ! ,s(tw>e ,publi%]s ,associa;n1 ! ,record+ ,9du/ry ,associa;n ( ,am]ica1 or ! ,mo;n ,picture ,associa;n ( #bcc ,am]ica4 ,? 0 n bias or lazi;s'\x2014'to :om else wd !y g8 ,:o 0 on ! 8o!r side0 ( ~! issues8 ,rememb]1 all ( ? occurr$ 2f ,nap/] 0 a gleam 9 ,sean ,fann+'s eye4 ,sean ,fann+ 0 9 middle s*ool4 amazon.com 0 a new company & 8,google0 0 n yet a v]b4 ,9 ? 5viron;t1 3v9c+ ! legislature or ! press t funda;tal public *oices 7 implicat$ 9 ! design ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs =! digital _w 0 ab z easy z 3v9c+ !m t funda;tal public *oices 7 implicat$ 9 ! rules ( tiddlyw9ks4 ,my [n exp]i;e is probably repres5tative4 ,i rememb] try+ to pit* an >ticle on ! subject to a *>m+ b uncompreh5d+ op9ion page $itor at ! ,wa%+ton ,po/ 4 ,i tri$ to expla9 t deci.ns ab prop]ty rules wd %ape ! way we ?"| ab #bcd ! te*nology4 ,wd ! relatively anonym|s & dec5traliz$ "*i/ics (! ,9t]net t made x s* a p[];l tool = global spee* & debate come to 2 se5 z a bug r ?an a feature1 "s?+ to 2 8fix$0 to make ! ,net safe = protect$ 3t5t8 ,! rules wd al %ape ! economic 9t]e/s t drove future policy4 ,wd we try to build ! sy/em >.d ! model ( propriet>y 3t5t 4p5s$ 9 tii|s nontradi;nal me?ods ( 9nova;n1 s* z free s(tw>e1 2f !y "e manag$ to e/abli% !mvs8 ,:at wd 2come ( libr>ies 9 ! digital _w1 (! ideal t access to books _h important diff];es f access to ,tw9kies8 ,af ,i 3clud$ ? l5g?y & slie y sure y cdn't make "s ( ~! po9ts ab a free spee* issue1 l ! ,communica;ns ,dec5cy ,act1 maybe80 ,i f9ally plac$ ! piece 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,"ts 1 : 0 be/ "kn at ! "t z ! only metropolitan newspap] [n$ by ! ,unifica;n ,*ur*1 famili>ly ref]r$ to z ! ,moonies4 ,? h>dly c.t$ z a direct l9e to ! popul> imag9a;n "ticle's mild criticisms elicit$ an extraord9>y reac;n f ! ,cl9ton adm9i/ra;n's lead (ficial on 9tellectual prop]ty policy'\x2014'?r[+ me = s"eal weeks 9to a surreal _w ( secondh& ?reats1 ?ird.-"py leaks1 &a hil>i|s back.-&.-=? 9 ! lrs page">4 ,?+s 7 n completely "o.-sid$4 ,an #bcf unlikely gr|p ( critics _h =m$3 libr>ians1 a few s(tw>e develop]s1 law pr(essors1 "s ,9t]net lib]t>ians4 ,( "picul> note 0 ! ,digital ,future ,coali;n1 : grew to repres5t a broad range ( 9t]e/$ gr|ps & 9du/ries ?anks 9 "p to ! presci5t analysis & rem>kable 5]gy ( "o ( my colleagues1 ,pet] ,jaszi4 ,tgr ) ,pamela ,samuelson1 ,jessica ,litman1 &a numb] ( o!r 4t+ui%$ legal s*ol>s1 ,pet] turn$ 8 3sid]able 9tellectual tal5ts to expla9+ :y writ]s1 telecom companies1 sci5ti/s1 manufactur]s ( 3sum] electronics1 &a ho/ ( o!r gr|ps %d 2 9t]e/$ 9 ! rules 2+ debat$4 ,"! _h be5 a s]ies ( (ficial he>+s 9 : compla9ts 7 c>e;lly collect$ & j z c>e;lly ignor$4 ,? 2came h>d] to d z ! #bcg critics 2came m num]|s & bett] organiz$4 ,n"e!.s1 ! curr5ts 7 cle>ly runn+ ag/ !m4 ,x wd 2 nice to say t ? 0 m]ely 2c (! clubby hi/ory ( 9tellectual prop]ty legisla;n1 or ! difficulty 9 gett+ press att5;n1 or ! v>i|s issues ( 9du/ry capture & collective ac;n problems4 ,yet ? wd 2 to miss a vital ele;t (! situa;n4 ,3v5;nal political sci;e %[$ t "! 7 /ructural reasons :y ! legislative process 0 likely to succumb to 9du/ry capture4 ,! real;y turn$ | to 2 m* worse4 ,! real problem 0 n a political process dom9at$ by cynical p[] politics1 nor an 9itial abs;e ( critical newspap] cov]age1 ?|< bo? ( ~? factors 3tribut$4 ,! real problem 0 t mo/ (! propon5ts (! ,:ite ,pap]'s #bch policies 2liev$ _! [n >gu;ts s deeply & s9c]ely t !y saw any criticism ( ~? posi;ns z ei god.s communism or hippy digital an>*ism4 "<,frequ5tly1 9 fact1 !y clung to _! >gu;ts ev5 :5 "! 0 fairly /r;g evid;e t !y wd actually 2 h>m+ !mvs by putt+ ~! policies 9to effect4 ,i w exp& on ? po9t lat]4"> ,m importantly1 !y succe$$ 9 gett+ _! /ory ab ! ?reats & promises (! digital future accept$ z ! basis = all 4cus.n ( 9tellectual prop]ty policy4 ,x 2came ! organiz+ set ( pr9ciples1 ! ma/] n>rative'\x2014'call x :at y w4 ,! he>t (! /ory is 2guil+ly simple4 ,! ,9t]net makes copy+ *eap] & does s on an unp>allel$ global scale4 ,"!=e we m/ meet ! grt] dang] ( illicit copy+ ) m expansive "rs1 h>%] #bci p5alties1 & exp&$ protec;ns4 ,true1 z ,i po9t$ | 2f1 "s ( ~! expan.ns may 9de$ h ! practical effect ( r$uc+ "rs t citiz5s ?"| !y _h1 s* z fair use1 l[.-level noncomm]cial %>+ am;g p]sonal frs1 resale1 & s on4 ,b )|t an 9crease 9 private prop]ty "rs1 *eap] copy+ w eat ! he>t | ( |r creative & cultural 9du/ries4 ,i call ? /ory ! ,9t]net ,?reat4 ,x is a p[];l >gu;t & x des]ves "s explana;n4 ,?9k back =a mo;t to ! f/ *apt] &! diff];e 2t ,madame ,bov>y &! petunia4 ,if ! reason = 9tellectual prop]ty "rs is ! 8nonrival0 & 8nonexcludable0 nature (! gds !y protect1 !n surely ! l[]+ ( copy+ & transmis.n co/s implies a correspond+ ne$ to 9crease ! /r5g? ( 9tellectual prop]ty #bdj "rs4 ,imag9e a l9e4 ,at "o 5d sits a monk pa9/ak+ly transcrib+ ,>i/otle's ,poetics 4 ,9 ! middle lies ! ,gut5b]g pr9t+ press4 ,?ree.-qu>t]s (! way al;g ! l9e is a photocopy+ ma*9e4 ,at ! f> 5d lies ! ,9t]net &! onl9e v].n (! human g5ome4 ,at ea* /age1 copy+ co/s >e l[]$ & gds 2come bo? less rival & less excludable4 ,my ,,mp#c files >e available to any"o 9 ! _w runn+ ,nap/]4 ,s;gs c 2 f.d & copi$ ) ease4 ,! symbolic 5d ( rivalry comes :5 ,i am play+ ! s;g 9 ,*apel ,hill1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 at ! v mo;t t y >e bo? d[nload+ & li/5+ to x 9 ,kazakh/an'\x2014'n[ t is nonrival4 ,! ,logic ( ,p]fect ,3trol ,my po9t is t "! is #bda a teleology'\x2014'a !ory ab h[ 9tellectual prop]ty law m/ develop hi/orically'\x2014'hidd5 9side ! >gu;t ,i call ! ,9t]net ,?reat4 ,! >gu;t1 : is t|t$ 5d.sly by ! 3t5t 9du/ries'\x2014' & n )|t reason'\x2014'c 2 r$uc$ to ?3 ,! /r5g? ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs m/ v>y 9v]sely )! co/ ( copy+4 ,) hi< copy+ co/s1 "o ne$s weak 9tellectual prop]ty "rs if any at all4 ,to deal )! monk.-copyi/1 we ne$ no copy"r 2c physical 3trol (! manuscript is 5|<4 ,:at does x matt] if ,i say ,i w copy yr manuscript1 if ,i m/ d x by h&8 ,h[ w ? pres5t a ?reat to y8 ,"! is no ne$ to create a legal "r to exclude o!rs f copy+1 no ne$ =a 8copy "r40 ,z copy+ co/s fall1 h["e1 ! ne$ to exclude 9creases4 ,to deal )! ,gut5b]g press1 we #bdb ne$ ! ,/atute ( ,anne'\x2014'! f/ copy"r /atute'\x2014' &! l;g evolu;n ( copy"r x u%]$ in4 ,b !n comes ! ,9t]net4 ,to deal )! ,9t]net1 we ne$ ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act1 ! ,no ,electronic ,!ft ,act1 ! ,sonny ,bono ,copy"r ,t]m ,ext5.n ,act1 & p]h ev5 ! ,collec;ns ( ,9=ma;n ,antipiracy ,act4 ,z copy+ co/s approa* z]o1 9tellectual prop]ty "rs m/ approa* p]fect 3trol4 ,we m/ /r5g!n ! "rs1 l5g!n ! t]m (! "rs1 9crease ! p5alties1 & make noncomm]cial illicit copy+ a crime4 ,we m/ move |tside ! tradi;nal realm ( copy"r alt to regulate ! te*nology >.d ! copy"r$ mat]ial4 ,companies #bdc >e surr.d+ _! digital mat]ials ) digital f;es4 ,we m/ make x a viola;n (! law to cut ~? digital f;es1 ev5 if y d s to make a 8fair use0 (! mat]ial on ! o!r side4 ,we m/ prohibit ! mak+ ( ?+s t c 2 us$ z f;e.-cutt]s'\x2014'a prospect t worries rese>*]s on 5cryp;n4 ,9 ! l;g run1 we m/ get rid (! tr|ble"s anonym;y (! ,9t]net1 requir+ ea* comput] to h an 9dividual ,,id4 ,we m/ make click.-wrap 3tracts 5=ceable1 ev5 on ?ird "pies1 ev5 :5 y _c read !m 2f click+'\x2014's t y n"e actually buy ! s(tw>e1 music1 movies1 & ;e.-books y d[nload1 m]ely 8lic5se0 !m =a n>r[ly def9$ range ( uses4 ,we m/ create 9t]lock+ s(tw>e & h>dw>e sy/ems t monitor & 3trol ! mat]ial play$ on ~? #bdd sy/ems'\x2014's t s;gs c 2 lic5s$ to "picul> comput]s at "picul> "ts4 ,uses t ! [n]s wi% to =bid w actually 2 impossible1 :e!r !y >e legal or n4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 we m/ make ? te*nology (! ,9t]net1 : 0 hail$ z ! grt 8te*nology ( fre$om10 9to a te*nology ( 3trol & surveill.e4 ,! possibil;y ( 9dividuals circulat+ co/.s p]fect digital copies requires x4 ,x wd 2 facile " to say we m/ remake ! ,9t]net to make x safe = ,britney ,spe>s4 ,! 8,9t]net ,?reat0 >gu;t is t we m/ remake ! ,net if we want digital creativ;y'\x2014':e!r 9 music or s(tw>e or movies or ;e.-texts4 ,& s9ce ! /r5g? (! prop]ty "rs v>ies 9v]sely )! co/ ( copy+1 co/.s copy+ means t ! remade ,net m/ approa* #bde p]fect 3trol1 bo? 9 xs legal regime & xs te*nical >*itecture4 ,l any attractive b mislead+ >gu;t1 ! ,9t]net ,?reat has a lot ( tru?4 ,ask ! s(tw>e company produc+ exp5sive1 specializ$ comput].-assi/$ design programs co/+ ?|s&s ( doll>s :at happ5s :5 ! program is made available on a 8w>ez0 site or a pe]-to.-pe] file%>+ net"w4 ,! up/>t comput] game company p9n+ xs hopes & xs capital on a s+le new game wd tell y ! same ?+4 ,! easy availabil;y ( p]fect1 co/.s copies is a dang] to all k9ds ( valuable cultural & economic produc;n4 ,! /ory (! ,9t]net ,?reat is n wr;g 1 x is simply dramatically 9complete 9 lots ( ways4 ,"h >e two ( !m4 #bdf ,co/.s ,copy+ ,br+s ,bo? ,co/s & ,b5efits ,! ,9t]net does l[] ! co/ ( copy+ & ?us ! co/ ( illicit copy+4 ,( c|rse1 x al l[]s ! co/s ( produc;n1 4tribu;n1 & adv]tis+1 & dramatically 9creases ! size (! pot5tial m>ket4 ,is ! net result a loss to "rs hold]s s* t we ne$ to 9crease protec;n & 3trol 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a 3/ant level ( 9c5tives8 ,a l>ge1 leaky m>ket may actually provide m rev5ue ?an a small "o ov] : "o's 3trol is m* /r;g]4 ,:at's m1 ! same te*nologies t all[ = *eap copy+ al all[ = swift & 5cyclop$ic se>* 5g9es'\x2014'! be/ devices "e 9v5t$ = detect+ illicit copy+4 ,:at ! ,net takes away ) "o h&1 x (t5 gives back )! o!r4 ,*eap] copy+ does n m]ely mean loss1 x al means opportun;y4 ,2f #bdg /r5g!n+ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 we wd ne$ to "k :e!r ! loss 0 grt] ?an ! ga9 & :e!r revis$ busi;s models & new 4tribu;n me*anisms cd avoid ! losses :ile captur+ m (! ga9s4 ,b wait1 surely !ft is !ft8 ,if ! new te*nologies 5able m !ft ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 m/ we n /r5g!n ! laws 9 ord] to deal )! problem8 ,if "s new te*nology l$ to a ra% ( c> !fts1 we mi !ft4 ,we wd d all ( ? ev5 if ! te*nology 9 "q gave c> [n]s significant b5efits else":4 ,!ft is !ft1 is x n8 ,! answ] 9 a ~w is no4 ,say+ 8!ft is !ft0 is exactly ! ]ror t ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ is suppos$ to gu>d ag/4 ,we %d n assume t 9tellectual prop]ty & #bdh mat]ial prop]ty >e ! same 9 all reg>ds4 ,! goal ( creat+ ! limit$ monopoly call$ an 9tellectual prop]ty "r is to provide ! m9imum nec 9c5tive to 5c|rage ! desir$ level ( 9nova;n4 ,any?+ extra is deadwei1 !y h ! c> & y d n4 ,:51 2c ( "s new te*nology1 "s"o is able to get access to ! ,,mp#c file ( yr new s;g1 !y h ! file & s d y4 ,y did n lose ! s;g4 ,:at y may h lo/ is ! opportun;y to sell ! s;g to t p]son or to ! p ) :om !y 8%>e0 ! file4 ,we %d n 2 9diff]5t to ? k9d ( loss2 x is a s]i|s 3c]n4 ,b ! fact t a new te*nology br+s economic b5efits z well z economic h>m to ! crea;n1 4tribu;n1 & sale ( 9tellectual prop]ty products means t we %d pause 2f 9creas+ ! level ( #bdi "rs1 *ang+ ! >*itecture ( |r communica;ns net"ws1 creat+ new crimes1 & s on4 ,rememb]1 _m (! ?+s t ! 3t5t 9du/ries 7 3c]n$ ab on ! ,9t]net 7 alr illegal1 alr subject to suit & prosecu;n4 ,! "q is n :e!r ! ,9t]net %d 2 an 9tellectual prop]ty.-free z"o2 x %d n be1 is n1 & n"e was4 ,! "q is :e!r1 :5 ! 3t5t 9du/ries come ask+ = addi;nal or new "rs1 = new p5alties1 =! crim9aliza;n ( c]ta9 types ( te*nology1 we %d take 9to acc.t ! ga9s t ! ,9t]net has br"| !m1 z well z ! co/s1 2f we acc$e to _! reque/s4 ,! answ]1 ( c|rse1 is t we %d4 ,sadly1 we did n4 ,? does n mean t all (! 3t5t 9du/ries,0 attempts to /r5g!n ! law >e wr;g #bej & unnec4 ,x means t we d n "k :e!r !y >e or n4 ,"! is a fairly solid tradi;n 9 9tellectual prop]ty policy ( :at ,i call 8#bj/#bj d[nside0 vi.n4 ,all (! ?reats pos$ by any new te*nology'\x2014'! play] piano1 ! jukebox1 ! photocopi]1 ! ,,vcr1 ! ,9t]net'\x2014'>e se5 ) extraord9>y cl>;y4 ,! opportunities1 h["e1 "picul>ly ~? : 9volve *ang+ a busi;s model or re/ructur+ a m>ket1 >e 4miss$ z phantoms4 ,! d[nside dom9ates ! field1 ! upside is 9visible4 ,! /ory ( video record]s is ! be/.-"kn example4 ,:5 video record]s'\x2014'ano!r te*nology promis+ *eap] copy+'\x2014'f/ appe>$1 ! reac;n ( movie /udios 0 "o ( horror4 ,_! busi;s plans reli$ ~u %[+ movies 9 !at]s & !n lic5s+ !m to #bea televi.n /a;ns4 ,,vcrs & ,2tamaxes fit no": 9 ? plan2 !y 7 se5 m]ely z copy"r viola;n devices4 ,hollywood tri$ to h !m tax$ to pay =! losses t wd 2 caus$4 ,_! assump;n8 ,*eap] copy+ dem&s /r;g] "rs4 ,hav+ lo/ t battle1 ! movie /udios tri$ to h ! manufactur]s (! record+ devices f.d liable = 3tributory copy"r 9fr+e;t2 liable1 9 o!r ~ws1 = assi/+ ! copy"r viola;ns t cd 2 c>ri$ | by ! [n]s ( ,sony ,2tamaxes4 ,?1 ( c|rse1 0 exactly ! same legal claim t wd 2 made 9 ! ,nap/] case4 ,9 ! ,sony case1 h["e1 ! movie companies lo/4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt sd t record+ ( ,,tv programs to 8"t.-%ift0 !m to a m 3v5i5t h|r 0 a #beb fair use4 ,! movie /udios,0 claims 7 reject$4 ,fre$ f ! ?reat ( liabil;y1 ! price ( video record]s 3t9u$ to fall4 ,!y flood$ 3sum]s,0 h|ses at a spe$ unp>allel$ until ! >rival (! ,_w ,wide ,web4 ,all ~! boxes sitt+ by ,,tvs n[ cri$ | = 3t5t1 3t5t t 0 provid$ by an em]g+ video r5tal m>ket4 ,until ! triumph ( ,,dvds1 ! videocassette r5tal m>ket made up m ?an #ej p]c5t (! movie 9du/ry's rev5ues4 ,7 losses caus$ by video record]s8 ,to 2 sure4 ,"s p :o mi$ ) frs & families'\x2014'tatt]$ copies ( ,4ney movies #bec record$ f "s cable %[ cd 2 pass$ on to sibl+s ~: kids h rea*$ ! appropriate age4 ,,vcrs 7 al us$ = copy+ t 0 cle>ly illicit'\x2014'l>ge.-scale duplica;n & sale ( movies by "s"o o!r ?an ! "rs hold]4 ,a *eap] copy+ te*nology def9itely caus$ losses4 ,b x al provid$ sub/antial ga9s1 ga9s t f> |twei<$ ! losses4 ,ironically1 _h ! movie companies 8won0 9 ! ,sony case1 !y miiably equate grt] 3trol ) pr(it & *eap] copy+ ) loss4 ,!y w 3clude1 "s"ts "rly1 t _! v exi/;e is #bed ?reat5$1 &1 "s"ts wr;gly1 t ! ?reat is to 9nova;n & culture xf r ?an to _! "picul> way ( deliv]+ x4 ,!y w turn to ! legislature &! c|rts = gu>antees t !y c g on do+ busi;s 9 ! old famili> ways4 ,normally1 ! m>ketplace is suppos$ to provide correctives to ? k9d ( myopia4 ,up/>t companies1 n b.d by ! habits (! la/ g5]a;n1 >e suppos$ to move nimbly to h>ve/ ! b5efits f ! new te*nology & to |tcompete ! lumb]+ d9osaurs4 ,9 c]ta9 situa;ns1 ?|<1 competi;n w n "w3 if ! d9osaurs >e a c>tel /r;g 5 to squel* competi;n2 if !y h 5li/$ ! /ate to make ! ?reat5+ te*nology illegal1 describ+ x z a pr$atory 5croa*;t on ! 8"rs0 (! old gu>d r ?an aggressive competi;n2 if 9gra9$ prejudices >e simply s /r;g t ! #bee pot5tial busi;s b5efits take ye>s to 2come app>5t2 or if ! m>ket has 8lock$ in0 on a dom9ant /&>d'\x2014'a te*nology or an op]at+ sy/em1 say'\x2014'to : new m>ket 5trants d n h legal access4 ,9 ~? situa;ns1 m>kets _c 2 c.t$ on to self.-correct4 ,un=tunately1 & ? is a key po9t1 9tellectual prop]ty policy frequ5tly deals ) 3trov]sies 9 : all ( ~! 3di;ns hold true4 ,let me repeat ? po9t1 2c x is "o (! mo/ important "os 9 ? book4 ,to a political sci5ti/ or m>ket analy/1 ! 3di;ns ,i h j describ$ s.d l a r>ely se5 p]fect /orm ( legislative & m>ket dysfunc;n4 ,to an 9tellectual prop]ty s*ol>1 !y s.d l busi;s z usual4 ,9 ! case (! ,,vcr w>s1 n"o ( ~! factors #bef obta9$4 ,! /ate refus$ to /ep 9 to aid ! movie companies by crim9aliz+ ! new te*nology4 ,"! 7 equally p[];l companies on ! o!r side (! issue " :o saw ? new m>ket z a natural ext5.n (a famili> exi/+ m>ket'\x2014'audio record]s4 ,"! 0 no dom9ant propriet>y te*nological /&>d 3troll$ by ! ?reat5$ 9du/ry t cd 2 us$ to %ut d[n any ?reats to _! busi;s model4 ,! m>ket 0 all[$ to develop & evolve )|t premature legal 9t]v5;n or propriet>y te*nological lock|t4 ,?us we "k 9 ? case t ! movie companies 7 wr;g1 t _! claims ( imp5d+ doom f *eap copies 7 completely mi/ak54 ,! public &1 ironically1 ! 9du/ry xf b5efit$ z a result4 ,b ! ,sony case #beg is ! excep;n r ?an ! rule4 ,t is :y x is s important4 ,if competi;n & *ange c 2 =bidd51 we w get relatively few cases t 4prove ! logic t *eap] copy+ m/ alw mean /r;g] "rs4 ,! 8natural exp]i;ts0 w n"e 2 all[$ to happ54 ,!y w 2 squel*$ by ~? :o see only ?reat 9 ! te*nologies t all[ *eap] copies & :o c p]suade legislators or judges to see ! _w _! way4 ,! /ory l9e ,i describe "h1 ! ,9t]net ,?reat1 w 2come ! 3v5;nal wisdom4 ,9 ! process1 x w make x m* less likely t we w h ! evid;e ne$$ to refute x4 ,! ,sony case is important 9 ano!r way4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt's deci.n turn$ on ! judg;t t x 0 a 8fair use0 "u ,u4,s4 copy"r law = 3sum]s to record televi.n programs = "t.-%ift+ purposes4 #beh ,s9ce fair use comes up num]|s "ts 9 ? book1 x is wor? paus+ =a mo;t to expla9 :at x is4 ,! 3t5t 9du/ries l to portray fair use z a n>r[ & grudg+ def5se ag/ an o!rwise valid case = copy"r 9fr+e;t'\x2014'z if ! claim w]e1 8,yes1 ,i trespass$ on yr l&1 : 0 wr;g1 ,i admit4 ,b ,i 0 />v+ & look+ = food4 ,please give me a break40 ,? is simply 9accurate4 ,true1 fair use is ass]t$ z 8an affirmative def5se02 t is ! way x is br"| up 9 a copy"r case4 ,b 9 ,u4,s4 law1 fair uses >e /at$ q cle>ly to 2 limita;ns on ! exclusive "rs (! copy"r hold]'\x2014'uses t 7 n"e )9 ! copy"r hold]'s p[] to prohibit4 ,! def5se is n 8,i trespass$ on yr l&1 b ,i 0 />v+40 ,x is 8,i did n trespass on yr l&4 ,i walk$ on ! #bei public road t runs "? x1 a road y n"e [n$ 9 ! f/ place40 ,:5 society h&s | ! "r to ! copy"r hold]1 x c>ves | c]ta9 >eas ( use & refuses to h& ov] 3trol ( !m4 ,ag1 rememb] ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+4 ,? is n a presumptively absolute prop]ty "r4 ,x is a 3di;nal grant (a limit$ & tempor>y monopoly4 ,"o _c />t f ! presump;n t ! "rs hold] has absolute "rs ov] all possible uses & "!=e t any "t a citiz5 makes use (! "w 9 any way1 ! "rs hold] is 5titl$ to get pd or to claim 8piracy0 if he does n get pd4 ,"u ! sway (! /ory l9e ,i call$ ! ,9t]net ,?reat1 legislators h lo/ sily imag9+ !y >e ab to 2 %[n "s?+ ! size & complex;y (! tax code4 ,"h is ! /atutory fair use provi.n 9 xs 5tirety3 ,sec4 #ajg4,-,limita;ns on exclusive "rs3 ,fair use ,not)/&+ ! provi.ns ( sec;ns #ajf & #ajf,a1 ! fair use (a copy"r$ "w1 9clud+ s* use by reproduc;n 9 copies or phonorecords or by any o!r means specifi$ by t sec;n1 = purposes s* z criticism1 com;t1 news report+1 tea*+ "<9clud+ multiple copies = classroom use">1 s*ol>%ip1 or rese>*1 is n an 9fr+e;t ( copy"r4 ,9 det]m9+ :e!r ! use made (a "w 9 any "picul> case is a fair use ! factors to 2 3sid]$ % 9clude'\x2014' ! purpose & "* (! use1 9clud+ :e!r s* use is (a comm]cial nature or is = nonpr(it $uca;nal #bfa purposes2 ! nature (! copy"r$ "w2 ! am.t & sub/antial;y (! por;n us$ 9 rela;n to ! copy"r$ "w z a :ole2 & />t ( page #fg 9 pr9t $i;n ! effect (! use ~u ! pot5tial m>ket = or value (! copy"r$ "w4 ,! fact t a "w is unpubli%$ % n xf b> a f9d+ ( fair use if s* f9d+ is made ~u 3sid]a;n ( all ! abv factors4 8,b ? seems q s5sible10 p (t5 say1 z ?|< !y _h expect$ bo? ,byzant9e complex;y & manife/ irra;nal;y4 "<,p]h !y h _h "s exp]i;e ) legal matt]s af all4"> ,! "os :o ?9k ab x a ll l;g] realize t ~! factors _c 2 me*anically appli$4 ,look at factor #c1 = example4 ,"s"o :o is mak+ a p>ody frequ5tly ne$s to take l>ge *unks (! p>odi$ "w4 ,t is ! nature (a p>ody1 af all4 ,!y miody1 ?us al gett+ 9to tr|ble ) factor #a4 ,& :at ab factor #d8 ,"s"o miody miket0 =! p>odi$ "w4 ,b surely ~? uses wd / 2 8fair08 "<,in bo? 9/.es1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt agrees t !y >e fair uses4"> ,9 com+ up ) ~! hypo!tical problem cases1 ! copy"r novice is probably clos] to hav+ a gd "u/&+ (! purpose ( fair use ?an _m p :o h /udi$ x = ye>s4 ,9 fact1 ! novice's "qs %$ liy "rs'\x2014'! holes 9 ! *eese ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,! s*ol>'s urge is to f9d "o !ory t expla9s all ! #bfc possible applica;ns (! fair use doctr9e1 to >range all (! cases l t>gets & %oot a s+le >r[ "? all ( !m4 ,p]h fair use is design$ to r$uce ! difficulty ( cle>+ "rs :5 x wd 2 uneconomical or impossibly complex to d s3 to r$uce ! pap]"w1 hassle1 delay1 ignor.e1 & aggrava;n t economi/s ref] to "u ! sangu9e "n ( 8transac;n co/s40 "<,?|< ! idea t fair use is ab transac;n co/s h>dly expla9s "s (! types ( fair use we c>e mo/ ab'\x2014'! "rs to p>ody1 to criticize1 to r"ese 5g9e]4"> ,or p]h fair use all[s ! "rs (a trans=mative au?or to 2 trump$ only by a second trans=mative au?or1 :o is build+ on ! f/'\x2014'! p>odi/1 review]1 collage >ti/1 or :at h y4 #bfd "<,!n ag1 photocopy+ = classroom use does n s.d v 8trans=mative40"> ,cd fair use 2 dictat$ by ! ,3/itu;n or by 9t]na;nal free spee* gu>antees8 ,9 ? view1 fair use provides a safety valve t all[s copy"r to coexi/ )! ,f/ ,am5d;t1 prop]ty "rs ov] spee* to coexi/ ) fre$om ( expres.n4 ,af all1 x is n 5tirely obvi|s h[ x cd 2 3/itu;nal to =bid me1 9 ! "n (a f$]al law1 f translat+ ,me9 ,kampf 9 ord] to w>n (! dang]s ( fascism or p>ody+ "s piece ( >t to subv]sive effect4 ,ea* ( ~! ideas ab fair use has m* to recomm5d x1 z d ! _m o!r gr& !ories t h be5 (f]$ to expla9 ! puzzle4 ,& "!9 lies ! #bfe problem4 ,9tellectual prop]ty is a brilliant social 9v5;n : pres5ts u ) grt b5efits b al )a multitude ( dang]s3 ! dang] t ! monopoly is unnec to produce ! 9nova;n1 or t x is broad] or la/s = l;g] ?an is nec to 5c|rage future produc;n2 t ov]ly broad "rs w *ill spee*1 criticism1 or sci5tific progress2 t x w re/rict access 9 ways t 4c|rage 8foll[.-on0 9nova;n2 t x w lead to 9du/ry 3c5tra;n 9 a way t hurts 3sum]s or citiz5s :ile 2+ less subject to antitru/ regula;n precisely 2c ! monopoly or oligopoly re/s on 9tellectual prop]ty "rs2 t x w e/abli% /r;g 8net"w effects0 : cause ! m>ket to tip ov] to "s 9effici5t te*nology2 & t x w give ! "rs #bff hold] 3trol ov] "s te*nology |tside ! range (! monopoly b closely l9k$ to x4 ,! li/ ( dang]s goes on & on1 & s does ! li/ ( excep;ns1 limita;ns1 & re/ra9ts design$ to prev5t !m4 ,we re/rict ! l5g? ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 "<,at lea/1 we us$ to4 ,! fram]s ?"| x s important to d s t !y put ! ne$ to h a limit$ t]m 9 ! ,3/itu;n xf2 n"e!.s bo? ,3gress &! ,supreme ,c|rt seem to h giv5 up on t "o4"> ,we re/rict ! scope ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 s t !y _c cov] raw facts or g5]al ideas1 only ! range ( 9nova;n & expres.n 9 2t4 "<,at lea/1 we us$ to4 ,develop;ts 9 database protec;n1 g5e pat5ts1 & busi;s me?od pat5ts >e cle>ly ]od+ ~? #bfg walls4"> ,z ) fair use1 we impose limita;ns on ! "rs :5 we h& !m | 9 ! f/ place4 ,! exclusive "r 3f]r$ by copy"r does n 9clude ! "r to prev5t criticism1 p>ody1 classroom copy+1 decompila;n ( comput] programs1 & s on4 "<,?|< z ! next *apt] %[s1 a numb] ( rec5t legal *anges mean t ! practical abil;y to ex]cise fair use "rs is s]i|sly ?reat5$4"> ,~! limita;ns on 9tellectual prop]ty d n fit a s+le !ory1 un.s t !ory is 8avoid+ ! multiple & evolv+ dang]s ( 9tellectual prop]ty xf40 ,ev5 a s+le limita;n s* z fair use cle>ly responds to _m diff]5t 3c]ns ab ! dang]s ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,9de$ x w evolve to fit new circum/.es4 ,:5 comput] programs 7 f/ cle>ly cov]$ by copy"r law1 s(tw>e #bfh 5g9e]s wond]$ if ? wd cripple ! 9du/ry4 ,:y8 ,any"o :o wi%es to compete )a dom9ant program ne$s to 8decompile0 x 9 ord] to make _! program 89t]op]able10 or simply bett]4 ,= example1 a new ~w process+ program1 no matt] h[ gd1 wd 2 dead on >rival un.s x cd read all ! files p _h creat$ )! old1 dom9ant ~w process+ s(tw>e4 ,b to d ?1 ! 5g9e]s at ! up/>t company wd h to take a"p _! competitor's program4 ,9 ! process !y wd h to create tempor>y copies (! old program1 ev5 ?|< ! f9al product'\x2014'! hot new s(tw>e'\x2014'wd 2 completely diff]5t f ! old4 ,wd ? 2 a viola;n ( copy"r law8 ,9 a s]ies ( rem>kable & f>.-see+ cases 9volv+ s* issues1 ! c|rts sd no4 #bfi 8,decompila;n0 0 fair use4 ,! law ( fair use _h evolv$ 9 ! 3text ( expressive1 nonfunc;nal1 /&.-al"o "ws s* z books1 poems1 s;gs4 ,n[ x 0 2+ appli$ to a func;nal product ~: economics dep5d$ /r;gly on 8net"w effects0'\x2014'_m types ( programs >e use;l only if !y >e widely us$4 ,)|t 9t]op]abil;y1 we cd n"e take |r exi/+ docu;ts or spread%eets or datasets & move to a new program1 ev5 if x 0 bett]4 ,"o program wd n 2 able to read ! files creat$ by ano!r4 ,x wd 2 z if language xf _h be5 copy"r$4 ,to h sd t ! 9cid5tal copies creat$ 9 ! process ( decompil+ s(tw>e 7 actually 9fr+e;ts ( copy"r wd h turn$ ! law on xs head 2c (a te*nological accid5t "ily to 8copy0 ! programs 9 ord] to "u/& h[ !y "w$ & make #bgj yrs "w ) !m"> &a legal accid5t "ticles ( comm]ce3 8ma*9es0 made ( b9>y code">4 ,! diff];e 2t copy+ & read+1 or copy+ & "u/&+1 _h *ang$ 2c (! te*nology4 ,! 3text _h *ang$ 2c ! law 0 2+ /ret*$ to cov] new types ( products1 ~: economics 7 v diff]5t f ~? ( novels4 ,r ?an let ! dom9ant s(tw>e companies use copy"r to /op o!rs f mak+ 9t]op]able s(tw>e1 ! c|rts us$ an escape hat*'\x2014'fair use'\x2014'to prev5t t dang] & to uphold ! basic goal ( copy"r3 5c|rag+ progress 9 sci;e &! use;l >ts4 ,? l;g /ory is told to make a simple po9t4 ,! v>iegat$ & evolv+ limita;ns on 9tellectual prop]ty >e z important z ! "rs !y 3/ra91 curtail1 & def9e4 ,! holes matt] z m* z ! *eese4 #bga ,:at does ? h to d )! ,sony case8 ,9 t case1 rememb]1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt _h sd t copy+ ,,tv %[s 9 ord] to "t.-%ift 0 fair use4 ,! ,c|rt cd simply h /opp$ "!4 ,x cd h sd1 8s9ce mo/ ( :at 3sum]s d is legal1 "! c 2 no claim ( 3tributory or vic>i|s 9fr+e;t4 ,sony is n 3tribut+ to 9fr+e;t s9ce 3sum]s >e n 9fr++ copy"r by copy+ %[s 9 ! f/ place40 ,9t]e/+ly1 ?|< ? is ! he>t (! rul+1 ! c|rt w5t fur!r4 ,x quot$ "s seem+ly unrelat$ pat5t law doctr9e on 3tributory 9fr+e;t3 8,a f9d+ ( 3tributory 9fr+e;t does n1 ( c|rse1 remove ! >ticle f ! m>ket alt2 x does1 h["e1 give ! pat5tee effective 3trol ov] ! sale ( t item4 ,9de$1 a f9d+ ( 3tributory 9fr+e;t is normally ! #bgb func;nal equival5t ( hold+ t ! 4put$ >ticle is )9 ! monopoly grant$ to ! pat5tee40 ,cle>ly1 ! ,ju/ices 7 3c]n$ t1 by us+ copy"r law1 ! movie /udios cd actually get 3trol (a new te*nology4 ,! fact t ! ,c|rt express$ ? 3c]n "? an analogy to pat5t law was1 at f/ sie /r;g]1 ?|< !y >e h>d] to obta9 & la/ =a %ort] p]iod ( "t4 ,= ano!r1 :ile c|rts (t5 express 3c]n ab ! dang]s (a pat5t.-driv5 monopoly ov] a "picul> te*nology1 x is /range to see t 3c]n 9 ! 3text ( copy"r law4 ,an unnec monopoly ov] a pl[ or a gra9 elevator may1 z ,jeff]son po9t$ |1 sl[ te*nological develop;t4 ,b a monopoly ov] #bgc ,sn[ ,:ite or 8,ode on a ,grecian ,urn08 ,we d n normally ?9k ( "rs ov] expres.n " ?reat5+ to sweep )9 _! ambit an 5tire new te*nological 9v5;n "4 ,b 9 ! ,sony case1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt q cle>ly saw t1 9 a _w ": te*nological develop;ts made copy+ easi]1 ! idea ( 3tributory 9fr+e;t 9 copy"r cd 2 us$ to suppress or 3trol 5tire te*nologies t seem$1 9 ! logic ( #bj/#bj d[nside vi.n1 to pose a ?reat to ! copy"r hold]4 ,9de$1 9 "s s5se1 ! logic 2h ! ,9t]net ,?reat'\x2014'8*eap] copy+ requires grt] 3trol0'\x2014'dem&s ? #bgd result1 ?|< ! ,sony case ant$ates ! ,_w ,wide ,web by a 3sid]able "t4 ,if x is *eap copy+ xf t poses ! ?reat1 !n ! 3t5t [n]s w 9creas+ly move to ga9 3trol ov] ! te*nologies ( *eap copy+1 us+ copy"r z _! /alk+ horse4 ,t is :y ! ,sony ,c|rt w5t 2y ! simple rul+ on fair use to expla9 ! 3sequ;es (! movie companies,0 claim4 ,9 a footnote " ! ,c|rt 0 alm snide3 ,x seems extraord9>y to sugge/ t ! ,copy"r ,act 3f]s ~u all copy"r [n]s collectively1 m* less ! two respond5ts 9 ? case1 ! exclusive "r to 4tribute ,,vtr's .<,video ,tape ,record]s.> simply 2c #bge !y may 2 us$ to 9fr+e copy"rs4 ,t1 h["e1 is ! logical implica;n ( _! claim4 ,! reque/ = an 9junc;n 2l 9dicates t respond5ts seek1 9 effect1 to dcl ,,vtr's 3trab&4 ,_! sugges;n 9 ? ,c|rt t a 3t9u+ royalty pursuant to a judicially creat$ compulsory lic5se wd 2 an acceptable rem$y m]ely 9dicates t respond5ts1 = _! "p1 wd 2 will+ to lic5se _! claim$ monopoly 9t]e/ 9 ,,vtr's to ,sony 9 return =a royalty4 ,! real he>t (! ,sony case is n t 8"t.-%ift+0 ( ,,tv programs is fair use4 ,x is an alt deep] pr9ciple ) implica;ns = all (! holes 9 ! 9tellectual prop]ty *eese4 ,! ,sony ,c|rt dcld t 2c video record]s 7 capable ( #bgf sub/antial non9fr++ uses1 ! manufactur]s ( ~? devices 7 n guilty ( 3tributory 9fr+e;t4 ,if ! "rs ( copy"r hold]s 7 absolute1 if !y _h ! au?or;y to prohibit any activ;y t appe>$ to pose a ?reat to _! curr5t busi;s model1 !n x is q possible t video record]s wd h be5 guilty ( 3tributory 9fr+e;t4 ,x is 2c we h1 & ne$1 multiple excep;ns & limita;ns on 9tellectual prop]ty t ! ,supreme ,c|rt 0 able to resi/ ! claim t copy"r xf =bids te*nologies ( *eap] copy+4 ,to put x ano!r way1 )|t a robu/ set ( excep;ns & limita;ns on copy"r1 ! idea t *eap] copy+ requires grt] 3trol w 9exorably drive u t[>d ! posi;n t ! te*nologies ( *eap] reproduc;n m/ 2 put "u ! gov]n.e ( copy"r #bgg hold]s4 ,?us we h a coroll>y to ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+'\x2014'call x ! ,sony ,axiom3 *eap] copy+ makes ! limita;ns on copy"r m r ?an less important4 ,)|t ~? limita;ns1 copy"r law w bloat & meta/asize 9to a claim ( monopoly1 or at lea/ 3trol1 ov] ! v >*itectures ( |r communica;ns te*nology4 ,& t is exactly ": ! logic (! ,9t]net ,?reat is tak+ u td4 ,f ,nap/] to ,grok/] ,sev5te5 ye>s af ! ,sony deci.n1 ano!r c|rt _h to deal )a suit by |trag$ copy"r hold]s ag/ ! creators (a te*nology t all[$ 9dividuals to copy mat]ial *eaply & easily4 ,! suit 0 call$ #bgh ,a`&;,m ,records v4 ,nap/] 4 ,nap/] 0 a 8pe]-to.-pe]0 file %>+ sy/em4 ,! files 7 n kept on "s huge c5tral s]v]4 ,9/ead1 "! 0 a c5tral directory'\x2014'?9k (a teleph"o directory'\x2014': 3ta9$ a 3/antly updat$ li/ (! addresses ( 9dividual comput]s &! files !y 3ta9$4 ,any"o :o _h ! s(tw>e cd qu]y ! c5tral regi/ry to f9d a file's loca;n & !n e/abli% a direct comput]-to-comput] 3nec;n'\x2014' any": 9 ! _w'\x2014')! p]son :o _h ! file !y desir$4 ,? dec5traliz$ design meant ! sy/em 0 extremely 8robu/10 v fa/1 &( ne>ly 9f9ite capac;y4 ,us+ ? te*nology1 t5s ( millions ( p >.d ! _w 7 8%>+0 music1 an activ;y : record companies q "u/&ably view$ z simple !ft4 #bgi ,9 fact1 x wd 2 h>d to ?9k (a situa;n t illu/rat$ ! ,9t]net ,?reat bett]4 ,! case 5d$ up 9 front (! ,u4,s4 ,c|rt ( ,appeals =! ,n9? ,circuit1 : he>s cases 9 an >ea t 9cludes ,cali=nia & ?us has decid$ a lot ( copy"r cases ov] ! ye>s4 ,"! 0 an irony "h4 ,:5 ! ,supreme ,c|rt decid$ ! ,sony case1 x 0 on appeal f ! ,n9? ,circuit ,c|rt ( ,appeals4 ,sony 1 ) xs rule ab reproductive te*nologies ) sub/antial non9fr++ uses1 r"es$ ! appeals c|rt deci.n4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt was1 9 effect1 tell+ ! ,n9? ,circuit t x 0 wr;g1 t xs rul+ wd h requir$ ! 8extraord9>y0 " 3clu.n t copy"r law gave copy"r hold]s a veto on new #bhj te*nology4 ,9 ! process1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt told ! ,n9? ,circuit t x al did n "u/& ! law ( fair use1 or ! fre$om t %d 2 giv5 to 9dividuals to make 8noncomm]cial0 private copies4 ,! id5tities (! judges _h *ang$1 b n[1 sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 ! same ,circuit ,c|rt _h ano!r hi<.-pr(ile case on exactly ! same issues4 ,9 case any (! judges migu;t4 8,? c|rt10 he sd1 add+ z if 9 af?"|1 8in ! deci.n t ! ,supreme ,c|rt ultimately r"es$ 9 ,sony 444 4,7 ,to ! laypeople 9 ! audi;e x probably j seem$ l ano!r piece ( legal dron+4 ,b to ! lawy]s 9 ! room ! message 0 q cle>4 8,! la/ "t y #bha got a case ab a major new te*nology ( 3sum] reproduc;n1 y really screw$ x up4 ,hope y c d bett] ? "t40 ,! judges,0 m|?s quirk$'\x2014'n 5tirely 9 pleasure4 ,! po9t _h be5 regi/]$4 ,?9k =a mo;t (! dilemma 9 : ! c|rt _h be5 plac$4 ,on ! "o h&1 y _h t5s ( millions ( p 8%>+0 music files & ,nap/] 0 ! s]vice t all[$ !m to d x4 ,if ? 0 n 3tributory copy"r 9fr+e;t1 :at was8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nap/] seem$ to fit v nicely "u ! rule ann|nc$ 9 ! ,sony case4 ,! >gu;t w5t l ?4 ,l ! ,,vcr1 ! ,nap/] s]vice _h sub/antial non9fr++ uses4 ,x all[$ b&s to expose _! music to ! _w "? ! 8,new ,>ti/s0 program4 ,x made x #bhb easy to %>e music : 0 no l;g] "u copy"r4 ,~! uses cle>ly d n 9fr+e copy"r4 ,"! 7 al ! claims t x p]mitt$ 8space.-%ift+0 by 3sum]s :o alr [n$ ! music or 8sampl+0 ( music by li/5]s z !y decid$ :e!r or n to buy4 ,"o cd >gue t space.-%ift+ & sampl+ 7 fair use "4 ,b s9ce we h two cle> non9fr++ uses1 ! te*nology obvi|sly does h sub/antial uses t d n violate copy"r4 ,?us1 ,nap/] _c 2 liable z a 3tributory 9fr+]1 j z ,sony cd n 2 liable =! ,2tamax4 ,supreme ,c|rt prec$5t cov]s ? case4 ,! ,n9? ,circuit is b.d by t prec$5t4 ,all ! judges c d1 goes ! >gu;t1 is to apply ! ~ws (! rule laid d[n 9 ,sony 1 say t ,nap/] w9s1 & move on to ! next case4 ,if ,3gress wants to make s]vices l ,nap/] #bhc illegal1 x is go+ to h to pass a new law4 ,! b.d>ies (! ,sony rule >e cle> & ,nap/] fits )9 !m4 "<,( c|rse1 ! la/ po9t is subject to >gu;t1 b ! >gu;t = ,nap/] on ? issue 0 a gd "o4 ,n ov]:elm+'\x2014'"! 7 m non9fr++ uses 9 ! ,sony case 2c ! normal way 3sum]s us$ ! te*nology 9 "q 0 f.d to 2 a fair use'\x2014'b c]ta9ly p[];l4"> ,a m d>+ /rategy 0 to sugge/ t all ! copy+ d"o ov] ,nap/] 0 fair use1 or at lea/ presumptively fair4 ,9 ,sony 1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt _h sd t ! law presumes t noncomm]cial private copy+'\x2014's* z tap+ a %[ at home = #bhd future view+'\x2014'is a fair use4 ,? presump;n %ifts ! burd5 to ! copy"r hold] to prove t ! practice caus$ h>m to !m4 ,copy+ on ,nap/] 0 d"o by private 9dividuals4 ,no m"oy 0 ex*ang$4 ,does ? mean we m/ presume x 0 fair use & require ! music companies & s;gwrit]s to %[ cle> evid;e ( 8m>ket h>m0 if !y want to 3v9ce u o!rwise8 ,x s.ds z ?|< prov+ m>ket h>m wd 2 pretty easy4 ,h[ cd millions ( p ex*ang+ hundr$s ( millions ( s;gs n 2 caus+ h>m8 ,b x is m complicat$4 ,rememb] ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+4 ,we >e n talk+ ab swip+ %oes f a %oe /ore4 ,"! "o m]ely has to %[ ! !ft to prove ! loss4 ,by 3tra/1 music files >e copi$ )|t 2+ 8tak50 f _! [n]4 ,! record companies wd h to %[ h>m to _! m>ket'\x2014'! p d[nload+ :o d n pur*ase music #bhe 2c x is available = free4 ,~? :o d[nload1 b wd n h pur*as$1 d n c.t4 ,& we h to bal.e ~? :o >e det]r$ f pur*as+ ag/ ~? :o pur*ase a :ole ;,,cd 2c !y >e expos$ to new music "? ,nap/]4 ,"o v 9t]e/+ empirical /udy on ! subject 9dicates t ! result is a wa%1 ) h>dly any measurable effect on sales2 ! ov]all drop 9 ;,,cd pur*ases results f l>g] macroeconomic issues4 ,? /udy1 h["e1 has be5 subject to detail$ me?odological criticism4 ,ano!r /udy %[s a weak effect on sales1 ?|< r w.d+ly x seems to sugge/ t ! result is economically effici5t'\x2014'few] p 5d up ) music !y d n l4 ,o!r /udies1 by 3tra/1 support ! record #bhf company posi;n'\x2014'sugge/+ t illicit file %>+ does 9de$ "ucut sales ( bo? ,,cds & au?oriz$ digital d[nloads4 ,giv5 ! complexities (! issue1 ! record companies did n want to 5gage 9 a w> ( duel+ empirical /udies4 ,s1 if ,nap/]'s us]s 7 n 9fr++ copy"r law 9 ! f/ place'\x2014' at lea/ until ! record companies came up ) 3v9c+ evid;e ( m>ket h>m'\x2014'2c _! copy+ 0 noncomm]cial1 !n ,nap/] cd h>dly 2 guilty ( 3tributory 9fr+e;t1 cd x8 ,"! wd 2 no 9fr+e;t at all6 ,y cd see ,mr4 ,boies's >gu;ts z simple equa;ns 2t ! cases4 ,non9fr++ uses s* z record+ public doma9 films & 8"t.-%ift+0 programs >e equival5t to non9fr++ uses s* z ! ,new ,>ti/s #bhg program or %>+ public doma9 music "<& maybe 8space.-%ift+0 "o's [n music8">2 or ,private noncomm]cial videotap+ is equival5t to private noncomm]cial file %>+4 ,bo? >e presumptively fair uses4 ,ei way1 ,sony equals ,nap/] & ,nap/] w9s4 ,nap/] did n w91 ( c|rse1 ?|< :5 ! judges h&$ d[n _! deci.n x 0 cle> !y _h be5 pay+ att5;n to ,mr4 ,boies1 at lea/ 5 to make !m v w>y ( tamp]+ ) ,sony 4 ,!y claim$ t !y 7 uphold+ t case1 b t ,nap/] cd 2 liable anyway4 ,h[8 ,2c "! 0 5 evid;e "h to %[ t ! 3troll]s ( ,nap/] _h 8actual k t specific 9fr++ mat]ial is available us+ xs sy/em1 t x cd block access to ! sy/em by suppli]s (! 9fr++ mat]ial1 & t x fail$ #bhh to remove ! mat]ial40 ,"! 0 9de$ evid;e t ,nap/] knew h[ xs sy/em 0 2+ us$'\x2014'an emb>rass+ am.t ( x1 9clud+ e>ly memos say+ t us]s w want anonym;y 2c !y >e trad+ 9 8pirat$ music40 ,!n "! 7 na/y circum/antial details1 l ! ?|s&s ( 9fr++ s;gs on ! h>d drive ( "o "picul> ,nap/] employee'\x2014'! compli.e (fic] task$ ) 5=c+ ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act6 "<,! record+ company lawy]s wax$ wond];lly s>ca/ic ab t4"> ,b despite ! ludicr|sly dirty h&s ( ,nap/] z a company1 lawy]s cd see t ! appeals c|rt 0 mak+ a lot ( new law z x /ruggl$ to f9d a way to uphold ,sony :ile / mak+ ,nap/] liable4 ,! c|rt's rul+ s.d$ reasonable & cle>1 #bhi "s?+ t wd only /rike at bad actors :ile pay+ he$ to ! ,sony ,axiom &! assur.e ( safety t ! rule 9 ,sony _h provid$ to te*nology develop]s =! previ|s tw5ty ye>s4 ,b h>d cases make bad law4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ? piece ( legal leg]dema91 ! c|rt _h to alt] or re9t]pret ! law 9 ways t >e 4turb+4 ,! f/ ?+ ! c|rt did 0 to reject ! >gu;t t ! 8%>+0 0 private & noncomm]cial4 ,z to ! idea t x is n private1 fair 5|<4 ,%>+ "o's music ) fifty.-f|r million p does n s.d t private1 ev5 if x is d"o = private 5ds1 9 private spaces4 ,:at ab noncomm]cial8 ,embrac+ "s e>li] rul+s on ! subject1 ! c|rt sd a use 0 8comm]cial0 if y got = no?+ "s?+ = : y wd o!rwise h to pay4 ,on ! surface ? s.ds bo? cl"e & reasonable'\x2014'a #bij way to diff]5tiate home tap+ f global file %>+'\x2014'b ! >gu;t qkly 2g9s to unravel4 ,true1 ! ,2tamax [n]s cd get ,,tv %[s = free j by wat*+ at ! regul> "t4 ,b !y cd n get a copy (! %[ = free at ! mo;t !y want$ to wat* x4 ,t 0 :y !y tap$4 ,"o cd ev5 >gue t ,nap/] us]s wd h access to mo/ s;gs ov] ! radio = free4 ,b lawy]s,0 quibbl+ ab : way ! rule cuts 9 ? case is n ! po9t4 ,9/ead1 we ne$ to focus on ! *ange 9 ! def9i;n ( 8comm]cial10 2c x illu/rates a wid] %ift4 ,rememb]1 a f9d+ t a use is 8noncomm]cial0 makes x m likely t a c|rt w f9d x to 2 legal'\x2014'to 2 a fair use4 ,! old te/ focus$ ma9ly on :e!r ! motive =! copy+ 0 to make m"oy4 "<,a diff]5t /age (! 9quiry 3c]n$ :e!r "! 0 h>m to ! copy"r hold]'s m>ket4"> ,! #bia ,nap/] c|rt's te/ 3c5trates on :e!r ! p]son 3sum+ ! copy got "s?+ = free4 ,9/ead ( focus+ on ! fact t ! p]son mak+ ! copy is n mak+ m"oy | ( x'\x2014'?9k (a pr(essor mak+ electronic copies ( >ticles = 8 /ud5ts to d[nload'\x2014'x focuses on ! presumptively dirty h&s ( ~? :o >e 8gett+ "s?+ = no?+40 ,b lots ( copy"r law is ab 8gett+ "s?+ = no?+40 ,to put x diff]5tly1 "o c5tral goal ( copy"r is to limit ! monopoly giv5 to ! copy"r [n] s t he or %e _c =ce citiz5s to pay = e s+le type ( use4 ,! design (! law xf is suppos$ to facilitate t4 ,:5 8gett+ "s?+ = free0 comes to equal 8comm]cial0 9 ! analysis ( fair use1 ?+s >e dang]|sly | ( bal.e4 ,?9k back to ,jeff]son's analogy4 ,if ,i li+1 ! c|rt !n re9t]pret$ ! ,sony deci.n to all[ liabil;y :5 "! 0 8actual k0 ( specific copy"r viola;ns1 an abil;y to block access by 9fr+]s1 &a failure to d s4 ,nei side 0 5tirely happy ) ? rul+1 b ! record companies 2liev$'\x2014'"rly'\x2014't x wd all[ !m effectively to %ut ,nap/] d[n4 ,yet ! ,nap/] rul+ only po/pon$ ! issue4 ,! next set ( file %>+ s]vices to 2 su$ af ,nap/] 7 ev5 m dec5traliz$ pe]-to.-pe] sy/ems2 ! ,nap/] c|rt's re9t]preta;n ( ,sony wd n #bic 2 able to rea* !m4 ,! pe]-to.-pe] file %>+ s]vice call$ ,grok/] is a relatively typical example4 ,unlike ,nap/]1 ,grok/] _h no c5tral regi/ry4 ,! sy/em 0 5tirely run by ! 9dividual 8pe]0 comput]s4 ,2c ! sy/em 0 design$ ? way1 ! p :o made & 4tribut$ ! s(tw>e _h no k ( specific 9fr++ files4 ,! us]s 7 do+ ! se>*+1 9dex+1 & /or+1 & ,grok/] _h no abil;y to 3trol _! 2havior4 ,= ~? reasons1 a c|rt ( appeals held t ,grok/] 0 n liable4 ,z 9 ,sony 1 ! sy/em _h sub/antial non9fr++ uses4 ,lots ( 9t]e/+ 3t5t 0 trad$ on ,grok/] )! copy"r hold]'s 3s5t4 ,o!r mat]ial 0 9 ! public doma94 ,grok/] made m"oy by /ream+ adv]tise;ts to ! us]s ( xs s(tw>e4 ,! movie companies & record companies saw ? z a flagrant1 =.-pr(it #bid piracy r+4 ,grok/]'s response 0 t l ! mak]s (! ,,vcr1 x 0 simply provid+ a te*nology4 ,xs f9ancial 9t]e/ 0 9 p us+ t te*nology1 n 9 us+ x = illicit purposes'\x2014' ?|<1 l ! ,,vcr manufactur]1 x wd pr(it ei way4 ,! c|rt ( appeals agre$4 ,true1 ! major;y (! mat]ial trad$ on ,grok/] 0 illicitly copi$1 b ! c|rt felt t x cd n give ! record+ or movie companies 3trol ov] a te*nology simply 2c x all[$ = easi] copy+1 ev5 if mo/ ( t copy+ 0 illegal4 ,z ,i tri$ to po9t | 9 ! sec;n on ! ,sony ,axiom1 t l9e ( ?"| leads to copy"r hold]s hav+ a veto ov] te*nological develop;t4 ,x 0 at ? po9t t ! ,supreme ,c|rt /epp$ in4 ,9 ! case ( ,,mgm v4 ,grok/] 1 ! #bie ,supreme ,c|rt foll[$ ! l9e (! ,nap/] c|rt1 b w5t ev5 fur!r4 ,! ,c|rt creat$ a new type ( 3tributory copy"r 9fr+e;t'\x2014':ile app>5tly d5y+ x 0 do+ s4 ,grok/] & xs fell[ s]vices 7 liable 2c ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds ( evid;e t !y _h 89t5d$0 to 9duce copy"r viola;n4 ,f/1 !y 7 try+ 8to satisfy a "kn dem& = copy"r 9fr+e;t40 ,? cd 2 %[n by ! way t !y adv]tis$ !mvs z alt]natives to ! 8notori|s file%>+ s]vice1 ,nap/]40 ,second1 ! file %>+ s]vices did n try to develop filt]+ s(tw>e to id5tify & elim9ate copy"r$ 3t5t'\x2014'?|< ? al"o wd n h be5 5 to make !m liable4 ,f9ally1 _! adv]tis+.-support$ sy/em cle>ly pr(it$ by hi<.-9t5s;y use1 : !y knew 0 driv5 9 ! mo/ "p by illicit #bif copy+4 ,? too wd n h be5 5 by xf1 ! ,c|rt add$1 b _h to 2 se5 9 ! 3text (! :ole record (! case4 ,let me 2 cle>4 ,i wept no te>s = ,nap/]1 ,grok/]1 & _! ilk4 ,i see no hi<.-m9d$ pr9ciple v9dicat$ by middle.-class kids gett+ access to music !y d n want to pay =4 ,x is difficult to take s]i|sly ! sanctimoni|s pre5+ ( ~? :o ca/ ea* junior d[nload] ( corporate rock z a ,*~/e ,guev>a1 fid to take s]i|sly ! record 9du/ry executives :o morali/ically d5|nce ! d[nload+ 9 ! "n (! poor1 suff]+ >ti/s1 :5 !y preside ov] a sy/em ( 3tracts ) ~? same >ti/s t makes feudal 9d5ture look 2nign4"> ,! file %>+ companies !mvs 7 al pretty unappeal+4 #big ,_m (! s]vices 7 bloat$ ) adw>e & spyw>e4 ,true1 "s ( _! s(tw>e 5g9e]s />t$ )a dewy.-ey$ 2lief t ? 0 a revolu;n>y te*nology t wd break ! record companies & u%] 9 a new ]a ( musical creativ;y4 ,:e!r "o agrees or 4agrees ) !m1 x is h>d'\x2014'= me at lea/'\x2014'to d|bt _! s9c];y4 ,b ev5 ? qual;y did n la/ l;g4 ,= mo/ (! p 9volv$1 ! ~ws 8/ock op;ns0 "w$ _! normal1 morally debilitat+ magic4 ,9 9t]nal company correspond;e1 attacks on ! hypocrisy (! music companies & def5ses (a democratic communica;ns /ructure imp]ceptibly gave way to 4cus.ns ( 8cu/om] base10 8us] exp]i;e10 & 8saleable demographics40 ,i c>e ll t ,nap/] & ,grok/]'\x2014'z 9dividual companies'\x2014'lo/ #bih _! specific legal battles4 ,"! >e few h]oes 9 ? /ory4 ,b if we _h to rely on h]oes1 no?+ wd "e get d"o4 ,i d c>e ab ! te*nology 2h ,nap/] & ,grok/]'\x2014'ab ! k9d ( dec5traliz$ sy/em x repres5ts4 ,i al c>e ab ! pr9ciple ,i id5tifi$ z ! ,sony ,axiom'\x2014'a pr9ciple t goes f> 2y music1 pe]to.- pe] sy/ems1 or ! ,9t]net z a :ole4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt's deci.n 9 ,grok/] cd h be5 m* worse4 ,b x / (f]s a mode/ ?reat bo? to t te*nology & to t axiom4 ,:at is s grt ab pe]-to.-pe] sy/ems8 ,we talk ab 8*eap spee*0 on ! ,9t]net1 b b&wid? is actually exp5sive4 ,if "o is talk+ ab music or video files1 & "o wi%es to speak to _m p 9 a %ort p]iod ( "t1 "o vital way to h #bii *eap spee* is ov] pe]-to.-pe] net"ws4 ,if _m ( yr view]s or li/5]s >e will+ to 2come broadca/+ /a;ns z !y wat*1 y c *eaply rea* a million p 9 a %ort p]iod ( "t ) yr video ( abuse 9 ,abu ,ody ( political lead]s4 ,y d n ne$ to rely on a broadca/+ /a;n1 or ev5 on ! 3t9u$ exi/;e ( 5tities s* z ,y|,tube1 : face _! [n legal worries4 ,by mak+ yr li/5]s yr 4tributors1 y c qkly rea* ! same numb] ( e>s t ! payola.-soak$ radio waves all[ ! record companies to rea*4 ,"o ne$ n *e] ,grok/]4 ,m* ( :at w5t on "! 0 9de$ illicit4 ,b "! >e two key ?+s to "u/& ab pe]-to.-pe] net"ws4 ,! f/ is t !y >e h>d to police4 ,!y h multiple nodes4 ,t is :y !y "w4 ,x means !y w h bo? 9fr++ & non9fr++ uses1 &! #cjj non9fr++ uses w 2 c5trally 3nect$ to |r deepe/ values ( free spee* & cultural dec5traliza;n4 ,! second feature ( pe]-to.-pe] net"ws is ev5 m basic4 ,!y >e net"ws & ?us subject to ! laws ( net"w economics4 ,9 %ort1 !y only "w well if _m p use !m4 ,a p]son :o uses a pe]-to.-pe] sy/em t no "o else uses is 9 ! posi;n (! p]son :o [ns ! only fax ma*9e 9 ! _w4 ,pe]-to.-pe] net"ws provide *eap & unregulable audiovisual or data.-heavy 8spee*0 to a mass audi;e4 ,& if ! pa/ is any guide1 ~? net"ws w al c>ry l>ge am.ts ( illicit mat]ial1 j z photocopy+ ma*9es "<& ,,vcrs"> >e widely us$ to violate copy"r4 ,! ,grok/] case makes x h>d]1 b n impossible1 to h success;l1 widely us$ #cja pe]-to.-pe] sy/ems t >e n !mvs illicit4 ,if !y >e widely us$1 "! w 2 9fr++ 3t5t4 ,if y try to police !m & filt] !m1 y w "k m ab t 9fr++ 3t5t & ?us mie n 8.-/]10 ,i am h>d.-press$ to advise y4 ,a deci.n does n ne$ to make an activ;y illegal 9 ord] to imp$e x4 ,x only ne$s to make x unc]ta94 ,alr1 = example1 ! free'\x2014'& s f> z ,i cd tell1 5tirely well.-mean+'\x2014's]vice 8bonpoo10 : all[$ y to s5d l>ge file atta*;ts to #cjb _m p at once1 has %ut d[n all ( xs capabilities except photo transf]4 ,t is simply "o trivial 9/.e (a l>g] h>m4 ,lots ( new communica;ns te*nologies w rema9 undevelop$ 2c (! unc]ta9ties left by ? rul+4 ,my colleague ,j5nif] ,j5k9s gave "o use;l hyp]bolic illu/ra;n1 draw+ on e>li] "w by ! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f.da;n3 if "o 7 laun*+ ! i,pod td1 x is n cle> h[ x wd f>e "u ,grok/] ,8s /&>d4 ,( c|rse1 "! is no dang] t ! i,pod w 2 *all5g$4 ,x has 2come respectable &! music companies 5d$ up sanc;n+ x4 ,b h[ does x f>e if we simply apply ! te/s laid d[n 9 ! ,grok/] case8 ,"! is ,apple's 8ta9t$0 adv]tis+ campaign1 urg+ us]s to 8,rip1 #cjc ,mix1 & ,burn40 ,does ? n sugge/ complic;y1 or ev5 9t5t8 ,"! is ! fact t ! i,pod does n re/rict xf solely to propriet>y =mats protect$ by digital "rs manage;t4 ,x al all[s uncontroll$ ,,mp#c files despite ! fact t ? =mat is 8notori|sly0 us$ to transf] files ag/ ! wi%es (! copy"r [n]4 ,?1 surely1 is a 8failure to police40 ,& f9ally1 "! is ! fact t x wd co/ ab `s#aj1#jjj to fill an i,pod ) s;gs d[nload$ f i,tunes4 ,cle>ly ,apple m/ 2 aw>e t m* (! music t fills i,pods is illicitly copi$4 ,!y >e pr(it+ f t fact to drive dem& =! product1 j z ,grok/] 0 pr(it+ f ! attrac;ns ( illicit traffic to drive p to use _! s]vice6 ,no "o is go+ to sue ,apple n[1 ( c|rse4 ,9 fact1 e/abli%$ play]s 9 ! m>ketplace >e #cjd probably fairly safe "<& h bett] lawy]s">4 ,b :at if a product z gd z ! i,pod 7 2+ develop$ n[ by "s up/>t company8 ,:at if x 7 no m & no less likely to 2 us$ = 9fr++ purposes8 ,wd ! busi;s plan "e see ! li too well 5tr5*$4 ,b ! deci.n w mean t "! >e few] ( !m t >e widely us$1 easy to op]ate1 & made by responsible & #cje reputable p y c tru/4 ,? w probably less51 b n 5d1 illicit copy+ onl9e4 ,b t effect comes )a price'\x2014'x makes |r communica;ns >*itecture a ll bit m tie 5tirely |tside c5traliz$ public or private 3trol4 ,x is ano!r'\x2014'relatively small'\x2014'/ep t[>d an ,9t]net t is m l cable ,,tv or i,tunes1 a "o.-way fl[ ( approv$ 3t5t4 ,"o mii|s 9fr+e;t4 ,n"o4 ,! pat5t /atute has s* a provi.n2 n ! ,copy"r #cjf ,act4 ,! c|rts h simply made ! s*eme up !mvs4 ,!n !y made up limita;ns'\x2014's* z ,sony '\x2014'9 ord] to re9 x in4 ,9 ,grok/] 1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt w5t fur!r4 ,x made up a new type ( 89duce;t0 liabil;y4 ,f9e4 ,z ,i h tri$ to 9dicate "h1 ! deci.n is n z dread;l z x is reput$ to be4 ,b s l;g z "! is any unregulat$ space 9 |r communica;ns net"w1 "s por;n ( x w h illicitly copi$ 3t5t on x4 ,! m ! sy/em is free ( c5tral 3trol1 ! m x is op5 to use by any citiz51 ! *eap] x gets'\x2014'all v desirable "*i/ics'\x2014'! m illicit 3t5t "! w be4 ,t is ! premise (! ,9t]net ,?reat'\x2014'! 2lief t 3trol m/ rise z copy+ co/s fall4 ,i h tri$ "h to sugge/ an alt]native #cjg 9t]preta;n1 ! ,sony ,axiom3 )|t a /r;g 9t]nal set ( limita;ns ov] copy"r1 *eap] copy+ &! logic (! ,9t]net ,?reat w alw drive u t[>d giv+ 3trol ov] |r communica;ns >*itecture to ! 3t5t 9du/ries4 ,"! 0 "o "picul>ly /rik+ mo;t 9 ! ,nap/] oral >gu;t4 ,! lawy] =! record+ companies 0 >gu+ t ,nap/] 0 illegal4 ,! judges 9t]rupt$1 z !y (t5 d1 & "! 0 a back.-&.-=? debate ab ! likely rea* ( any rul+ t wd %ut d[n ,nap/]4 8,i am n try+ to say ! ,9t]net is illegal10 sd ! lawy]4 ,"! 0 a pause z "ey"o wei<$ ~? ~ws c>e;lly4 ,my response wd 2 8,really8 ,:y n80 ,! logic (! ,9t]net ,?reat leads to ! posi;n t a net"w is ei 3troll$ or illegal4 #cjh ,! bett] & *eap] ! net"w1 ! titicle1 ,saltz]1 ,re$1 & ,cl>k provid$ ! >gu;t t an 85d-to.-5d0 net"w t is 8dumb0 & leaves process+ to ! 85ds0'\x2014'! sm>t t]m9als at ei 5d (! wires'\x2014'w 2 /able & robu/4 ,b x w al 2 rem>kably uncontroll$ & x w l[] global copy+ co/s #cji close to z]o = digital 3t5t4 ,x is t pr9ciple t has made x success;l4 ,to put x t]sely3 ! logic (! ,9t]net ,?reat runs 9 exactly ! opposite direc;n to ! ,9t]net xf4 ,! logic ( 3trol is n ! logic (! ,net4 ,"h is "o la/ ?"| exp]i;t4 ,apply ! same te/ ,i sugge/$ =! i,pod to ! ,9t]net xf4 ,imag9e y knew no?+ (! ,net4 "<,~? ( y :o >e ov] tw5ty.-five may actually 2 able to rememb] :5 y knew no?+ (! ,net4"> ,imag9e t y >e sitt+ 9 a room "s": 4cuss+'\x2014'p]h )a gr|p ( gov]n;t bureaucrats or "s policy analy/s f ! ,comm]ce ,de"p;t'\x2014':e!r to develop ? "picul> net"w4 ,! sci5ti/s >e 5?usia/ic4 ,!y talk ( robu/;s & dumb net"ws ) sm>t t]m9als4 ,!y talk ( ,,tcp_/,,ip & ,,html & dec5traliz$ sy/ems t #caj run on op5 protocols1 s t any"o c 3nect to ? net"w & use x any way !y want to4 ,y1 ( c|rse1 "k no?+ ab ! truly a/.d+ |tbur/ ( creativ;y & communica;n t wd actually fl[] on s* a sy/em1 t wd fl[] precisely 2c x is s op5 & no "o c.try or company 3trols x or ! protocols t run x4 ,y d n "k t millions ( p _wwide w assemble ! grte/ factual ref];e "w ! _w has "e se5 on ? net"w'\x2014'(t5 provid+ _! 9=ma;n = free | ( "s biz>re love ( %>+4 ,y d n "k ab amazon.com or hotornot.com or ! newspap]s (! _w onl9e1 or se>* 5g9es1 automatic page transla;n1 plug.-9s1 or br[s]s4 ,y _c imag9e free or op5.-s|rce s(tw>e 2+ assembl$ by ?|s&s ( programm]s _wwide4 ;,e.-mail is only a dimly "u/ood ph5om5on to y4 ,te5ag]s 9 yr _w h #caa n"e he>d ( 9/ant messag+'\x2014'a no/algic ?"|4 ,z ! sci5ti/s talk1 x 2comes cle> t !y >e describ+ a sy/em )|t c5traliz$ direc;n or polic+4 ,imag9e t yr deci.n is fram$ by ! logic ( 3trol ,i h describ$ 9 ? *apt]1 by ! fe>s t ! 3t5t 9du/ry has _h = at lea/ ! la/ ?irty ye>s'\x2014'by ! logic (! suit !y br"| 9 ,sony 4 ,imag9e1 9 o!r ~ws1 t we make ! up.-or.-d[n deci.n to develop ! ,9t]net bas$ on ! values & fe>s t |r copy"r policy n[ exhibits1 & t ! 3t5t 9du/ries h exhibit$ = ?irty ye>s4 ,"! is no way1 no way at all1 t a net"w l x wd "e 2 develop$4 ,x wd 2 /rangl$ at bir?4 ,y wd 2 told by ! lawy]s & policy wonks t x wd 2 a hav5 = piracy & #cab illegal;y4 "<,& x wd be1 ( c|rse'\x2014'?|< x wd al 2 m*1 m* m4"> ,y wd 2 told t ! sy/em ne$$ to 2 design$ to 2 safe = comm]ce or x wd n"e attract 9ve/;t1 t x wd ne$ to 2 3troll$ & c5traliz$ = x to 2 reliable1 t x wd ne$ to 2 monitor$ to /op x 2+ a hotb$ ( crime4 ,)! copy"r lawy]s 9 ! room1 y wd 5d up design+ "s?+ t look$ l cable ,,tv or ,m9itel4 ,! ,9t]net wd n"e get (f ! gr.d4 ,! ,9t]net is safe n[1 ( c|rse1 2c x develop$ s fa/ t x 0 a real;y 2f p _h "t to 2 afraid ( x4 ,b x %d give u pause t if we _h |r curr5t guid+ set ( policy goals 9 place1 |r assump;n t *eap] copy+ means we ne$ grt] regula;n1 we wd n"e h all[$ x to fl|ri%4 ,z ,jessica ,litman po9ts |1 we >e 9creas+ly mak+ |r deci.ns ab te*nology & communica;ns policy 9side copy"r #cac law4 ,we >e do+ s ac to ! logic ( 3trol t ,i h sket*$ | 9 ? *apt]4 ,b ! logic ( 3trol is a "pial logic4 ,x bls u to c]ta9 possibilities1 "os t h huge & prov5 pot5tial'\x2014'look at ! ,9t]net4 ,! law has n be5 5tirely "o.-sid$1 h["e4 ,! ,sony case drew a l9e 9 ! s& : promis$ to halt ! 9evitable drift t[>d grt] & grt] 3trol ov] communica;ns te*nology by 3t5t [n]s4 ,x turn$ | ! heav5s did n fall4 ,9de$1 ! 3t5t companies ?riv$4 ,p]h t l9e 0 drawn 9 ! wr;g place2 reasonable p c 4agree ab t4 ,b ,grok/] smudges ! l9e )|t draw+ a cle> new "o4 ,if t new l9e is drawn ac to ! logic ( 3trol1 :at te*nologies w we n"e see8 ,cd !y 2 te*nologies t wd #cad trans=m |r lives z unimag9ably z ! ,9t]net has s9ce #aiie8 ,i h describ$ ! /ory l9e'\x2014'! clu/] ( metaphors & images & 3c]ns'\x2014't p]vades |r copy"r policy4 ,i label$ x 8! ,9t]net ,?reat40 ,9 ! next *apt]1 ,i 4cuss an alt]native /ory l9e1 a diff]5t way ( "u/&+ |r curr5t policies4 ,! subject ( t /ory l9e is ! be/.-"kn example ( 3tempor>y attempts to 3trol ! digital _w1 ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act or ,,dmca4 ,fur!r ,read+ ,! f/ book to read on ! hi/ory (! t5.n 2t copy+ te*nologies &! law t regulates !m is ,paul ,gold/e9's ef=t.sly ]udite ,copy"r's ,hi4 ,gold/e9 & ,i diff] "s:at 9 |r optimism ab curr5t regulatory develop;ts b 8 "w is an 9disp5sable 2g9n+ =! 9quiry &a pleasure to read4 ,"o fasc9at+ !me 9 ! book is t ! 9tellectual t5.n 2t maximali/s & m9imali/s " is actually a funda;tal "p ( copy"r law's survival /rategy'\x2014'xs dialectical me?od ( deal+ ) te*nological *ange4 ,if s1 9 ? book ,i am /ruggl+ gamely to d my "p by hold+ up my side (! dialectic4 ,x does n seem to 2 w9n+ m* rec5tly4 ,p]h copy"r's ,hegel is asleep4 ,m* ( ? *apt] 3c]ns xf ) copy"r's response to ! ,9t]net4 ,no book comes close to lay+ ? | z #caf well z ,jessica ,litman's ,digital ,copy"r3 ,protect+ ,9tellectual ,prop]ty on ! ,9t]net "<,amh]/1 ,n4,y43 ,prome!us ,books1 #bjja">4 ,litman is a beauti;l essayi/ & ? book is bo? accessible & detail$4 ,~? read]s :o >e 9t]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( t dy+ te*nology1 ! ,,vcr1 w f9d a brilliant acc.t 9 ,james ,l>dn]1 ,fa/ ,=w>d3 ,hollywood1 ! ,japanese `& ! ,,vcr ,w>s "<,new ,york3 ,norton1 #aihg">4 ,"o ne$s only to scan xs pages to pick up ! e]ie =e%ad[+ (! ,9t]net ,?reat4 ,litman's >ticle on ! ,sony case provides a detail$ legal hi/ory to back up ,ladn]'s social hi/ory4 ,jessica ,litman1 8,! ,sony ,p>adox10 ,case ,we/]n ,res]ve ,law ,review #ee "<#bjje">3 #iag"-#ifb4 ,pamela ,samuelson has a f9e >ticle explor+ ! #cag jurisprud5tial impact ( ,sony's reason+4 ,pamela ,samuelson1 8,! ,g5]ativ;y ( ,sony v4 ,univ]sal3 ,! ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,legacy ( ,ju/ice ,/ev5s10 ,=dham ,law ,review #gd "<#bjjf">3 #ahca"-#ahgf4 ,! s*ol>ly lit]ature on ,nap/]1 copy"r1 & pe]-to.-pe] te*nologies g5]ally is bo? wide & deep4 ,9 addi;n to ,litman's book1 "s p]sonal favorites 9clude3 ,raymond ,%ih ,ray ,ku1 8,! ,creative ,de/ruc;n ( ,copy"r3 ,nap/] &! ,new ,economics ( ,digital ,te*nology10 ,univ]s;y ( ,*icago ,law ,review #fi "<#bjjb">3 #bfc"-#cbd2 ,m>k ,a4 ,lemley & ,r4 ,an?ony ,reese1 8,r$uc+ ,digital ,copy"r ,9fr+e;t ,)|t ,re/rict+ ,9nova;n10 ,/an=d ,law ,review #ef "<#bjjc"-#bjjd">3 #cah #acde"-#adcd2 ,jane ,c4 ,g9sburg1 8,sep>at+ ! ,sony ,%eep ,f ! ,grok/] ,goats3 ,reckon+ ! ,future ,busi;s ,plans ( ,copy"r.-,dep5d5t ,te*nology ,5trepr5eurs10 ,univ]s;y ( ,>izona ,law ,review #ej "<#bjjh">3 #egg"-#fji2 ,ju/9 ,hudozo ,>ts & ,5t]ta9;t ,law ,j|rnal #bb "<#bjje">3 #gbe"-#gff2 ,d|glas ,li*tman & ,william ,l&es1 8,9direct ,liabil;y = ,copy"r ,9fr+e;t3 ,an ,economic ,p]spective10 ,h>v>d ,j|rnal ( ,law & ,te*nology #af "<#bjjc">3 #cie"-#daj2 & ,glynn ,s4 ,lunney1 ,jr41 8,fair ,use & ,m>ket ,failure3 ,sony ,revisit$10 ,bo/on ,univ]s;y ,law ,review #hb "<#bjjb">3 #ige"-#ajcj4 ,9 addi;n to ~! >ticles1 a numb] h #cai focus$ specifically on alt]native me?ods ( 5c|rag+ cultural produc;n :ile maximiz+ te*nological & cultural fre$om4 ,two t h prof.dly 9flu;ed my [n ?9k+ >e ,neil ,we9/ock ,netanel1 8,impose a ,noncomm]cial ,use ,levy to ,all[ ,free ,pe]-to.-,pe] ,file ,%>+10 ,h>v>d ,j|rnal ( ,law & ,te*nology #ag "<#bjjc">3 #a"-#hd2 & ,william ,fi%]1 ,promises to ,keep3 ,te*nology1 ,law1 &! ,future ( ,5t]ta9;t "<,palo ,alto1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjd">4 ,fi%]1 ~: pres5ta;ns & >ticles reveal a ca!dral.-l 3ceptual /ructure t wd h deligues p[];lly t a sy/em ( levies on broadb& te*nology1 4tribut$ 9 propor;n to ! popul>;y (! music d[nload$ cd all[ u to p]mit 8free0 access to music :ile / comp5sat+ #cbj musicians4 ,8 responses to ! problems ( measure;t1 gam+ (! sy/em1 privacy1 & s on w n 3v9ce "ey"o b !y repres5t by f> ! mo/ sy/ematic treat;t (! subject4 ,*apt] #e ,! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale3 an ,allegory ,imag9e t a bu/l+ gr|p ( coloni/s has j mov$ 9to a new >ea1 a huge1 unexplor$ pla94 "<,ag1 assume ! native 9habitants h 3v5i5tly 4appe>$4"> ,"s (! coloni/s want to f>m j z !y alw did 9 ! old c.try4 8,gd f;es make gd nei.d !m1 dcl t ? new l& ne$s new ways4 ,!y want to let _! cattle roam z !y w2 _! slogan is 8,protect ! op5 range40 ,9 practice1 ! ev5tual result is a mixture (! two regimes4 ,fields "u cultiva;n c 2 wall$ #cba (f b "! is a "r ( passage "? ! f>m]s,0 l&s = all :o want x1 s l;g z no damage is d"o4 ,? means travel]s d n ne$ to make co/ly & 9effici5t det|rs >.d ea* f>m4 ,9 ! l;g run1 ~! 8public roads0 actually 9crease ! value (! private prop]ty "? : !y pass4 ,!y al let ! ran*]s move _! cattle >.d f "o >ea ( pa/ure to ano!r4 ,! ran*]s 2come /r;g propon5ts ( 8public1 op5 hikly t !y d v well | ( t rule">4 ,/1 mo/ p want op5 hie 9troduc$4 ,f/1 ! automobile is develop$4 ,n[ ?ieves c drive "? ! f>m]s,0 fields1 /op qkly to grab "s corn or a lettuce1 & 2 back on ! him]s,0 co/s h al fall5 dramatically2 #cbb n[ !y h tractors to "w _! fields & trucks to take _! products to 4tant m>kets4 ,! f>m]s d n dwell on ! b5efits (! new te*nology1 h["e4 ,"u/&ably1 !y focus m on ! pr(its !y cd reap if !y cd get all ! advantages (! te*nology & n"o ( xs co/s4 ,!y dem& new legal protec;ns aim$ at produc+ t result4 8,:at's gd = agriculture is gd =! na;n10 !y say4 ,b n[ comes ! second te*nological %ock'\x2014'! develop;t ( b>b$ wire4 ,! co/ ( ]ect+ impassable b>ri]s falls dramatically4 ,! f>m]s 2g9 to see ! possibil;y ( 5clos+ all ( _! l&1 roads & fields alike4 ,? w help !m protect _! crops f pilf]+1 b x w al all[ !m to *>ge p = op5+ ! gates 9 _! f;es'\x2014'ev5 ! gates on public roads4 ,t is a nice extra rev5ue /ream : w1 ! f>m]s say1 8help #cbc 5c|rage agriculture40 ,af all1 m f;es mean m m"oy = f>m]s1 & m m"oy = f>m]s means !y c 9ve/ 9 new me?ods ( f>m+1 : w mean "ey"o is bett] (f1 "r8 ,:at is to 2 d"o8 ,assume t ea* side pres5ts xs case to ! legislature4 ,"! >e ?ree obvi|s possibilities3 ,f/1 ! legislature c simply tell ea* side to "w x | am;g/ !mvs4 ,! law w 3t9ue to =bid trespass1 b we >e nei go+ to make x a crime to put up a b>b$ wire f;e if x blocks legitimate public "rs ( way nor to make x a crime to cut a b>b$ wire f;e1 un.s ! f;e cutt] is al a trespass]4 ,! f>m]s c attempt to 5close l& by putt+ b>b$ wire >.d x4 ,ran*]s & driv]s c legally cut ~? f;es :5 !y >e block+ public "rs ( way4 ,trespass rema9s trespass1 no?+ m4 ,second1 ! #cbd legislature cd he$ ! ran*]s,0 fe>s t b>b$ wire w p]mit ! f>m]s n only to protect _! [n l&1 b to rob ! public ( xs exi/+ "rs ( way1 turn+ op5 hie m 3c]n$ )! "rs ( cattle ?an p1 b mo/ driv]s agree ) !m4"> ,z a result1 ! /ate cd =bid ! ]ec;n (a b>b$ wire f;e ": x mim]s,0 side4 ,!oriz+ t ? new automobile te*nology pres5ts 8a t]rible ?reat to agriculture1 2c ( rampant crop piracy10 ! /ate cd g 2y ! exi/+ law ( trespass & make x a crime to cut b>b$ wire f;es :]"e y f9d !m "e 5clos+ public l&s z well z private1 or block+ public roads">4 ,to back up xs comm&1 x cd get 9to ! te*nology #cbe regula;n busi;s'\x2014'mak+ ! manufacture or posses.n ( wire cutt]s illegal4 ,! /ate picks op;n ?ree4 ,wire cutt+ 2comes a crime1 wire cutt]s >e class$ ) lock picks & o!r 8crim9als,0 tools10 &! p :o make wire cutt]s >e told _! busi;s is illegal4 ,a /orm ( prote/ >ises 9 ! rural driv+ commun;y4 ,! wire cutt] manufactur]s claim t _! products h lots ( legitimate uses4 ,all to no avail3 ! f>m]s press on4 ,!y h two new dem&s4 ,c>s %d 2 fitt$ ) m&atory radio beacons & hi trunks %d 2 r$esign$ s !y c hold less'\x2014'j 9 case ! [n] plans to load !m up ) purlo9$ produce4 ,civil lib]t>ians unite ) c> manufactur]s to attack ! plan4 ,! f>m]s dcl t #cbf ! c> manufactur]s >e only 9t]e/$ 9 mak+ m"oy f pot5tial ?ieves & t ! civil lib]t>ians >e ,n]v|s ,nellies3 no "o has any?+ to fe> except ! crim9als4 8,:at's gd = agriculture is gd =! na;n10 !y ann|nce ag4 ,z ! b>b$ wire gates sw+ %ut acr ! hianoia & ,real;y3 ,! ,,dmca ,i h >gu$ t 3fus+ 9tellectual prop]ty ) physical prop]ty is dang]|s4 ,i /& by t >gu;t4 ,yet analogies to physical prop]ty >e p[];l4 ,x is 9evitable t we attempt to expla9 new ph5om5a by comp>+ !m to mat]ial ) : we >e m famili>4 ,:ile ! 3t5t companies,0 tales ( 8!ft0 & 8piracy0 >e ! mo/ #cbg preval5t1 !y >e by no means ! only s* analogy "o c make4 ,9 ? *apt] ,i try to prove t po9t4 ,! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale is my allegorical attempt to expla9 ! /ruggle ov] ! s+le mo/ 3trov]sial piece ( 9tellectual prop]ty legisla;n 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act1 or ,,dmca4 ,! ,,dmca did _m ?+s1 b = |r purposes xs crucial provi.ns >e ~? =bidd+ ! 8circumv5;n ( copy"r protec;n sy/ems10 ! te*nological measures t copy"r hold]s c use to d5y access to _! "ws or 3trol |r 2havior once we get access4 ,~! measures 9clude 5cryp;n1 3trols on h[ _m "ts a file c 2 copi$1 pass~w protec;n1 & s on4 ,copy"r protec;n sy/ems >e1 9 o!r ~ws1 ! digital equival5t ( b>b$ wire1 us$ to add an #cbh addi;nal lay] ( 8physical0 protec;n to ! prop]ty [n]'s exi/+ legal protec;n4 ,b1 unlike b>b$ wire1 !y c al 3trol :at we d once we get access to ! prop]ty4 ,! rules t =bid circumv5;n ( ~! sy/ems >e logically1 if n elegantly1 ref]r$ to z ! anticircumv5;n provi.ns4 ,!y >e to 2 f.d 9 ,sec;n #abja (! ,copy"r ,act1 an unga9ly & lumpily writt5 por;n (! law t 0 9s]t$ 9 #aiih z "p (! complex set ( am5d;ts collectively ref]r$ to z ! ,,dmca4 ,i w expla9 ! signific.e ( ~! rules 9 a mo;t4 ,my hope is t ! analogy to ! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale w make !m a ll easi] to "u/&'\x2014'at lea/ = ~? ( y = :om talk ( digital "rs manage;t1 anticircumv5;n provi.ns1 & net"w effects is n second nature4 ,notice ! diff];es 2t ? allegory &! 8,9t]net #cbi ,?reat0 /ory l9e ,i describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,"! >e two sets ( bad guys 9 ! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale4 ,! gre$y ?ieves "<:o >e / ?ieves 9 ? /ory'\x2014'n h]oes"> &! gre$y f>m]s :o use a g5u9e if 9def9ite 8?reat0 pos$ by a new te*nology to mask a p[] grab4 ,! ,9t]net ,?reat is ! /ory ( an 9du/ry deva/at$ by piracy1 9 desp]ate ne$ ( help f ! /ate to protect xs legitimate prop]ty 9t]e/s4 ,by 3tra/1 ! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale is ! /ory (a self.-9t]e/$ attempt n only to protect prop]ty b to cut (f recogniz$ "rs ( public access 9 a way t w actually make ! :ole society worse (f4 ,! legitimate role (! /ate 9 protect+ private prop]ty has be5 /ret*$ 9to an attempt to regulate te*nology s z to pick w9n]s 9 ! m>ketplace1 5ri*+ ! f>m]s at ! exp5se ( #ccj 3sum]s & o!r busi;ses4 ,9 ! l;g run ? w n 2 gd = busi;s z a :ole4 ,a pat*"w ( private toll roads is an economic nie4 ,t is n ! mo/ worry+ "p (! /ory3 ! f>m]s,0 proposals >e mov+ 9 ! direc;n ( regulat+ / m te*nology'\x2014'! m&atory radio beacons & 3/antly monitor$ roads 3jure up a police /ate'\x2014'& all to protect a bun* ( hy/]ical vegetable gr[]s ~: political cl|t f> |tweim]s,0 ,tale >e1 ( c|rse1 ways to "u/& :at is curr5tly go+ on 9 ! 9tellectual prop]ty w>s4 ,9 ! digital realm1 ! "p (! f>m]s is play$ by ! 3t5t companies1 ! record+ 9du/ry associa;ns1 ! movie & s(tw>e trade gr|ps4 ,po9t+ to ! ?reat ( digital piracy1 !y dem&$ & rcvd extra legal protec;n #cca = _! copy"r$ 3t5t4 ,unlike e>li] expan.ns'\x2014'l;g] copy"r t]ms1 m /r+5t p5alties1 ! %r9k+ ( excep;ns & limita;ns1 expan.ns 9 copy"rable subject matt]'\x2014'? 0 n a protec;n (! "w xf2 x 0 a protec;n (! digital f;es wrapp$ >.d x1 &a regula;n (! te*nology t mi & precisely calibrat$ way4 ,imag9e 2+ able to sell a pap]back book t cd only 2 read by ! orig9al pur*as] or a s;g t cd only 2 li/5$ to by a "picul> p]son 9 a "picul> room4 ,digital "rs manage;t te*nology makes x a lot easi] to d ~! ?+s4 ,sudd5ly ! copy"r [n]s h #ccb 3sid]able physical 3trol ov] _! s;gs1 ;e.-books1 & s(tw>e1 ev5 af !y h sold !m4 ,x is z if ! record+ 9du/ry or ! publi%]s _h a repres5tative 9 yr liv+ room4 ,!y c use t 3trol n m]ely to prev5t illicit copy+ b to 3trol & limit usage 9 ways t g f> 2y _! exclusive "rs "u copy"r4 ,all ( ? happ5s )|t ! law or ! /ate do+ any?+4 ,l b>b$ wire1 ? is a te*nological protec;n measure4 ,l ! f>m]s1 ! 3t5t companies 7 n 3t5t ) _! b>b$ wire al"o4 ,!y want$ legally protect$ b>b$ wire 9 addi;n to _! exi/+ legal "rs "u copy"r4 ,"u ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act1 x 2came illegal to circumv5t a te*nical protec;n measure s* z 5cryp;n'\x2014'! digital b>b$ wire 2h : 3t5t #ccc companies secrete _! "w'\x2014'ev5 if :at y did )! 3t5t :5 y got pa/ ! b>b$ wire 0 a fair use2 exc]pt+ a frag;t (a film =a s*ool pres5ta;n1 = example1 or mak+ a copy ( an 5crypt$ audio file = p]sonal use 9 ano!r device4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 by us+ digital b>b$ wire1 ! 3t5t companies cd prev5t citiz5s f mak+ ! 8fair uses0 ! copy"r law all[$4 ,? "um9es "s (! limita;ns on _! exclusive "rs t ! ,copy"r ,act explicitly c>ves | 9 ,sec;n #ajg1 & ?us %ifts ! bal.e ( p[] t ! ,copy"r ,act e/abli%es4 ,cutt+ b>b$ wire 2came a civil wr;g1 & p]h a crime1 ev5 if ! wire block$ a public road4 ,"u mo/ circum/.es1 mak+ wire cutt]s 0 al n[ ag/ ! law4 ,! ran*]s'\x2014'~: digital equival5ts >e communica;ns companies & h>dw>e #ccd manufactur]s'\x2014'*af$ "u ~! new rules4 ,! mo/ p[];l gr|ps manag$ to get special 4p5sa;ns4 ,9t]net s]vice provid]s1 = example1 got a qualifi$ immun;y f copy"r 9fr+e;t t occurs ov] _! net"ws4 ,b ord9>y citiz5s1 libr>ians1 & civil lib]t>ians al compla9$1 & !y 7 n z well repres5t$ 9 ! legislature4 ,x is true t ! new rules may help to prev5t illicit copy+1 b !y al /rike a bl[ ag/ ! ex]cise ( fair use "rs'\x2014'"rs t >e important bo? to free spee* & competi;n4 ,ev5 if ! 3t5t companies 7 absolutely "r ab ! ?reats f digital piracy1 ? 3sequ;e %d make u pause4 ,b critics (! ,,dmca say t "! is ll evid;e t ! 3t5t companies >e "r4 ,!y quote "s (! empirical /udies ,i m5;n$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 "picul>ly ! "os t %[ no net negative effect f #cce unau?oriz$ music d[nload+ on ;,,cd sales4 ,!y claim'\x2014'& !y >e on /r;g gr.d "h'\x2014't ev5 if "! >e "s losses f ! new copy+ te*nologies1 "! >e al b5efits4 ,l ! f>m]s1 ! critics wd >gue1 ! 3t5t companies take ! b5efits (! new te*nology = grant$1 b wi% ! law to /ep 9 to ameliorate ! h>ms x al creates4 ,& l ! f>m]s1 !y >e n yet satisfi$4 ,_! new proposals g ev5 fur!r'\x2014'sc>ily fur!r4 ,?us runs ! critics,0 >gu;t4 ,! critics (! ,,dmca 3jure up a _w 9 : x w 2 illegal to l5d ea* o!r books or s;gs1 ": x w 2 impossible = u to copy ev5 small frag;ts ( digital "w = criticism or p>ody1 ": 5cryp;n rese>* w 2 sev]ely 8*ill$10 & ": l>ge quantities (! public doma9 w 2 5clos$ tgr )! copy"r$ 3t5t t ! ,,dmca is suppos$ #ccf to protect4 "<,! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f.da;n's 8,un9t5d$ ,3sequ;es0 /udies give 3crete examples4"> ,!y ?9k ! ,,dmca undoes ! bal.e at ! he>t ( copy"r law1 t x c 2 us$ to 5tr5* exi/+ busi;ses & _! busi;s me?ods1 t x ?reat5s spee*1 competi;n1 privacy1 & 9nova;n xf4 ,9 %ort1 !y ?9k ! ,,dmca is ! wor/ 9tellectual prop]ty law ,3gress has "e pass$ & view ! adop;n ( simil> laws >.d ! _w )a reac;n ll %ort ( horror4 ,~? :o support$ ! ,,dmca 4agree1 ( c|rse1 & d s h"o/ly4 ,!y see rampant piracy z a real;y &! ?reat to fair use z "s k9d ( academic hypo!tical r>ely 5c.t]$ 9 real;y4 ,:at's m1 _m ( !m d n ?9k fair use is t important economically or culturally4 ,if #ccg m>kets "w well1 us]s cd 2 made to pay =! "rs t fair use gives'\x2014'b only if !y want$ !m4 ,"o cd buy exp5sive digital books : "o 0 all[$ to %>e1 quote1 or copy = classroom use1 & *eap] "os : "o _h to keep to "of4 ,rememb] t = _m (! p :o support$ ! ,,dmca1 fair use is "s?+ (a 8loophole02 c]ta9ly n an affirmative "r (! public or a res]v$ limita;n on ! orig9al prop]ty grant f ! /ate4 "<,rememb] ! ,sony ,axiom f ,*apt] #d8"> ,!y f9d ! analogy ( fair use to a public road ludicr|s4 ,? film1 or book1 or s;g1 is m9e 2 any?+ y d ) x1 or to x1 y d at my suff].e4 "<,rememb] ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ f ,*apt] #b8"> ,h[ has ! ,,dmca "w$ 9 real;y8 ,: gr|p's attitudes 7 v9dicat$8 ,two case #cch /udies may help u to answ] ~! "q4 ,9fecti|s ,spee*3 ,! ,,dmca & ,fre$om ( ,expres.n ,jon ,johans51 a #af.-ye>.-old ,norwegian1 0 ! unwitt+ cataly/ = "o (! mo/ important cases 9t]pret+ ! ,,dmca4 ,he & two anonym|s help]s wrote a program call$ ,de,,css4 ,dep5d+ on :om y li/5 to1 ,de,,css is describ$ ei z a way ( all[+ p :o use ,l9ux or o!r op5 s|rce op]at+ sy/ems to play ,,dvds on _! comput]s1 or z a tool = piracy t ?reat5$ ! 5tire movie 9du/ry & violat$ ! ,,dmca4 ,a ll backgr.d is 9 ord]4 ,:5 y play a comm]cial ,,dvd1 yr ac;ns >e "ply 3troll$ by a simple 5cryp;n s*eme call$ ,,css1 or ! ,3t5t ,scramble ,sy/em4 ,! ,,dvd ,copy ,3trol ,associa;n lic5ses ! #cci keys to ? 5cryp;n sy/em to ! manufactur]s ( ,,dvd play]s4 ,)|t a key1 mo/ ,,dvds cd n 2 play$4 ,! manufactur] !n emb$s ? key 9 xs h>dw>e design 9 s* a way t x is easy = yr play] to decode & play ! movie b h>d1 at lea/ =a p]son ( av]age te*nical compet;e1 to copy ! decod$ 8/ream40 ,2c ! ,,dvd ,copy ,3trol ,associa;n w only lic5se keys to manufactur]s ~: ,,dvd play]s 3=m exactly to _! specifica;ns1 ! ,,css s*eme c al 2 us$ to 3trol view]s 9 o!r ways4 ,= example1 ,,dvd play]s >e requir$ to h "o ( six 8region codes10 dep5d+ on ": 9 ! _w !y >e sold4 ,region #a is ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,region #b is ,japan1 ,europe1 ,s|? ,africa1 ! ,middle ,ea/1 &'\x2014'biz>rely'\x2014',g- re5l&4 ,region #c is #cdj ,s|? ,korea1 ,taiwan1 & ,h;g ,k;g2 & s on4 ,! ,,css s*eme c 2 us$ to re/rict a movie to a play] )! appropriate region code4 ,if y try to play a movie cod$ = region #f "<,*9a"> 9 a ,,dvd play] f region #a1 x w n play4 ,? all[s filmmak]s to 4tribute diff]5t v].ns ( films to diff]5t regions at diff]5t "ts bas$ on sequ5tial release 9 c9emas1 or simply to 4tribute ,,dvds ) diff]5t prices to diff]5t regions )|t worry+ ab :e!r ! *eap] ,,dvds w 8leak0 9to ! m lucrative m>kets4 ,,css &! h>dw>e s*eme t unlocks x c al 2 us$ to prev5t y f fa/.-=w>d+ "? ! comm]cials at ! 2g9n+ (! movie if ! copy"r [n] does n want y to1 or f skipp+ ! ,,fbi notice4 ,! ma*9e w n d x4 ,9 fact1 x is delib]ately built s t x _c #cda d x4 ,:at we h "h is a digital f;e t is "ply us$ to prev5t copy+4 ,movie /udios >e "u/&ably worri$ ab ! _wwide circula;n ( p]fect digital copies ( _! movies4 ,,css 0 suppos$ to help to prev5t t1 or at lea/ make x m* h>d]4 ,b 2c alm all movies >e 5crypt$ ) ,,css & access to ! keys comes ) 3di;ns1 ,,css al all[s a m f9e.-gra9$ 3trol ov] 3sum]s4 ,manufactur]s >e n all[$ to make play]s : c view movies f all region codes or skip por;ns (! ,,dvd t ! [n]s d n want y to skip4 ,! lic5s+ body puts x ? way on xs ,web site3 8,q4 ,"u ! t]ms (! ,,css lic5s+ agree;t1 is x legal =a lic5s$ manufactur] to produce & sell a product : all[s a us] to 4able any ,,css protec;ns8 ,a4 #cdb ,no4 ,s* products >e n all[$ "u ! t]ms (! ,,css lic5se4 ,!y >e illegal40 ,a te*nology 9troduc$ to protect 9tellectual prop]ty "rs all[s 3trol 9 ways t ~? "rs al"o d n4 ,2f ! ,,dmca1 ! movie companies cd h d"o exactly ?4 ,!y cd h wrapp$ _! movies 9 a digital f;e4 ,! 3sum] electronics companies t want$ to cd lic5se a key & 2 all[$ to use a tradem>k t 9dicat$ t !y 7 approv$ by ! ,,dvd ,copy ,3trol ,associa;n4 ,b :at if a manufactur] ( ,,dvd play]s felt t ,am]ican 3sum]s want$ to 2 able to play _! ,japanese anime movies )|t buy+ ano!r ,,dvd play] to d s8 ,or :at if !y ?"| p 7 antsy & did n want to wat* ! ,,fbi notice 2f e film8 ,! manufactur] cd h tri$ to 8r"ese 5g9e]0 ! ,,css #cdc sy/em1 to figure | h[ x "w$4 ,if !y succe$$1 !y cd make a play] t 0 free (! re/ric;ns t ! ,,css lic5s+ au?or;y impos$4 ,( c|rse "! 7 "s legal limita;ns ev5 2f ! ,,dmca4 ,|r hypo!tical manufactur] cd n break 9to ! safe ": ! ,,css code 0 2+ held or bribe an employee to provide x4 "<,t wd 2 a trespass or a viola;n ( trade secret law4"> ,x cd n violate copy"r laws ov] ! v>i|s types ( s(tw>e t 3troll$ ,,dvd play]s4 ,x cd n use ! tradem>ks ( any (! 5tities 9volv$1 9clud+ any seal ( approval grant$ by ! ,,dvd ,copy ,3trol ,associa;n4 ,b x cd'\x2014'at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates'\x2014'try to r"ese 5g9e] ! product s z to make a compet+ product ) features t ! cu/om]s lik$ m4 ,x wd 2 no m illegal ?an a company mak+ a *eap] #cdd g5]ic razor c>tridge t fits my exp5sive ,gillette ,ma* #c razor1 a g5]ic pr9t] c>tridge to replace ! exp5sive "o 9 my ,lexm>k pr9t]1 or1 = t matt]1 a g5]ic remote 3trol = my g>age door op5]4 ,9 ea* case1 ( c|rse1 ! orig9al manufactur] wd pref] t ,i use _! products r ?an ! unlic5s$ "os4 ,!y c design _! product to make x h>d to use a g5]ic replace;t or ev5 tell me t my w>ranty w 2 void if ,i use "o4 ,b !y _c say t ! unlic5s$ product is illegal 4 ,we >e back 9 op;n "o (! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale1 2f ! legislature act$4 ,! f>m]s c put up _! wire1 & ev5 use x to block passage t wd 2 o!rwise legal1 b x is n a crime to figure | a way "? ! f;e un.s ! f;e cutt] is al a trespass]4 ,! ,,dmca1 h["e1 mi.-old ,norwegian4 ,he & 8 two anonym|s collaborators claim$ t !y 7 affect$ by ano!r limita;n impos$ by ! ,,css lic5s+ body4 ,at t "t1 "! 0 no way to play ,,dvds on a comput] runn+ ,l9ux1 or any o!r free or op5 s|rce op]at+ sy/em4 "<,i w talk m ab free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e lat]4"> ,let's say y buy a laptop4 ,a ,sony ,vaio runn+ ,w9d[s1 = example4 ,x has a slot 9 ! side = ,,dvds to slide 9 & s(tw>e t comes al;g ) x : all[s ! ,,dvd read] to decode & play ! disk4 ,! p :o wrote ! s(tw>e h be5 lic5s$ by ! ,,dvd ,copy ,3trol ,associa;n & provid$ )a ,,css key4 ,b at ! "t ,mr4 ,johans5 set | to create ,de,,css1 ! lic5s+ body _h n lic5s$ keys to any free or op5 s|rce #cdf s(tw>e develop]s4 ,say ,mr4 ,johans5 buys ! ,sony ,vaio1 b )! ,l9ux op]at+ sy/em on x 9/ead ( ,w9d[s4 ,! comput] is ! same4 ,! ll slot is / "!4 ,writ+ an op5 s|rce program to 3trol ! ,,dvd play] is trivial4 ,b )|t ! ,,css key1 "! is no way =! play] to decode & play ! movie4 "<,! lic5s+ au?or;y lat] did lic5se an op5 s|rce play]1 p]h 2c !y realiz$ xs unavailabil;y gave ,mr4 ,johans5 a /r;g def5se1 p]h 2c !y fe>$ an antitru/ suit1 or p]h 2c !y j got >.d to x4"> ,mr4 ,johans5 & 8 support]s claim$ /r5u|sly t ,de,,css 0 n 9 fact an aid to illicit copy+4 ,9 fact1 !y >gu$ t ,,css 0 n really design$ to protect ,,dvds ag/ illicit copy+4 ,comm]cial ,,dvd 8pirates0 d n ne$ to crack ! ,,css 5cryp;n4 ,q ! 3tr>y3 #cdg !y produce exact copies (! ,,dvd1 ,,css 5cryp;n & all1 &! buy]'s play] duti;lly decodes x & plays x4 ,mr4 ,johans5 claim$ t 8 goals 7 v diff]5t f ~? (! pirates4 ,! motiva;n 0 2+ able to play ,,dvds ! way we want to4 ,i don't l 2+ =c$ to use a specific op]at+ sy/em or a specific play] to wat* movies "4 ,nor d ,i l 2+ =c$ to wat* comm]cials4 ,:5 yr ,,dvd play] tells y 8,? op]a;n is n all[$0 :5 y try to skip comm]cials1 x 2comes pretty cle> t ,,drm really /&s = ,digital ,re/ric;ns ,manage;t4 ,9 ,mr4 ,johans5's view1 ,,css 0 simply an attempt to 3trol 3sum]s1 an attempt : %d 2 a valid t>get = legal r"ese 5g9e]+4 ,he has a po9t4 ,"! 7 9de$ o!r ways to copy ,,dvds : did n require ,de,,css & : gave y #cdh files ( m manageable size4 ,,css 0 9de$ m ?an a simple anticopy+ device4 ,! 5tire s*eme'\x2014'! keys1 ! lic5ses1 ! h>dw>e require;ts'\x2014'0 design$ to give movie /udios grt] 3trol ov] _! movies 9 a numb] ( ways1 "s ( !m unrelat$ to copy+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he ov]/at$ ! po9t4 ,"o func;n ( ,,css 0 9de$ to make x h>d] =! av]age p]son play+ a ,,dvd on a comput] to copy ! file f ! ,,dvd to h] h>d disk & give x to a fr4 ,x is v easy =! av]age #ad.-ye>.-old to take a comm]cial music ;,,cd1 *ange ! s;gs 9to small] files 9 ! ,,mp#c =mat1 & %>e !m )a fr4 ,x is n z easy to d ! same ?+ to a ,,dvd'\x2014'n impossible1 j h>d]'\x2014'& ,,css is "o (! reasons :y4 ,mr4 ,johans5's program1 ,de,,css1 0 qkly made available _wwide4 #cdi ,mirror sites provid$ copies (! program & li/s ( s* loca;ns 7 easy to f9d us+ /&>d se>* tools4 ,"o s* li/ 0 provid$ by ! onl9e site run by a magaz9e call$ #bfjj3 ,! ,hack] ,qu>t]ly 4 ,! magaz9e features "ey?+ f pictures ( pay ph"os f >.d ! _w to tips on h[ to hack 9to comput] or teleph"o sy/ems4 ,xs publi%] is "o ,]ic ,corley1 :o goes by ! "n ,emmanuel ,gold/e9'\x2014'! resi/.e lead] 9 ,george ,orwell's #aihd 4 ,9 #aiii1 ,univ]sal ,c;y ,/udios br"| suit ag/ a numb] ( 9dividuals = 4tribut+ ,de,,css4 ,! case 0 call$ ,univ]sal ,c;y ,/udios v4 ,reim]des et ;al4 ,corley 0 am;g ! def5dants4 ,! suit #cej prom95tly 9clud$ a claim t ! def5dants 7 violat+ ! ,,dmca4 ,x 0 9 ? case t ! ,,dmca rcvd xs f/ major legal *all5ge4 ,dep5d+ on ! "*iza;n (! facts1 ! case seems to 2 ab v diff]5t ?+s4 ,x cd seem a classic ,f/ ,am5d;t fi ,or x cd seem ! v ess;e ( illegal activ;y4 "<8,%ad[y site : una%am$ly cat]s to comput] ,8hack]s,0 tries to spread access to ! burgl>'s tools ( cyb]space60"> ,( c|rse1 mo/ lawsuits 9volve 3flicts ov] facts4 ,m* ( :at lawy]s d is put ! same facts 9to diff]5t 3ceptual boxes4 ,b "h1 m]ely describ+ :at ,corley does1 :at hack]s >e1 or :at #bfjj magaz9e is all ab 9volves "o #cea 9 a prof.d culture cla%4 ,! be/ way to capture ! cla% may 2 to quote f an e>ly 5try ab ,corley 9 ,wikip$ia1 ! rem>kable onl9e 5cyclop$ia4 ,! 5cyclop$ia f/ quotes ! descrip;n ( #bfjj magaz9e f ,judge ,lewis ,a4 ,kaplan1 ! f$]al 4trict c|rt judge :o decid$ ! ,reim]des case4 8#bfjj3 ,! ,hack] ,qu>t]ly has 9clud$ >ticles on s* topics z h[ to /eal an ,9t]net doma9 "n1 h[ to write m secure ,,asp code1 access o!r p's ;e.-mail1 secure yr ,l9ux box1 9t]cept cellul> ph"o calls1 h[ to put ,l9ux on an ,xbox1 h[ to remove spyw>e1 & break 9to ! comput] sy/ems at ,co/co /ores & ,f$]al ,express4 ,"o issue 3ta9s a guide to ! f$]al #ceb crim9al ju/ice sy/em = read]s *>g$ ) comput] hack+4 ,9 addi;n1 #bfjj op]ates a web site locat$ at 2600.com : is manag$ prim>ily by ,mr4 ,corley & has be5 9 exi/;e s9ce #aiie40 ,! ,wikip$ia >ticle !n 3t9ues z foll[s3 ,:ile ! judge's t"o is cle>ly 4approv+1 o!rs wd po9t | t book/ores1 movies & televi.n *annels >e fill$ ) mat]ial on h[ to commit murd] 444 & t )|t ! ef=ts (! hack] commun;y1 h["e ill9t5;n$1 comput] 9secur;y wd 2 ev5 m (a problem ?an x alr is4 ,9 fact1 ,judge ,kaplan 0 n 5tirely 4approv+4 ,he m5;ns >ticles 9 #bfjj t cov] laudable or 9nocu|s tasks1 z well z o!rs ab tasks t mo/ read]s wd #cec f9d objec;nable & "rly ?9k to 2 illegal4 ,b ! anonym|s volunte] :o wrote ? v].n ( ,corley's ,wikip$ia 5try cle>ly saw ! issue diff]5tly4 ,wikip$ia does n portray ! hack] commun;y z univ]sally b5evol5t "<8h["e ill.-9t5;n$0">1 b t commun;y is al se5 z provid+ a use;l s]vice r ?an m]ely a set ( h[-to guides = wd.-be digital burgl>s4 ,to mo/ p1 po9t+ | vuln]abilities 9 comput] secur;y sy/ems seem$1 at lea/ 9 #aiii1 l tell+ ! _w t yr neie "! =! tak+4 ,b to ! onl9e commun;y1 x is by no means s cle>4 ,f ! p]spective ( ~? :o >e "kl$geable 9 ! field1 "! is a moral 3t9uum4 ,"! is cle>ly legitimate comput] secur;y & cryptography rese>*1 : 9cludes #ced attempts to break 9to comput] sy/ems to te/ _! def5ses'\x2014't is h[ "o f9ds | !y >e secure1 af all4 ,!n "! >e 8hack]s40 ,? t]m cd 2 us$ to describe ~? :o m]ely l to program4 ,ri*>d ,/allman1 = example1 ! orig9ator (! free s(tw>e move;t1 describes hmf ?us4 ,b ! t]m cd al 2 us$ = ~? :o >e 9t]e/$ 9 secur;y or 9t]op]abil;y'\x2014'mak+ two sy/ems "w tgr4 ,t 0 ,mr4 ,johans5's dcld goal1 af all4 ,b "s self.-describ$ hack]s g fur!r4 ,!y 2lieve t explor+ & 4clos+ ! weak;ses ( suppos$ly secure sy/ems is 9tellectually fulfill+1 practically important1 & protect$ by ! ,f/ ,am5d;t4 ,!y 4claim bo? moral & legal responsibil;y =! 3sequ;es ( _! 4closures4 "<,or at lea/ ! negative 3sequ;es2 !y frequ5tly take cr$it =! positive 3sequ;es1 s* #cee z improv$ secur;y4"> ,f9ally1 "! >e 8crack]s10 ~: 9t]e/ 9 ga9+ 5try to comput] sy/ems is malici|s or = f9ancial ga94 ,at :at po9t on ? 3t9uum does ! activ;y 2come legally1 or morally1 unacceptable8 ,z ! ,reim]des trial w5t on1 x 2came cle> t ! answ] ! ,,dmca gave mige numb] ( legal >gu;ts 7 9volv$ 9 ! ,reim]des case1 b = |r purposes "h ! mo/ important "os dealt )! rela;n%ip 2t copy"r &! ,f/ ,am5d;t4 ,:at is t rela;n%ip8 ,9 "o obvi|s s5se copy"r actually aids free spee*4 ,by provid+ an 9c5tive to create "ws1 copy"r 8add.<;s.> ! fuel ( 9t]e/ to ! fire ( g5ius10 #cef & ?us helps to create ! sy/em ( dec5traliz$ creative produc;n & 4tribu;n ,i describ$ 9 ,*apt] #a4 ,b copy"r al re/ra9s spee*4 ,at xs base1 x all[s an 9dividual to call ~u ! /ate to prev5t "s"o f speak+ or express+ !mvs 9 a "picul> way4 ,? may 9volve a simple refusal to let ! speak] use "s text1 picture1 v]se1 or /ory 9 _! message1 or x may 9volve a refusal to let !m trans=m x 9 "s way4 ,nei copy"r law nor ! ,am]ican ,3/itu;n is bl to ~! dang]s4 ,copy"r has a numb] ( built.-in safegu>ds4 ,! mo/ important ( ~! is t copy"r only cov]s 8orig9al expres.n0'\x2014'bo? ! ideas & facts 9 ? book c 2 us$ by any"o )|t my p]mis.n4 ,?us1 goes ! !ory1 ! speak]'s fre$om ( expres.n is n"e truly re/ra9$4 ,! #ceg only ?+ ,i am b>r$ f is us+ yr ~ws1 yr exact plot1 yr photograph1 yr music'\x2014'n yr facts1 yr ideas1 yr g5re1 ! ev5ts y describe4 ,t is n alw 5|<1 ( c|rse4 ,"s"ts ! problem is t ! speak] _c p>aphrase >.d ! re/ra9ts pos$ by copy"r4 ,he ne$s to use ! "picul> text or image 9 "q to 3vey 8 message4 ,! ideas1 ! facts1 or a m]e p>aphrase (! expres.n wd n 2 5|<4 ,9 cases l t copy"r's answ] is 8fair use40 ,a politician cd n prev5t j|rnali/s :o 4agree ) hm f quot+ 8 autobiography 9 4cuss+ 8 life4 ,if an ,african.-,am]ican au?or wi%es to tell ! /ory ( ,g"o ,)! ,w9d f ! slaves,0 p]spective1 %e may d s 9 ! face (! copy"r hold]s,0 #ceh attempts to /op h]4 ,ev5 fair use1 ?|<1 may n cov] e 3c]n ab free expres.n4 ,2f ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 ,alan ,cran/on'\x2014' lat] a ,u4,s4 ,s5ator'\x2014'want$ to 3v9ce ,am]ican read]s t ! v].n ( ,hitl]'s ,me9 ,kampf publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 4tort$4 ,he 2liev$ x to 2 slant$ t[>d ,am]ican s5sibilities1 d[nplay+ bo? anti.- ,semitism & ,g]man expan.nism4 ,8 solu;n8 ,to publi% 8 [n ,5gli% transla;n1 tak5 direct & uncut f ! ,g]man $i;n4 ,he want$ to prove1 ) ,hitl]'s [n ~ws1 t ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h a dang]|sly 4tort$ v].n (! ,g]man lead]4 ,b ? is ! k9d ( ?+ copy"r law =bids & x is n cle> t fair use all[s4 "<,in ! 5d he did x anyway4"> ,=! mo;t ?|<1 x is #cei 5 to realize t copy"r law is n immune f ! ,f/ ,am5d;t or f free spee* 3c]ns m g5]ally4 ,if we d n notice t mo/ (! "t1 x is 2c ! 9t]nal limita;ns ( copy"r'\x2014'fair use1 ! idea.-expres.n 4t9c;n1 & s on'\x2014' g5]ally take c>e (! ,f/ ,am5d;t issue1 n 2c ! issue 0 n"e "!4 ,s :at ,f/ ,am5d;t issues did ! ,,dmca pres5t8 ,mo/ obvi|sly1 ! ,,dmca gave a new "r to copy"r [n]s4 ,by us+ a few simple te*nological measures1 !y cd 4tribute a "w 9 a "picul> =mat & yet1 2c ( _! new 9tellectual prop]ty "r1 !y cd make illegal an o!rwise law;l process ( ga9+ access =! purposes ( mak+ fair use4 ,( c|rse1 ! ,f/ ,am5d;t all[s me to make fair use factually impossible 4 ,i c d t )|t #cfj rais+ any 3/itu;nal issues by hid+ my manuscript & n"e lett+ y see x or j by us+ unbreakable 5cryp;n on my digital products4 ,x all[s me to use exi/+ 3v5;nal prop]ty "rs to make fair use illegal 4 ,if ,i [n ! only copy (! book & x is 9side my h|se1 x wd 2 trespass = y to 5t]4 ,no ,f/ ,am5d;t problem "!4 ,b 9 pass+ ! ,,dmca1 ,3gress _h creat$ a new 9tellectual prop]ty "r 9side copy"r law xf1 a law aim$ directly at expres.n1 t made x illegal to get access =! purpose ( mak+ fair use ev5 :5 y legally b"| ! physical book1 or ! physical ,,dvd1 & n[ wi% to quote x or p>ody x 4 ,ev5 t is n ! problem4 ,x is t ,3gress _c grant #cfa ! exclusive "rs ( copy"r )|t simultane|sly accompany+ !m by ! limita;ns ( fair use4 ,reg>d.s ( :at physical 3/ra9ts & tangible prop]ty "rs mi "w ) ! exclusive "rs b )|t "s ( ~? limita;ns4 ,imag9e t ,3gress _h pass$ ! foll[+ law 9/ead (! ,,dmca3 8,any copy"r [n] c make x illegal to make a fair use (a copy"r$ "w by putt+ a r$ dot on _! books1 records1 & films 2f sell+ !m4 ,x % 2 a crime to circumv5t ! r$ dot ev5 if1 b =! dot1 ! use wd h be5 fair40 ,t wd 2 cle>ly #cfb uncon/itu;nal4 ,x gives copy"r [n]s a new 9tellectual prop]ty "r to 8turn (f fair use0 9 copy"r$ "ws 4tribut$ to ! mass m>ket4 ,is ! ,,dmca n ! same ?+8 ,? 0 ! issue 9 ,reim]des 4 ,true1 if ,i cut "? ! digital f;e on a ,,dvd 9 ord] to exc]pt a small por;n 9 a critical docu;t>y1 ,i wd n 2 violat+ yr copy"r1 b ,i wd 2 violat+ ! anticircumv5;n provi.ns4 ,& ,de,,css seem$ to 2 a tool = do+ :at ! ,,dmca =bids4 ,by provid+ l9ks to x1 ,mr4 ,corley & #bfjj 7 8traffick+0 9 a te*nology t all[s o!rs to circumv5t a te*nological protec;n measure4 ,de,,css cd1 ( c|rse1 2 us$ = purposes t did n violate copy"r'\x2014' to #cfc make ! ,,dvd play on a comput] runn+ ,l9ux1 = example4 ,x 5abl$ v>i|s non9fr++ fair uses4 ,x cd al 2 us$ to aid illicit copy+4 ,b ! alleg$ viola;n (! ,,dmca _h no?+ to d ) t4 ,! alleg$ viola;n (! ,,dmca 0 mak+ ! digital wire cutt]s available 9 ! f/ place4 ,s "o ,f/ ,am5d;t problem )! ,,dmca c 2 /at$ q simply4 ,x appe>$ to make x illegal to ex]cise at lea/ "s (! limita;ns & excep;ns copy"r law ne$s 9 ord] to pass ,f/ ,am5d;t scrut9y 4 ,or did x j make x v1 v difficult to ex]cise ~? "rs legally8 ,i cd1 af all1 make a videotape (! ,,dvd play+ on my televi.n1 & use t gra9y1 blurry image 9 my docu;t>y criticiz+ ! filmmak]4 ,! ,,dmca wd n 2 violat$1 ?|< my movie miantee ( fre$om ( spee*4 ,! second *all5ge 0 diff]5t4 ,! problem 0 t ! program xf 0 spee* &! ,,dmca 0 regulat+ x illicitly4 ,! reason+ w5t l ?4 ,a comput] program is a =m ( expres.n & communica;n4 ,! s|rce code c ev5 2 read by human 2+s4 ,true1 x is an ab/ract =m ( communica;n'\x2014'l musical nota;n & ma!matical algori?ms4 ,b ~? >e cle>ly protect$ by ! ,f/ #cfe ,am5d;t4 ,3gress cd n make ,s*o5b]g's twelve.-t"o scale illegal or puni% ma!maticians = physics equa;ns t seem$ to support a !ory (! univ]se's orig9 o!r ?an ! crea;nism t is curr5tly s popul>4 ,true1 ! s|rce code is a descrip;n (a me?od ( do+ "s?+1 &! code c1 if run on a comput]1 produce a result'\x2014'b "o cd >gue t ~? attributes d n affect ! ,f/ ,am5d;t's protec;n4 ,nei a recipe = ha% br[nies nor a play] piano roll =! ,nazi 8,hor/ ,wessel0 s;g cd 3/itu;nally 2 prohibit$1 ev5 ?|< actually to make ! ha% br[nies wd 2 illegal1 & ev5 ?|< ! piano roll is func;nal "4 ,true1 mo/ p _c read comput] code1 b spee* does n ne$ to 2 common or accessible to 2 protect$4 ,9 fact1 ! c|rts h ev5 held t ! *oice to #cff communicate 9 a "picul> language is 3/itu;nally protect$ 9 "s sett+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s(tw>e code is und5iably func;nal4 ,lots ( func;nal >ticles c 2 sd to h "s expressive 3t5t'\x2014'a gun1 an airbag1 a cra% helmet1 a set ( burgl>'s tools1 a comput] virus4 ,& _m ac;ns h expressive 3t5t3 a t]rori/ bomb+1 = example4 ,surely ~! cd 2 regulat$ by ,3gress8 ,to ! def5dants1 ,de,,css look$ l a physics equa;n1 a musical score1 or a recipe4 ,to ! movie /udios1 ,de,,css _h all ! ,f/ ,am5d;t signific.e (a cr[b>1 lock pick1 or1 = t matt]1 a c> bomb+4 ,! same >gu;t 0 repeat$ ov] ! hyp]l9ks t ,corley & o!rs provid$ to sites : c>ri$ ! ,de,,css program4 ,spee* or func;n8 ,to ! def5dants1 =bidd+ #cfg #bfjj to l9k to ~! sites 0 l prev5t+ ! ,wa%+ton ,po/ f describ+ ! availabil;y ( drugs on c]ta9 blocks ( #af? ,/reet4 ,to ! movie companies1 ! hyp]l9ks 7 ! equival5t ( load+ pot5tial buy]s 9to a van1 tak+ !m d[n "!1 & giv+ !m 5 m"oy to make ! pur*ase4 ,: (! two ,f/ ,am5d;t >gu;ts is m 3v9c+8 ,t ! ,,dmca is a 3gres.nally creat$ (f.-swit* = fair use8 ,or t s(tw>e code is spee* &! ,,dmca re/ricts x8 ,l a lot ( s*ol>s1 2f ,reim]des w5t to trial1 ,i ?"| t ! f/ >gu;t 0 by f> ! m p[];l4 ,i / d4 ,i ?"| ! odds (! c|rt buy+ ! 8code is spee*0 >gu;t 7 l[4 ,ab t ,i 0 wr;g1 ?|< x turn$ | n to matt]4 ,a numb] (! reports #cfh not$ t af "s 9itial skepticism1 ,judge ,kaplan _h be5 impress$ by ! def5dants,0 exp]t wit;ses1 "picul>ly ~? :o _h te/ifi$ t code 0 spee*4 ,:5 ! rul+ came |1 ? impres.n 0 3firm$4 ,judge ,kaplan agre$ t code 0 a =m ( spee* or expres.n4 ,b celebra;n 0 premature4 ,hav+ d"o s1 he 4agre$ )! def5dants,0 claim t x cd n 2 regulat$4 ,comput] code is expressive4 ,to t ext5t1 x is a matt] ( ,f/ ,am5d;t 3c]n4 ,b comput] code is n purely expressive any m ?an ! assass9a;n (a political figure is purely a political /ate;t4 ,code causes comput]s to p]=m desir$ func;ns4 ,xs expressive ele;t no m immunizes xs func;nal aspects f regula;n ?an ! expressive motives ( an assass9 immunize ! assass9's ac;n4 ,9 an #cfi ]a 9 : ! transmis.n ( comput] viruses'\x2014' :1 l ,de,,css1 >e simply comput] code & ?us to "s degree expressive'\x2014' c 4able sy/ems ~u : ! na;n dep5ds & 9 : o!r comput] code al is capable ( 9flict+ o!r h>m1 society m/ 2 able to regulate ! use & 4sem9a;n ( code 9 appropriate circum/.es4 ,! ,3/itu;n1 af all1 is a frame"w = build+ a j & democratic society4 ,x is n a suicide pact4 ,judge ,kaplan is "r 9 say+ t "! _c 2 a b"r.-l9e rule immuniz+ comput] code f regula;n m]ely 2c x has expressive ele;ts4 ,! ,f/ ,am5d;t does n protect comput] viruses4 ,b ! def5dants 7 n >gu+ t comput] code 0 3/itu;nally 9violable1 only t any law t regulat$ x _h to 2 subject to ,f/ ,am5d;t scrut9y4 ,af all1 ! gov]n;t makes #cgj ! descrip;n ( h[ to make a nucle> weapon classifi$ 9=ma;n4 ,t is cle>ly 8spee*10 b xs regula;n is al 3/itu;nal4 ,! ,f/ ,am5d;t is n1 & n"e was1 an absolute gu>antee ( fre$om ( spee*4 ,9/ead1 ! "q is :e!r ! law is )9 ! realm ( 8! fre$om ( spee*0 gu>antee1 : 9 turn dep5ds on :at k9d (a law x is4 ,": does x fit 9 ! 8levels ( scrut9y0 t c|rts h 3/ruct$ to 4crim9ate 2t types ( legisla;n affect+ spee*8 ,is ! ,,dmca a 83t5t.-bas$0 regula;n1 s* z a law =bidd+ labor picket+ b all[+ o!r k9ds ( demon/ra;ns8 ,3t5t.-bas$ regula;ns >e giv5 ! hiy8 ,to ,judge ,kaplan1 ! #cga answ] 0 cle>1 & gr.ds = s>casm4 ,! reason t ,3gress 5act$ ! anti.-traffick+ provi.n (! ,,dmca _h no?+ to d ) suppress+ "picul> ideas ( comput] programm]s & "ey?+ to d ) func;nal;y'\x2014') prev5t+ p f circumv5t+ te*nological access 3trol measures'\x2014'j z laws prohibit+ ! posses.n ( burgl> tools h no?+ to d ) prev5t+ p f express+ !mvs by accumulat+ :at to !m may 2 attractive assort;ts ( imple;ts & "ey?+ to d ) prev5t+ burgl>ies4 ,i agree1 ?|< x is wor? not+ t ! burgl> tool analogy is a 4put$ "o4 ,johans5 claim$ ,de,,css 0 m l a screwdriv]'\x2014'"s?+ ) bo? licit & illicit uses4 ,s ! ,,dmca 0 3t5t.-neutral regula;n4 ,t means x / has to pass a fairly daunt+ legal #cgb ?re%old4 ,x w only 2 upheld if 8x fur!rs an important or sub/antial gov]n;tal 9t]e/2 if ! gov]n;tal 9t]e/ is unrelat$ to ! suppres.n ( free expres.n2 & if ! 9cid5tal re/ric;n on alleg$ ,f/ ,am5d;t fre$oms is no grt] ?an is ess5tial to ! fur!r.e ( t 9t]e/40 ,judge ,kaplan felt t ! ,,dmca satisfi$ t /&>d4 ,i am n s sure4 ,yes1 ! gov]n;tal 9t]e/ 9 protect+ copy"r hold]s,0 "rs is important4 ,& yes1 ,i m/ 4agree ) "s ( my frs 9 ! civil lib]ties _w & say t ! gov]n;t's 9t]e/ is unrelat$ to ! suppres.n ( free expres.n4 ,b is 8! 9cid5tal re/ric;n ( ,f/ ,am5d;t fre$oms no grt] ?an is ess5tial to ! fur!r.e ( t 9t]e/08 ,9 o!r ~ws1 cd ! ,,dmca h #cgc a*iev$ xs goals )|t impos+ z grt a limita;n on ! expres.n ( p l ,mr4 ,johans5 & ,mr4 ,corley8 ,3gress cd h pass$ _m laws less re/rictive ?an ! ,,dmca4 ,x cd h only p5aliz$ ! use ( programs s* z ,de,,css = an illicit purpose4 ,if x wi%$ to rea* ~? :o create ! tools z well z use !m1 x cd h requir$ pro( t ! creator 9t5d$ !m to 2 us$ = illegal purposes4 ,j z we look at ! gov]n;t's 9t5;n 9 creat+ ! law1 we cd make ! 9t5t (! s(tw>e writ] critical =! purposes ( assess+ :e!r or n 8 ac;ns >e illegal4 ,if ,i write a novel detail+ a cl"e way to kill "s"o & y use x to c>ry | a real murd]1 ! ,f/ ,am5d;t does n all[ ! /ate to puni% me4 ,if ,i write a manual on h[ to 2 a hit man & sell x to y1 x may4 ,f/ ,am5d;t law is #cgd g5]ally skeptical ( /atutes t impose 8/rict liabil;y0 )|t a require;t ( 9t5t4 ,b ,judge ,kaplan 2liev$ t ! ,,dmca made ! motives ( ,mr4 ,johans5 irrelevant1 except 9sof> z !y 7 relevant to ! n>r[ly tailor$ excep;ns (! ,,dmca1 s* z 5cryp;n rese>*4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 ev5 if ,mr4 ,johans5 made ,de,,css s t he & 8 frs cd wat* ,,dvds !y pur*as$ legally on comput]s runn+ ,l9ux1 !y cd / 2 liable = break+ ! ,,dmca4 ,! ,,dmca's bread? goes fur!r ?an xs treat;t ( 9t5t4 ,! /atute cd h only made x illegal to provide a program yrf4 ,b ,judge ,kaplan 9t]pret$ x to prohibit ev5 l9k+ to a site ": ! program is to 2 f.d4 ,no require;t ( 9t5t4 ,no require;t t y actually supply ! 9fr++ program4 ,t is a pretty broad 9t]preta;n & "o : he admits re/ricts #cge expres.n4 ,h[ cd he 3clude t re/ric;ns ? broad 7 8no grt] ?an ess5tial08 ,f 8 rhetoric1 ! answ] is cle>4 ,judge ,kaplan 2lieves ! /ory (! ,9t]net ,?reat ,i 4cuss$ 9 ,*apt] #d4 ,he sees ,de,,css z a poison4 ,9 fact1 he ?9ks x is worse ?an a poison 2c x may spread to 9fect o!rs4 ,x is a 4ease1 a virus4 ,! ,,dmca is ! /]n & h>% qu>ant9e requir$ to 3trol x'\x2014'a digital public heal? measure4 ,8 reason+ is wor? quot+ at l5g?4 ,"! 0 a "t :5 copy"r 9fr+e;t cd 2 dealt ) q adequately by focus+ on ! 9fr++ act444 4 ,! copy"r hold] 444 usually 0 able to trace ! copies up ! *a9 ( 4tribu;n1 f9d & prosecute ! 9fr+]1 & %ut (f ! 9fr+e;t at ! s|rce4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! digital _w is v diff]5t4 ,once a decryp;n #cgf program l ,de,,css is writt51 x qkly c 2 s5t all ov] ! _w4 ,e recipi5t is capable n only ( decrypt+ & p]fectly copy+ pla9tiffs,0 copy"r$ ,,dvds1 b al ( retransmitt+ p]fect copies ( ,de,,css & ?us 5abl+ e recipi5t to d ! same444 4 ,! process pot5tially is expon5tial r ?an l9e>4 ,9de$1 ! diff];e is illu/rat$ by comp>ison ( two epidemiological models describ+ ! spread ( diff]5t k9ds ( 4ease4 ,9 a common s|rce epidemic1 z ": memb]s (a popula;n 3tract a non.-3tagi|s 4ease f a poison$ well1 ! 4ease spreads only by exposure to ! common s|rce4 ,if "o elim9ates ! s|rce1 or closes ! 3tam9at$ well1 ! epidemic is /opp$4 ,9 a propagat$ |tbreak epidemic1 on ! o!r h&1 ! 4ease spreads f p]son to p]son4 ,h;e1 f9d+ #cgg ! 9itial s|rce ( 9fec;n accompli%es ll1 z ! 4ease 3t9ues to spread ev5 if ! 9itial s|rce is elim9at$4 ,? is a v gd po9t1 & "o t ! critics (! ,,dmca "s"ts gloss ov] too qkly4 ,! /ructure ( digital replica;n is 9de$ diff]5t f ! old c5traliz$ model ( copy+ & 4tribu;n4 ,9/ead ( trac+ all illicit copies back to a s+le 9fr++ pr9t+ press1 we face ! fe> t ! ma*9]y ( piracy c 2 copi$ j z fa/ z ! copies x all[s u to make4 ,x is "h t ! def5dants lose ! battle (! metaphors4 ,yes1 code is spee*1 x 3veys 9=ma;n4 ,b viruses >e codes & !y 3vey 9=ma;n too4 ,judge ,kaplan explicitly 9vokes ? comp>ison s"eal "ts4 ,biological viruses >e tools =! replica;n ( g5etic 9=ma;n4 ,!y subv]t _! ho/s,0 cellul> programm+ to #cgh make copies ( !mvs1 j z a comput] virus hijacks an 9fect$ comput] & causes x to s5d | m copies (! virus4 ,true1 ,de,,css requires human 9t]v5;n to d[nload ! program & use x4 ,yet f ,judge ,kaplan's language x is evid5t t he sees ! program n z an act ( expres.n b z a virus spread+ l wildfire4 ,se5 ? way1 ! 9dividual 8*oices0 to d[nload or r$i/ribute >e simply ! program's me?od ( spread+ xf1 l ! irrita;n produc$ by ! cold virus t 5c|rages sneezes & c|%e/ measures >e call$ =4 ,"! is no poison$ well "h1 no pirate )a pr9t+ press we c %ut d[n4 ,any"o is pot5tially an 9fr+]4 ,9dividuals _c 2 presum$ to 2 heal?y4 ,we _c give _! immune sy/ems1 or _! #cgi motives1 ! b5efit (! d|bt4 ,9/ead we m/ see !m z pot5tial c>ri]s4 ,! heal?y m/ 2 qu>ant9$ z well z ! sick4 ,fac+ s* a dang]1 ,judge ,kaplan agrees t ,3gress ne$$ to 2 draconian4 ,we _c wait = illegal copy+4 ,we m/ /rike preemptively at ! te*nology t mie no grt] ?an is nec4 ,"! >e ?ree "qs "h4 ,! f/ is :e!r ,3gress 0 "r4 ,! second is :e!r1 9 ! 3text (! movie 9du/ry1 we c see evid;e (! evil x ne$$ to combat4 ,! ?ird "q is v diff]5t3 :e!r ! ,,dmca is 3/itu;nal4 ,9 my #chj op9ion1 ! answ] to "qs "o & two is no1 =! reasons |tl9$ 9 ,*apt] #d,8s analysis (! ,9t]net ,?reat4 ,yes1 *eap] copy+ c 9crease ! rate ( illicit copy+1 b x al l[]s adv]tis+ co/s & (f]s new busi;s models'\x2014',netflix1 d[nloads on dem&1 viral 4tribu;n ( trail]s1 & s on4 ,! te*nology helps z well z hurts4 ,x does n help ! movie 9du/ry z m* z x mi future4 ,? is n j 2c movies >e l;g] & h>d] to d[nload ?an s;gs4 ,x is 2c mo/ p only wat* a film once4 #cha ,mo/ p d n want a libr>y ( two ?|s& films to play ag & ag4 ,music is a repeat$ exp]i;e gd 9 a way t movies simply >e n1 & t social fact prof.dly affects ! likelihood ( d[nload+ z oppos$ to r5tal4 ,! transi5t s;g on a radio or an ,9t]net /ream is n an adequate sub/itute = possess+ ! s;g p]man5tly'\x2014'"s?+ : co/s a lot m4 ,a"p f kids,0 movies1 : c 2 us$ to 9duce catatonia 9 "o's prog5y "t & ag1 &a few classic favorites1 mo/ p d n want to [n movies4 ,wat*+ ! film on televi.n or r5t+ x =a nie fond ( say+ 8y _c compete ) free40 ,b ? is simply n true4 ,*eap & easily acquir$ gds ( c]tifi$ qual;y compete v well ) free gds ( #chb unc]ta9 qual;y ~: acquisi;n 9volves "s difficulty4 ,? is "o (! ma9 reasons ! movie companies 7 wr;g 9 ! ,sony case4 ,?us :ile ,judge ,kaplan's 4cus.n (! loom+ digital ,black ,dea? is nicely apocalyptic1 x does n seem v accurate4 ,h[ _m ( yr frs d[nload movies illicitly ov] ! ,9t]net1 let al"o movies t 7 ripp$ f ,,dvds8 ,yes1 x c 2 d"o4 ,b ! actual descrip;ns (! process 9 ! ,reim]des case smack m ( ba?os ?an t]ror4 ,al? ! process is computa;nally 9t5sive1 pla9tiffs,0 exp]t decrypt$ a /ore.-b"| copy ( ,sleep.s 9 ,seattle 9 #bj to #de m9utes444 4 ,! decryp;n (a ,,css.-protect$ ,,dvd #chc is only ! 2g9n+ (! tale1 z ! decrypt$ file is v l>ge444 4 ,"o solu;n to ? problem1 h["e1 is ,div,x1 a compres.n util;y available on ! ,9t]net t is promot$ z a means ( compress+ decrypt$ mo;n picture files to manageable size444 4 ,:ile ! compress$ s.d & graphic files !n m/ 2 syn*roniz$1 a t$i|s process t took pla9tiffs,0 exp]t 2t #aj & #bj h|rs1 ! task is 5tirely feasible444 4 ,at trial1 def5dants repeat$1 z if x 7 a mantra1 ! refra9 t pla9tiffs1 z !y /ipulat$1 h no direct evid;e (a specific occa.n on : any p]son decrypt$ a copy"r$ mo;n picture ) ,de,,css & transmitt$ x ov] ! ,9t]net4 ,b t is unp]suasive4 ,pla9tiffs,0 exp]t exp5d$ v ll ef=t to f9d "s"o 9 an ,,irc *at room :o ex*ang$ a compress$1 decrypt$ #chd copy ( ,! ,matrix 1 "o ( pla9tiffs,0 copy"r$ mo;n pictures1 =a copy ( ,sleep.s 9 ,seattle 4 ,:ile ! simultane|s electronic ex*ange (! two movies took approximately six h|rs1 ! comput]s requir$ ll op]ator att5;n dur+ ! 9t]im4 ,s ! epidemic ?reat t hangs ov] ! movie 9du/ry 3si/s (! dang] t "s"o w sp5d fifte5 m9utes decrypt+ & t5 to tw5ty h|rs t$i|sly syn*roniz+ a movie t is !n available =a spe$y sixh|r d[nload8 ,admitt$ly1 "s"o only ne$s to d ! syn*roniz+ once4 ,"! >e new] tools t make ! task easi]4 ,& we cd improve ! d[nload "t4 ,b ev5 s1 wd y bo!r8 ,fac$ )! colossal exp5se & hassle ( r5t+ ! same movie at #che ,blockbu/] = `s#c1 "s 3sum]s mies 9 movie /udios q yet4 ,9 fact1 ! real ?reat to movie /udios is ! l>ge.-scale crim9al 4tribu;n ( illicitly copi$ ,,dvds'\x2014'copi$ bit = bit f ! orig9al4 ,! 4tributors ( ~? d n ne$ to use programs l ,de,,css4 ,a m 4tant ?reat comes f legal record+s f televi.n made on ,ti,vo's & ,replay,,tvs'\x2014'": 3sum]s,0 ac;ns >e legal & ,,css is n an issue4 ,s f> z we c tell1 "! is no measurable effect ( illicit digital d[nloads on sales or r5tals ( ,,dvds4 ,we cd g "? ! process ,judge ,kaplan describes1 ,i suppose1 j z :5 ! ,,vcr 0 9v5t$ we #chf cd h tap$ movies f televi.n & swapp$ !m ) |r frs4 ,b z ! movie /udios 4cov]$ af ! ,sony case1 mo/ ( u wd r j r5t ! movie4 ,2c "s?+ is possible does n mean x w happ54 ,s 9 my view1 ,3gress g5]ally ov]e/imat$ ! ?reat pos$ by ! digital _w & "ue/imat$ ! b5efits4 ,9 addi;n1 ! movie 9du/ry is a weak place to make ! case =! necess;y (! ,,dmca4 ,f9e1 b t is n ! legal issue "h4 ,! 3/itu;nal;y (! ,,dmca does n turn on :e!r ! ,,dmca 0 a gd idea4 ,t is n ! c|rt's deci.n to make4 ,! "q is n ev5 :e!r ! "picul> 9du/ry 9volv$ is1 9 real;y1 fac+ m* (a ?reat f digital d[nload+4 ,! law1 af all1 exi/s = all digital "ws1 n j ! "os at issue "h4 ,! "q is :e!r ! re/ric;n on spee* impos$ by ! ,,dmca 0 8no grt] #chg ?an is ess5tial40 ,& t is a h>d] "q4 ,i / 4agree ) ,judge ,kaplan4 ,a m n>r[ly tailor$ /atute cd h accompli%$ ! ,,dmca's legitimate goals )|t imp++ z grtly on expres.n4 ,i ?9k t ! rhetoric (! ,9t]net ,?reat bl9d$ ,judge ,kaplan to "s important issues & l$ hm to ov]e/imate ! dang] & ?us ! sev];y (! measures nec to combat x4 ,?us1 ev5 "u ! 8code is spee*0 "p (! analysis1 ,i ?9k ! ,,dmca fails ,f/ ,am5d;t scrut9y4 ,b if we >e 3f9+ |rvs to ! expres.n 9h]5t 9 ! s(tw>e xf1 ,i ac"kl$ge t x is a close call4 ,sadly1 ,judge ,kaplan sp5t m* less "t on ! o!r ,f/ ,am5d;t >gu;t ag/ ! ,,dmca'\x2014't x is uncon/itu;nal 2c x gives copy"r hold]s a new 9tellectual prop]ty #chh 5title;t1 creat$ by ,3gress "u ! ,copy"r ,clause1 a legal p[] to deprive us]s (a 3/itu;nally requir$ limita;n on copy"r's exclusive "rs4 ,9 my view1 he al fram$ ! >gu;t wr;gly :5 he did 4cuss x4 ,to 2 fair1 ~! problems c "ply 2 trac$ to ! fact t ! def5dants sp5t mo/ ( _! 5]gy on ! >gu;t t code 0 expres.n1 pay+ less att5;n to "ey?+ else4 ,z ,judge ,kaplan expla9$ x1 ! claim 0 t ! ,,dmca migu$ t mo/ movies >e al available on videotape4 ,ev5 if ! film 7 only available on ,,dvd1 ! #chi prospective fair us] cd write d[n ! ~ws & quote !m1 or record ! s.d f ! scre54 ,f9ally1 ,judge ,kaplan po9t$ | t ev5 if ! ,,dmca mie "s"ts all[$ by c|rts to %[ t1 ev5 if ! law z x appli$ to !m 7 3/itu;nal1 x wd re/rict ! ,f/ ,am5d;t "rs ( o!rs4 ,judge ,kaplan decl9$ to apply t doctr9e "h4 ,9 effect1 he sd 8come back :5 "! is a problem40 ,on appeal1 ! case 0 decid$ by a panel l$ by ,judge ,jon ,newman4 ,"h ! fair use >gu;t rcvd m att5;n b ! result 0 ! same3 8,come back :5 "! is a problem40 ,significantly1 bo? c|rts po9t$ | ano!r 3c]n4 ,! ,,dmca cd effectively make copy"r p]petual 2c #cij ev5 ?|< ! copy"r t]m wd expire1 ! legally protect$ 5cryp;n wd 3t9ue1 & tools s* z ,de,,css1 : wd h all[$ access to ! public doma9 "w1 wd 2 illegal4 ,? is a major issue 2c x appe>s to violate bo? ! ,f/ ,am5d;t &! ,copy"r ,clause's require;t (a limit$ "t4 ,! def5dants did n sp5d adequate "t on ? >gu;t1 h["e1 &! c|rts ag left x = lat] 3sid]a;n4 ,! c|rt ( appeals saw ! def5dants,0 >gu;t 9 j ! same way z ,judge ,kaplan _h se5 x3 a claim t "! 0 a fair use "r ( actual access to ! f9e/ v].n ( e "w 9 e m$ium1 on : ! ,,dmca put a practical limita;n4 ,s* a claim 0 easy to 4miss4 ,"! 0 no s* "r ( gu>ante$ practical access4 ,copy"r [n]s cd re/rict ! practical abil;y to ex]cise #cia fair use 9 _m ways )|t ! ,3/itu;n 2+ 9volv$4 ,9 addi;n1 9 a _w ": copy"r$ 3t5t is frequ5tly available 9 bo? analog & digital =m1 ! actual effects (! ,,dmca mi wd 2 te*nologically sup]ior if ! review] _h n be5 prev5t$ f us+ a movie cam]a 9 ! !at]1 nor has an >t /ud5t a valid 3/itu;nal claim to fair use (a pa9t+ by photograph+ x 9 a museum4 ,fair use has n"e be5 held to 2 a gu>antee ( access to copy"r$ mat]ial 9 ord] to copy x by ! fair us]'s pref]r$ te*nique or 9 ! =mat (! orig9al4 ,once ! issue is fram$ ? way1 ! case has be5 lo/4 ,i wd >gue t "! >e ?ree basel9e ]rors "h3 a focus on 8affirmative "rs ( access0 z oppos$ to limits on ,3gress's p[] 9 h&+ | exclusive "rs ov] expres.n )|t _! 3/itu;nally nec limita;ns1 a focus on practical effects (! provi.ns r ?an on =mal 3/itu;nal limita;ns on ! copy"r sy/em ov] all #cic classes ( "ws1 &a 3fu.n 2t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs & physical prop]ty "rs t goes to ! he>t (! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ 4cuss$ 9 ,*apt] #b4 ,! "q is n :e!r us]s h a 3/itu;nally protect$ "r ( practical access to a pref]r$ v].n (a "w4 ,! "q is :e!r x violates ! ,f/ ,am5d;t = ,3gress to give to copy"r hold]s an 9tellectual prop]ty "r to exempt _! copy"r$ "ws 9 "s =mats f fair use & o!r provi.ns t >e nec = copy"r law 9 g5]al to 2 3/itu;nal4 ,rememb] my e>li] example4 ,:at if ,3gress am5d$ ,sec;n #abja to say 8,any copy"r [n] c make x illegal to make a fair use (a copy"r$ "w by putt+ a r$ dot on _! books1 records1 & films 2f sell+ !m4 ,x % 2 a crime to circumv5t ! r$ dot ev5 if1 b =! dot1 ! use wd h #cid be5 fair08 ,? /atute1 ,i ?9k1 is cle>ly uncon/itu;nal4 ,x wd 2 no answ] to say t "s [n]s w n use ! r$ dot1 & ev5 = ~? t d1 "! w 2 old]1 dot.s v].ns / available4 ,x is irrelevant t ,i mie _m secondh& book/ores 9 ! >ea1 9 : undott$ volumes c 2 f.d4 ,ev5 if ! r$ dot rule 7 only to 2 appli$ to h>dback books1 or graphic novels1 or cassette tapes1 x wd / 2 uncon/itu;nal4 ,nor d we h to wait until ! 5tire m>ketplace is dom9at$ by r$.-dott$ products 2f 3sid]+ ! issue4 ,x is no answ] to say t ev5 2f ! r$ dot #cie rule1 copy"r hold]s cd alw h hidd5 _! "ws1 or lock$ !m 9 safes1 or ev5 negotiat$ 9dividual 3tracts )! pur*as]s t h ! effect ( limit+ fair use4 ,t way ( fram+ x j mis"u/&s ! issue on a funda;tal level4 ,! claim is n ab ! happ5/.e ( practical access or ! way t a copy"r hold] c use physical 3trol ( an object or exi/+ tangible prop]ty "rs to "ucut fair use4 ,! po9t is t ,3gress violates ! ,f/ ,am5d;t :51 ) respect to any "w1 x gives me an 9tellectual prop]ty "r to prohibit copy+ & 4tribu;n ( an expressive "w sold 9 ! m>ketplace & an addi;nal legal p[] to opt | (! limita;ns 3ta9$ 9 ,sec;n #ajg ov] t "w4 ,! bundle ( "rs 3vey$ by ! ,,dmca does exactly t4 ,x is n ! ,,dmca al"o t we m/ analyze4 ,! "q is #cif :e!r ,3gress c give ! exclusive "rs 3ta9$ 9 ,sec;n #ajf (! ,copy"r ,act ov] a "picul> class ( "ws "1 if x al gives a new "r to prohibit citiz5s f ga9+ access to ~? "ws =! purposes ( mak+ a fair use 4 ,if ,judge ,kaplan & ,judge ,newman >e correct1 !n ! ,,dmca gives an 5tirely new 9tellectual prop]ty "r " to ! copy"r hold]s to d exactly t4 ,to put x ! o!r way >.d1 ! ,,dmca subtracts f ! citiz5's bundle ( 5title;ts "u f$]al copy"r law1 ! "r " to ga9 access to a "w legally 9 8 posses.n =! purpose ( mak+ a fair use4 ,x is t rule *ange t is uncon/itu;nal1 ,i wd >gue1 &! way #cig ,judge ,kaplan & ,judge ,newman frame t issue makes !m miss ! po9t4 ,fram+ is important4 ,! 3fu.ns t ,i h talk$ ab 9 ? book all make an appe>.e4 ,x />ts )! :ole 3trov]sy 2+ fram$ by ! ,9t]net ,?reat /ory l9e f ,*apt] #d4 ,2c ,judge ,kaplan is 3v9c$ t e citiz5 is n[ a pot5tial 9fr+]1 a pot5tially 9fecti|s virus c>ri]1 he is ill 4pos$ to li/5 to claims ab fair use4 ,civil lib]ties claims d n d v well 9 epidemics4 ,x is only "r = hm to def] to ,3gress's p]cep;n (! problem &! solu;n1 ( c|rse4 ,b he buys s deeply 9to ! magnitude (! ?reat1 ! ext5t (! pot5tial piracy p&emic1 t x is v h>d = hm to take s]i|sly ! idea t ev5 "h "! is a legitimate 3/itu;nal fair use claim4 ,! ,sony ,axiom f ,*apt] #d is al ignor$1 or #cih at lea/ "uvalu$4 ,z ,i po9t$ | "!1 )|t a robu/ set ( excep;ns & limita;ns on copy"r1 ! idea t *eap] copy+ requires grt] 3trol w 9exorably drive u t[>d ! posi;n t ! te*nologies ( *eap] reproduc;n m/ 2 put "u ! gov]n.e ( copy"r hold]s4 ,! ,,dmca 3t9ues t logic2 xs drafs 3clud$ t ! "r to get access to digital "ws = purposes ( mak+ a fair use m/ 2 tak5 f ! bundle ( "rs possess$ by citiz5s1 :ile ! "r to 5jo9 bo? access &! te*nologies ( access is add$ to ~? ( copy"r hold]s4 ,n"e m9d ! correct;s ( s* a 3clu.n z a matt] ( policy4 ,>e "! 3/itu;nal limita;ns on ,3gress tak+ s* an ac;n8 ,kaplan & ,newman 9 effect tell u1 8n yet40 ,m important ?an ! p]cep;n (! ?reat is ! "u/&+ ( #cii :at 9tellectual prop]ty is all ab4 ,9 ,*apt] #b1 ,jeff]son w>n$ u t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e n l physical prop]ty "rs4 ,9 analyz+ ! ,,dmca1 ": d we turn = analogies8 ,to physical prop]ty1 viol;e1 & !ft4 ,! cases analyz+ ! ,,dmca >e full ( analogies to trespass1 to break+ & 5t]+1 to burgl>s,0 tools1 & to safecrack]s4 ,private prop]ty c>ries a lot ( baggage ) x1 b we "k x well'\x2014'x is ! place we naturally turn = 9sim]s & b>b$ wire & public "rs.-(.-way al;g hie new by comp>+ !m to ?+s we ?9k we "u/& bett]4 ,analogies >e only bad :5 !y ignore ! key diff];e 2t ! two ?+s #djj 2+ analyz$4 ,t is :at happ5s "h4 ,jeff]son rem9d$ u t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e cle>ly >tifacts ( /ate crea;n1 monopolies ~: 9t]nal limita;ns 9 scope1 dura;n1 & s on >e j z important z ! "rs !mvs4 ,jeff]son d|bts :e!r ev5 prop]ty "rs ov] l& c 2 "u/ood z natural & absolute'\x2014' copy"rs & pat5ts1 : cov] subject matt] t c 2 9f9itely reproduc$ )|t dim9i%+ xs sub/.e1 cle>ly _c4 ,!y frequ5tly 9volve a claim to 3trol pur*as]s,0 2havior ) respect to "s aspect ( an >tifact af x has be5 sold to !m 9 ! m>ketplace1 mak+ simplem9d$ analogies to 8break+ & 5t]+0 9appropriate'\x2014'! ext5t (! prop]ty 9 "q is precisely ! issue 9 4pute4 "<,:5 ,johans5 0 tri$ 9 ,norway "u ! na;nal comput] crime law1 ! c|rt laconically #dja obs]v$ t he _h b"| ! ,,dvds1 & "o _c break 9to "o's [n prop]ty'\x2014'effectively turn+ ! analogy on xs head4"> ,jeff]son />ts f ! basel9e t monopoly is ! excep;n & fre$om is ! rule'\x2014'any limita;ns on t fre$om h to 2 ju/ifi$4 ,t is :y he alw 4cusses ! "r &! limita;ns on ! "r z an 9sep>able pair4 ,"o _c 4cuss !m 9 isola;n4 ,kaplan & ,newman >e f9e1 ?"|;l judges4 ,!y d n alt ignore ~? po9ts4 ,b look h[ ! analysis is set up4 ,at s"eal po9ts 9 ! 4cus.n1 "! seems to 2 ! assump;n t copy"r [n]s h 5title;ts to total 3trol z ( "r & t fair use is a m]e lucky loophole :1 2c x c 2 negat$ by ! happ5/.e ( :e!r "o c get physical access1 c h>dly h major ,f/ ,am5d;t /atus4 ,!y keep po9t+ | t physical 3trol & tangible #djb prop]ty "rs frequ5tly all[ copy"r hold]s to make fair use impracticable4 8,& s :at80 ,jeff]son mi]4 ,! re/ra9ts impos$ by physical happ5/.e & tangible prop]ty "rs >e diff]5t f ~? impos$ by copy"r'\x2014' a 3gres.nally creat$ monopoly ov] expres.n 4 ,we _c assume 2c "o is 3/itu;nally acceptable t ! o!rs >e too4 ,jeff]son "u/ood t1 & 8 #djd analysis c help u ev5 9 a 3/itu;nal 3flict ov] a te*nology he cd h>dly h dreamt (4 "<,?|< p]h ) ,jeff]son1 ? is a bad bet4"> ,! same po9t comes up 9 a diff]5t way :5 ! c|rt 4connects ! fair use 4cus.n f ! exclusive "rs 4cus.n4 ,! "q is n 8,d ,i h a 3/itu;nally protect$ "r ( physical access to a pref]r$ v].n (a movie1 s z to make my task easy80 ,t gets ! c|rt caue giv5 a legal p[] to deprive us]s ( _! privilege to ga9 o!rwise law;l access =! purposes ( fair use4 ,if y give ! digital filmmak] ! exclusive "rs ( copy"r b =bid ! film pr(essor f go+ "? ! o!rwise law;l process ( p>ody+ or quot+1 t #djf rule is uncon/itu;nal1 no matt] h[ _m o!r fair uses >e unaffect$4 ,if ! copy"r law 7 am5d$ to =bid j|rnali/s play+1 on a ,fri"d1 exc]pts ( legally acquir$ r$.-dott$ tapes made by presid5ts ~: la/ "n 2g9s ) ;,n 1 x wd / 2 uncon/itu;nal4 ,! legal imple;ta;n ( ? 3clu.n wd 2 simple4 ,x wd 2 uncon/itu;nal to puni% an 9dividual = ga9+ access 9 ord] to make a fair use4 ,h["e1 if !y cut d[n ! digital f;e to make illicit copies1 bo? ! cutt+ &! copy+ wd 2 illegal4 ,b :at ab ! prohibi;n ( traffick+ 9 digital wire cutt]s1 te*nologies s* z ,de,,css8 ,"! ! 3/itu;nal "q is h>d]4 ,i wd >gue t ! ,f/ ,am5d;t requires an 9t]preta;n (! antitraffick+ provi.ns t comes clos] to ! rul+ #djg 9 ! ,sony case4 ,if ,mr4 ,johans5 did 9de$ make ,de,,css to play ,,dvds on 8 ,l9ux comput]1 & if t 7 9de$ a sub/antial non9fr++ use1 !n x _c 2 illegal = hm to develop ! te*nology4 ,b ,i accept t ? is a h>d] l9e to draw 3/itu;nally4 ,ab my f/ 3clu.n1 ?|<1 ,i ?9k ! >gu;t is bo? /r;g & cle>4 ,ironically1 "! is "s support = my claim & x comes f an ev5 hi<]1 if n uni=mly m ?"|;l1 set ( judges ?an ,newman & ,kaplan4 ,9 ! depress+ case ( ,eldr$ v4 ,a%cr(t 1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt upheld retrospective copy"r t]m ext5.ns ag/ a v>iety ( 3/itu;nal *all5ges4 "<,full 4closure3 ,i assi/$ 9 ! prep>a;n ( an amicus curiae brief 9 ! case4"> ,"o ( ~? *all5ges 0 bas$ on ! #djh ,f/ ,am5d;t4 ,! fairly reasonable claim 0 t ,3gress cd n retroactively lock up an 5tire tw5ty.-ye> swa! ( culture t _h alr be5 produc$4 ,s* a law wd 2 all re/ra9t ( expres.n1 p]=m.e1 republica;n1 adap;n1 & s on1 ) no 9c5tive b5efits 4 ,! ,c|rt 0 unconv9c$4 ,b x did say3 ,to ! ext5t s* ass];ns raise ,f/ ,am5d;t 3c]ns1 copy"r's built.-in free spee* safegu>ds >e g5]ally adequate to address !m4 ,we recognize t ! ,d4,c4 ,circuit spoke too broadly :5 x dcld copy"rs 8categorically immune f *all5ges "u ! ,f/ ,am5d;t40 444 ,b :51 z 9 ? case1 ,3gress has n alt]$ ! tradi;nal 3t|rs ( copy"r protec;n 1 fur!r ,f/ ,am5d;t scrut9y is unnec4 #dji ,! ,,dmca1 ( c|rse1 does exactly ?4 ,z to digital "ws x alt]s ! 8tradi;nal 3t|rs ( copy"r protec;n0 9 a way t affects 8copy"r's built.-in free spee* safegu>ds40 ,t is :at ! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale 0 all ab4 ,p]h "o "d1 9 a case n 9volv+ a ,norwegian te5ag]1 a hack] magaz9e run by a l;g.-hair$ $itor ) an ,orwellian nom de plume1 & an obscure te*nology t is accus$ ( pos+ apocalyptic ?reats to ! ,am]ican film 9du/ry1 t po9t w come | m cle>ly4 ,b ! issue ( spee* regula;n is only half (! /ory4 ,9tellectual prop]ty "rs ov] digital te*nologies affect n only spee*1 b ! frame"w ( competi;n & m>kets z well1 z ! next example makes cle>4 ,! ,apple ( ,=bidd5 ,k3 ,! ,,dmca & #daj ,competi;n ,y cd tell x 0 a biz>re feud by ! /ate;t ,apple issu$1 "o /rangely at odds )! ,cali=nian ,z5.-*ic ! company normally projects4 8,we >e /unn$ t ,real,net"ws has adopt$ ! tactics & e?ics (a hack] to break 9to ! i,pod1 & we >e 9ve/igat+ ! implica;ns ( _! ac;ns "u ! ,,dmca & o!r laws40 ,:at vile ?+ _h ,real,net"ws d"o8 ,!y _h develop$ a program call$ ,h>mony t wd all[ i,pod [n]s to buy s;gs f ,real's ,music ,/ore & play !m on _! [n i,pods4 ,t's x4 ,s :y all ! |trage8 ,x turns | t l ! /ory ( ,de,,css1 ? ll 3trov]sy has a lot to tea* u ab ! l&scape ( 9tellectual prop]ty 4putes1 ab ! m5tal topography (! hi<.-te* economy4 ,b ": ! ,de,,css case 0 a w> ( #daa metaphors >.d ! b.d>ies ( fre$om ( expres.n1 ! i,pod /ory is ab ways 9 : 9tellectual prop]ty m>ks ! limits ( competi;n4 ,apple i,pods c 2 us$ to /ore all k9ds ( mat]ial1 f ~w process+ docu;ts to ,,mp#c files4 ,if y want to use ~! popul> digital music play]s to d[nload copy.-protect$ music1 ?|<1 y h only "o s|rce3 ,apple's i,tunes s]vice1 : (f]s s;gs at #ii c5ts a pop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #gi p;e 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,if y try to d[nload copy.-protect$ mat]ial f any o!r s]vice1 ! i,pod w refuse to play x4 ,or at lea/1 t _h be5 ! case until ,real manag$ to make _! ,h>mony s]vice compatible4 ,real's ac;ns meant t 3sum]s _h two s|rces ( copy.-protect$ music = _! i,pods4 ,presumably #dab all ! virtues ( competi;n1 9clud+ improv$ v>iety & l[]$ prices1 wd foll[4 ,! i,pod [n]s wd 2 happy4 ,b ,apple 0 n4 ,! f/ lesson (! /ory is h[ /rangely p use ! metaphors ( tangible prop]ty 9 new.-economy 4putes4 ,h[ exactly _h ,real 8brok5 9to0 ! i,pod8 ,x _h n brok5 9to my i,pod1 : is af all my i,pod4 ,if ,i want to use ,real's s]vice to d[nload music to my [n device1 ":'s ! break+ & 5t]+8 ,:at ,real _h d"o 0 make ! i,pod 89t]op]able0 ) ano!r =mat4 ,if ,boyle's ~w process+ program c 3v]t ,micros(t ,~w files 9to ,boyle's =mat1 all[+ ,~w us]s to swit* programs1 am ,i 8break+ 9to ,~w08 ,well1 ,micros(t mi5tly 2liev$"> t ,real _h brok5 9to "s?+ diff]5t f my i,pod or yr i,pod4 ,!y _h brok5 9to ! idea ( an i,pod4 "<,i imag9e a small1 platonic :ite rectangle1 presumably imbu$ )! _s ( ,/eve ,jobs4"> ,_! true s9 0 try+ to "u/& ! i,pod s t !y cd make x d ?+s t ,apple did n want x to d4 ,z an e?ical matt]1 does figur+ | h[ ?+s "w1 9 ord] to compete )! orig9al manufactur]1 c.t z break+ & 5t]+8 ,9 ! /range ne!r_w 2t h>dw>e & s(tw>e1 device & product1 ! answ] is (t5 a morally he>tfelt 8yes60 ,i wd /ress 8morally he>tfelt40 ,x is true manufactur]s want to make lots ( m"oy & wd r n h competitors4 ,bob ,"y ( ,r$ ,hat claims 8e busi;s p]son wakes up 9 ! #dad morn+ & says ,8h[ c ,i 2come a monopoli/8,0 ,7 ,2y t1 ?|<1 9novators actually come to 2lieve t !y h ! moral "r to 3trol ! uses ( _! gds af !y >e sold4 ,? isn't yr i,pod1 x's ,apple's i,pod4 ,yet ev5 if !y 2lieve ?1 we don't h to agree4 ,9 ! mat]ial _w1 :5 a razor manufactur] claims t a g5]ic razor blade mak] is 8/eal+ my cu/om]s0 by mak+ compatible blades1 we simply lau<4 ,! 8hack+0 "! 3si/s ( look+ at ! razor & manufactur+ a blade t w fit4 ,to say ? is "sh[ immoral seems lauy code & silicon circuits1 r ?an ! mold$ pla/ic (a razor c>tridge8 ,:at if 5sur+ ! 8fit0 2t ! two products is n a matt] ( mak+ sure ! new #dae blades snugly 3nect to ! razor b ( mak+ sure ! s(tw>e emb$d$ 9 my g5]ic product s5ds ! "r code to ! orig9al product 9 ord] to 2 recogniz$8 ,|r moral 9tui;ns >e a ll less 3fid5t "h4 ,all k9ds ( bad policy c fl|ri% 9 t >ea ( moral unc]ta9ty4 ,? leads u to ! law4 ,surely ,apple's sugges;n t ! ,,dmca migu;t8 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! answ] is 8probably10 at lea/ if ! c|rts 3t9ue 9 ! direc;n !y >e curr5tly tak+1 b x is a clos] call ?an y wd ?9k4 ,9t]na;nally1 ! answ] is ev5 less c]ta94 ,t is ": ! i,pod w> provides xs second new.-economy lesson4 ,?9k =a mo;t ab ! way t ! law %apes ! busi;s *oices 9 ? 4pute4 ,9 a competitive m>ket1 ,apple wd *oose :e!r to make ! i,pod an op5 #daf plat=m1 able to "w ) "ey"o's music s]vice1 or to try to keep x clos$1 hop+ to extract m m"oy by us+ 3sum]s,0 loyalty to ! h>dw>e to drive !m to ! ti$ music s]vice4 ,if !y attempt$ to keep x clos$1 competitors wd try to make compatible products1 act+ l ! manufactur]s ( g5]ic razor blades or pr9t] c>tridges4 ,! w> wd 2 f"| | on ! h>dw>e "<& s(tw>e"> level1 )! manufactur] (! plat=m 3/antly seek+ to make ! compet+ products 9compatible1 to bad.-m|? _! qual;y1 & to use fe>1 unc]ta9ty1 & d|bt to /op 3sum]s f swit*+4 "<,apple's actual ~ws w]e3 8,:5 we update |r i,pod s(tw>e f "t to "t1 x is himony te*nology w cease to "w ) curr5t & future i,pods40"> ,mean:ile ! competitors wd race #dag to untangle ! knots z fa/ z ! plat=m manufactur] cd tie !m4 ,if ! 3sum]s got irritat$ 5 !y cd give up _! sunk co/s & swit* to ano!r product alt4 ,all ( ? seems f9e1 ev5 if x repres5ts ! k9d ( socially wa/e;l >ms race t l$ critics ( capitalism to prophesy xs 9evitable doom4 ,competi;n is gd & competi;n w (t5 require 9t]op]abil;y4 ,b :at d we mean by competi;n8 ,is x competi;n if ,i assass9ate yr employees or poison ! food 9 yr re/aurant8 ,if ,i trespass on yr l& 9 ord] to sell a compet+ product8 ,if ,i break 9to yr safe to /eal yr trade secrets1 use my monopoly posi;n 9 ! m>ket to impose resale price agree;ts1 or violate yr pat5t8 ,x is ! law t draws ! l9e 2t competi;n & !ft1 2t virtu|s competitive imita;n & #dah illicit 8piracy40 ,"s"ts we ne$ to give 9novators prop]ty "rs t all[ !m to prev5t second-com]s f free rid+ on _! ef=ts4 ,we h to d s 2c x is nec to 5c|rage future 9nova;n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s"ts we n only all[ ! second-com] to free ride1 we positively 5c|rage x1 2liev+ t ? is an 9tegral "p ( competi;n & t "! >e adequate 9c5tives to 5c|rage 9nova;n )|t ! /ate /epp+ in4 ,9tellectual prop]ty policy1 9de$ a l>ge "p (! policy 2h all prop]ty "rs1 is ab draw+ ! l9e 2t ! two situa;ns4 ,too f> 9 "o direc;n & 9nova;n suff]s 2c pot5tial 9ve/ors realize gd ideas w immly 2 copi$4 ,too f> 9 ! o!r direc;n & monopolies hurt bo? competi;n & future 9nova;n4 ,imag9e y >e ! f/ p]son to 9ve/ 9 gett+ ! public to eat burritos = breakfa/1 #dai or to place a petrol /a;n at a c]ta9 crossroads1 or to clip pap]s tgr )a fold$ bit ( wire4 ,9 ea* case we give y "s prop]ty "rs4 ,! fa/.-food v5dor may [n a tradem>k$ phrase or j+le t ! public le>ns to associate ) 8 product4 ,s9ce ! pat5t (fice issu$ a pat5t =! seal$ & crimp$ 8peanut butt] & jelly0 s&wi* ,i describ$ at ! 2g9n+ (! book1 ev5 a pat5t is n | (! "q if yr 4gu/+ 3coc;n is suffici5tly novel & nonobvi|s4 ,b we %d n all[ y to h a pat5t ov] all burritos1 or burritos = breakfa/1 / less ov] ! idea ( fa/ food4 ,z =! pap] clip mak]1 "! mik ov] ! "picul> pap] clip1 b ! idea ( fold+ wire to secure pap] /ays 9 ! public doma94 ,! [n] (! petrol /a;n gets physical [n]%ip (! l&1 b _c /op a second-com] f sett+ up %op acr ! road1 ev5 #dbj if ! f/-com]'s labor1 capital1 & ef=t prov$ t ! loca;n is a gd "o4 ,we positively 5c|rage foll[.-on imita;n 9 ~? cases4 ,n[ h[ ab ! case 9 po9t8 ,:at does ,apple get 9 ! way ( prop]ty "rs8 ,?9k back to my descrip;n (! 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em 9 ,*apt] #a4 ,!y c get pat5ts ov] ~? aspects (! i,pod'\x2014'bo? h>dw>e & s(tw>e'\x2014't >e suffici5tly 9novative4 ,pat5ts >e :at we use to protect 9v5;ns4 ,!y al get a copy"r ov] ! v>i|s pieces ( s(tw>e 9volv$4 ,t protects !m only ag/ "s"o :o copies _! code1 n "s"o :o writes new s(tw>e to d ! same ?+4 ,copy"rs >e :at we use to protect orig9al expres.n4 ,!y get "rs "u tradem>k law ov] ! "n & p]h "ps (! design (! product'\x2014' maybe ! 4t9ctive look (! #dba i,pod'\x2014'?|< t is a bit m complex4 ,all ( ~! "rs1 plus 2+ ! f/ to break 9to ! m>ket 9 a big way1 ! brilli.e (! design1 &! tidw>e &! s]vice1 produce a =midable competitive advantage4 ,! i,pod is a v gd product4 ,n[ if a competitor 9fr+es any ( ,apple's "rs1 = example by mak+ a lit]al copy (! code1 us+ _! tradem>k 9 a way ! law does n all[1 or 9fr++ on "o ( _! pat5ts1 !n ,apple c %ut !m d[n & extract hefty damages4 ,q "r1 too4 ,b %d !y 2 able to prev5t "s"o f mak+ an 9t]op]able product1 provid$ !y d n violate any ( ~! exi/+ "rs 9 ! process8 ,laws l ! ,,dmca make t "q m complicat$4 ,n[a"ds1 "! is s(tw>e 9 _m1 _m m products ?an y wd imag9e4 ,yr wat*1 yr ph"o1 yr pr9t]1 yr !rmo/at1 #dbb yr g>age door op5]1 yr refrig]ator1 yr microwave1 yr televi.n'\x2014'! odds >e t if y b"| !m 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 !y h "s s(tw>e compon5t4 ,9 ! #aigjs ! c|rts & ,3gress _h 3clud$ t s(tw>e cd 2 copy"r$ z orig9al expres.n1 l a s;g or a novel1 z well z 2+ pat5t$ :5 x 0 novel1 nonobvi|s1 & use;l4 ,frequ5tly1 diff]5t aspects (! same program w 2 cov]$ by copy"r & by pat5t4 ,b s(tw>e is a ma*9e made ( ~ws1 ! ma*9e (! digital age4 ,t fact alr causes "s problems = |r competi;n policy4 ,w ! excep;ns & limita;ns design$ to deal )a copy"r ov] a novel "w adequately :5 !y >e appli$ to ,micros(t ,w9d[s8 ,t issue 0 alr uncle>4 ,)! ,,dmca1 we h add$ ano!r crucial problem4 ,": "! is copy"r$ s(tw>e "! c 2 #dbc digital f;es >.d x4 ,if ! copy"r [n] c =bid p to cut ~! f;es to ga9 access to ! s(tw>e1 !n x c effectively 5l>ge xs monopoly1 capture ti$ s]vices1 & prohibit g5]ic competi;n4 ,x 0 j ? l9e ( ?"| t l$ "s o!r companies to d m ?an m]ely make ?reat5+ noises ab ! ,,dmca4 ,lexm>k makes pr9t]s4 ,b x al makes lots ( m"oy (f ! replace;t 9k or ton] c>tridges = ~? pr9t]s4 ,9 "s cases1 9 fact1 t is ": pr9t] companies make ! major;y ( _! pr(its4 ,z a result1 !y >e n exactly ke5 on g5]ic replace;ts4 ,*amb]la9 makes g>age door op5] sy/ems4 ,b !y al sell replace;ts =! 3troll]s'\x2014'! ll devices t y use to trigg] ! door4 ,lawy]s f bo? ( ~? firms look$ at ! ,,dmca & saw a *.e to d "s?+ mo/ companies wd love to d2 to make #dbd g5]ic competi;n illegal4 ,lexm>k design$ _! pr9t] program s t x wd n accept a ton] c>tridge un.s x rcvd ! correct 8*ecksum0 or valida;n numb]4 ,s f>1 ? looks no diff]5t f ! razor manufactur] try+ to make x difficult to manufacture a compatible replace;t blade4 ,g5]ic competitors n[ _h to emb$ *ips 9 _! pr9t] c>tridges : wd produce ! correct code1 o!rwise !y wd n "w 9 ,lexm>k pr9t]s4 ,/atic ,3trol ,compon5ts is a ,nor? ,c>ol9a company t manufactures *ips ~: ma9 func;n is to s5d ! correct code to ! pr9t] program4 ,) ? *ip implant$ 9 !m1 g5]ic c>tridges wd "w 9 ,lexm>k pr9t]s4 ,lexm>k's response cd h be5 to *ange _! program1 r5d]+ ! *ip obsolete1 j z ,apple cd *ange ! i,tunes #dbe s(tw>e to lock | ,real ,music's ,rhapsody4 ,do+ s wd h be5 q )9 _! "rs4 ,9de$ x is a /&>d "p (! 9t]op]abil;y w>s4 ,9/ead1 ,lexm>k su$ ,/atic ,3trols1 claim+1 am;g o!r ?+s1 a viola;n (! ,,dmca4 ,l ,apple 9 ! press release ,i quot$ e>li]1 ,lexm>k cle>ly saw ? z a k9d ( digital break+ & 5t]+4 ,? 0 _! pr9t]1 _! pr9t] program1 _! m>ket = replace;t c>tridges4 ,/atic 0 j help+ a bun* ( *eats cam|flage _! g5]ic c>tridges z au!ntic ,lexm>k c>tridges4 ,translat$ 9to ! legal language (! ,,dmca ! claim is a ll diff]5t1 b / recognizable4 ,/atic 0 8traffick+0 9 a #dbf device t all[$ ! 8circumv5;n (a te*nical protec;n measure0 us$ to prev5t 8access to a copy"r$ "w0'\x2014'"nly ! comput] program 9side ! pr9t]4 ,t is 2havior t ! ,,dmca =bids4 ,! g>age door company1 ,*amb]la9'\x2014':o al claim$ to 2 3c]n$ ab ! secur;y ( _! g>age doors'\x2014'made a simil> >gu;t4 ,9 ord] to get ! g>age door to op51 ! g5]ic replace;t op5] _h to provide ! "r code to ! program 9 ! actual motor sy/em4 ,t program is copy"r$4 ,! code 3trols 8access0 to x4 ,sudd5ly1 ! manufactur]s ( g5]ic pr9t] c>tridges & g>age door op5]s />t to look r l ,jon ,johans54 ,surely ! c|rts did n accept ? >gu;t8 ,biz>rely 5|<1 "s ( !m did'\x2014'at lea/ at f/4 ,b p]h x 0 n s biz>re4 ,! ,,dmca 0 #dbg 9de$ a radical new law4 ,x did %ift ! b.d>ies ( p[] 2t 9tellectual prop]ty [n]s & o!rs4 ,& 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e alw ab re/ra9+ competi;n1 def9+ :at is legitimate & :at is n'\x2014't is :at !y d4 ,"! 0 a respectable >gu;t t ~! devices did 9 fact violate ! ,,dmca4 ,9 fact1 x 0 respectable 5 to 3v9ce a f$]al judge4 ,! 4trict c|rt judge 9 ! ,lexm>k case 3clud$ t ,lexm>k 0 likely to w9 on bo? ! ,,dmca claim & on a m tradi;nal copy"r claim & issu$ an 9junc;n ag/ ,/atic ,3trol4 ,9 ,skyl9k 1 ! case 9volv+ g>age door op5]s1 by 3tra/1 ! 4trict c|rt held t ! univ]sal g>age door op5] did n violate ! ,,dmca4 ,bo? cases 7 appeal$ & bo? appeals c|rts #dbh sid$ )! g5]ic manufactur]s1 say+ t ! ,,dmca did n prohibit ? k9d ( access'\x2014'm]ely mak+ a comput] program "w ! way x 0 suppos$ to4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,c|rt ( ,appeals =! ,f$]al ,circuit "<,,cafc"> he>d ! ,skyl9k appeal4 ,9 a rem>kably f>.-rea*+ deci.n1 ! c|rt effectively took _m (! posi;ns t ,mr4 ,corley's lawy]s _h >gu$ = 9 ! ,de,,css case1 b !y did s n to protect spee*1 b to protect competi;n4 ,9 fact1 !y impli$ t tak+ ,*amb]la9's side 9 ! case wd sil5tly ov]rule ! antitru/ /atutes4 ,!y al 9t]pret$ ! new "r creat$ by ! ,,dmca s z to add an implicit limita;n4 ,9 _! 3/ruc;n1 m]ely ga9+ access is n illegal2 only ga9+ access =! purpose ( violat+ ! copy"r #dbi hold]s,0 "rs violates ! /atute4 ,! ,reim]des c|rt _h be5 will+ to accept t ! new access "r all[s a copy"r hold] to prohibit 8fair uses z well z f|l40 ,:5 ,*amb]la9 made ! same >gu;t z to _! g>age door op5] program1 ! ,,cafc 0 9cr$ul|s4 ,s* an 5title;t . wd g f> 2y ! idea t ! ,,dmca all[s copy"r [n] to prohibit 8fair uses 444 z well z f|l40 ,reim]des1 #aaa ,f4 ,supp4 #b;d at #cjd4 ,*amb]la9's propos$ 3/ruc;n wd all[ copy"r [n]s to prohibit exclusively fair uses ev5 9 ! abs;e ( any fe>$ f|l use4 ,x wd1 "!=e1 all[ any copy"r [n]1 "? a comb9a;n ( 3tractual t]ms & te*nological measures1 to repeal ! fair use doctr9e ) respect to an #dcj 9dividual copy"r$ "w'\x2014'or ev5 select$ copies ( t copy"r$ "w4 ,"! >e multiple ironies "h4 ,! ,,cafc r>ely meets an 9tellectual prop]ty "r x does n l4 ,x has presid$ ov] a tw5ty.-ye> expan.n ( ,am]ican pat5t law t _m s*ol>s f9d 9def5sible4 ,b :5 "<= dubi|s jurisdic;nal reasons"> x sorties 2y xs tradi;nal ambit ( pat5t law1 x is /unn$ by ! pot5tial expansive;s (! ,,dmca4 ,!n "! is ! comp>ison )! ,reim]des case4 ,h[ 9t]e/+ t ! ,f/ ,am5d;t & 3c]ns ab free expres.n h comp>atively ll bite :5 appli$ to ! ,,dmca1 b antitru/ & 3c]ns ab competi;n require t we curtail x4 ,af all1 ! he>t ( ,mr4 ,johans5's >gu;t 0 t he _h to write ! ,de,,css program 9 ord] to play 8 [n ,,dvds on 8 [n #dca comput]'\x2014'to get access to 8 [n ,,dvds1 j z ! pur*as] (a replace;t g>age door 3trol is gett+ access to ! program t op]ates 8 [n g>age door4 ,9de$1 ,mr4 ,johans5's criticism ( ,,css 0 t x all[$ ! movie companies1 8"? a comb9a;n ( 3tractual t]ms & te*nological measures1 to repeal ! fair use doctr9e ) respect to an 9dividual copy"r$ "w40 ,mr4 ,corley e*o$ ~? claims4 ,( c|rse1 ! situa;ns >e n id5tical4 ,! key limita;n 9 ,skyl9k is t ! c|rt saw no ?reat ( 8f|l use40 ,! ,reim]des c|rt cd see ll else4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rul+s >e n easily reconcil$4 ,! ,skyl9k c|rt _c imag9e t ,3gress wd #dcb want to give ! copy"r hold] a new 8prop]ty0 "r to prev5t access unconnect$ to any "uly+ copy"r viola;n4 ,z we h se51 ,3gress *ose to create new causes ( ac;n = circumv5;n &= traffick+ 9 circumv5;n devices4 ,3gress did n *oose to create new prop]ty "rs444 4 ,7 we to 9t]pret ,3gress's ~ws 9 a way t elim9at$ all bal.e & grant$ copy"r [n]s c>te blan*e au?or;y to preclude all use1 ,3gres.nal 9t5t wd rema9 unrealiz$4 ,yet1 >guably1 t is exactly :at ! ,reim]des deci.n does1 precisely 2c x focuses on 5abl+ access al"o1 n access =! purpose ( violat+ "o (! "rs (! copy"r hold]4 ,! ,reim]des c|rt saw a viola;n (! law j 9 cutt+ ! wire or mak+ a wire #dcc cutt]4 ,! ,skyl9k c|rt focus$ on :e!r ! p]son cutt+ ! wire 0 go+ to trespass once ! cutt+ 0 d"o4 ,9 effect1 ! two c|rts 4agree on : (! op;ns (f]$ to ! legislature 9 ! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale 0 actually 5act$ by ,3gress4 ,: c|rt is correct8 ,! ,skyl9k deci.n /rikes me z s5sible4 ,x al makes ! /atute 3/itu;nally m* m def5sible'\x2014'"s?+ t ! ,skyl9k c|rt does n 3sid]4 ,b 9 ! process1 x has to rewrite ! ,,dmca sub/antially4 ,"o %d n presume t x w 2 ? 9t]preta;n t w triumph4 ,summ+ ,up3 ,exagg]a;ns1 ,half.-,tru?s1 & ,bipol> ,4ord]s 9 ,te*nology ,policy #dcd ,let me return to ! "q ) : ,i 2gan ! *apt]4 ,= _m critics ( 3tempor>y 9tellectual prop]ty law1 ! ,,dmca is ! v embodi;t ( all t is wr;g4 "<,i / *]i% a fr's acc.t ( ,briti% prote/]s |tside ! ,am]ican ,embassy 9 ,london s++ 8;,d.-;,m.-;,c.-,a0 to ! tune (! ,village ,p's 8,,ymca0 & hold+ up signs call+ =! law's repeal'\x2014' to ! grt 3fu.n (! diplomatic p]sonnel4"> ,! critics 3jure up a digital apocalypse'\x2014'a _w ( p]fect 3trol a*iev$ "? legally back$ digital f;es1 9 : bo? spee* & competi;n suff]1 & ": citiz5s lose privacy1 ! privilege ( fair use1 &! "r to criticize popul> culture r ?an simply 3sume x4 ,9 _! view1 ! legal 4a/] is only #dce exac]bat$ by bumbl+ judges :o d n "u/& ! te*nology & :o >e easily fool$ by ! doom.-lad5 rhetoric (! 3t5t companies4 ,! ,,dmca's support]s1 on ! o!r h&1 ?9k criticisms (! ,,dmca >e ov]bl[n1 t ! d>k tales ( digital 3trol >e ei p>anoid delu.ns or t5d5ti|s exagg]a;ns1 & t f> f 2+ excessive1 ! ,,dmca's provi.ns >e n suffici5t to 3trol an epidemic ( illicit copy+4 ,m draconian 9t]v5;n is ne$$4 ,z = fair use1 z ,i po9t$ | 2f1 _m (! ,,dmca's support]s d n ?9k fair use is t important economically or culturally speak+4 ,at be/ x is a 8loophole0 t copy"r [n]s %d h ! "r to close2 c]ta9ly n an affirmative "r (! public or a res]v$ limita;n on ! orig9al prop]ty grant f ! /ate4 ,:o is "r8 #dcf ,obvi|sly1 ,i 4agree prof.dly )! ,,dmca's support]s4 ,i wrote ? book "ply to expla9'\x2014'us+ ,jeff]son & ,macaulay &! ,sony case'\x2014':at 0 wr;g ) _! logic4 ,x wd 2 bo? 3v5i5t & predictable = me to claim t ! ,,dmca is ! 9tellectual prop]ty 9c>na;n (! ,anti*ri/4 ,b x wd n 2 true4 ,9 fact1 ,i wd n ev5 put ! ,,dmca 9 ! top ?ree ( bad 9tellectual prop]ty 9itiatives _wwide4 ,& _m (! fe>s 3jur$ up ab x >e 9de$ ov]bl[n4 ,( c|rse1 ! critics h a po9t4 ,! ,,dmca is a v badly draft$ law4 ,z ,i h tri$ to %[ "h1 xs key provi.ns 7 probably unnec & >e1 9 my view1 uncon/itu;nal4 ,if c|pl$ )a numb] ( o!r legal 89nova;ns0 favor$ by ! 3t5t 9du/ry1 ! ,,dmca cd play a v de/ructive role4 ,9 #dcg g5]al1 9 fact1 ! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale is fairly accurate 9 describ+ scrib+ bo? ! orig9s (&! ?reats pos$ by ! ,,dmca4 ,yet ! s+le l>ge/ ( ~? ?reats'\x2014'! idea t ! ,,dmca cd 2 us$ to f;e (f l>ge por;ns (! public doma9 & to make ! fair use provi.ns (! ,copy"r ,act ess5tially irrelevant'\x2014'is / l>gely a ?reat r ?an a real;y4 ,9 "s cases1 fair use "rs >e curtail$4 ,b = mo/ citiz5s &=! major;y ( m$ia1 ! ,,dmca has _h relatively ll effect4 ,digital "rs manage;t "<,,drm"> c]ta9ly exi/s2 9de$ x is all >.d u4 ,y c see t e "t y try to play a ,,dvd b"| 9 ano!r "p (! _w1 op5 an ,adobe e,book1 or copy a s;g y h d[nload$ f i,tunes4 ,b s f>1 ! _w ( legally back$ digital "rs #dch manage;t has n br"| ab ! wor/ (! dy/opian 3sequ;es t "s p1 9clud+ me1 fe>$ mi$4 ,"! >e g5u9e sc&als1 ( c|rse'\x2014' cryptography rese>* has be5 *ill$1 ! ,,dmca has be5 turn$ to anticompetitive 5ds1 & s on4 ,x is al tr|bl+ to see f$]al judges issu+ 9junc;ns n only ag/ bann$ mat]ial b al ag/ ~? :o l9k to ! bann$ mat]ial4 ,"sh[ ! bli! reassur.e t ? is 3si/5t )! ,f/ ,am5d;t fails to com=t "o4 ,b _m (! evils prophesi$ =! ,,dmca rema9 z j #dci t3 prophecies4 ,"! >e al 5tries on ! positive side (! l$g]4 ,! 8safe.-h>bors0 t ! ,,dmca gave ,9t]net s]vice provid]s & se>* s]vices h be5 a vital & positive =ce 9 ! develop;t (! ,9t]net4 ,x may ev5 2 true t 9 "s cases1 s* z i,tunes1 ! ,,dmca did :at xs back]s claim$ x wd'\x2014'5c|rage new provi.n ( digital 3t5t by reassur+ ! record companies t !y cd put _! music onl9e surr.d$ by legally back$ digital "rs manage;t4 "<,notably1 h["e1 ! tr5d is n[ go+ ! o!r way4 ,companies >e com+ to realize t _m 3sum]s pref]1 & w pay m =1 unprotect$ ,,mp#c files4"> ,( c|rse1 dep5d+ on yr view (! music 9du/ry1 t mieas'\x2014's* z cryptography rese>*1 ": xs effects >e report$ to 2 sev]e'\x2014',i wd h to say t ! criticisms focus too m* on ! ,,dmca1 to ! exclu.n (! re/ (! 9tellectual prop]ty l&scape4 ,yes1 ! ,,dmca (f]s 5orm|s pot5tial = abuse1 "picul>ly 9 3junc;n ) "s o!r develop;ts 9 9tellectual prop]ty t ,i w 4cuss lat]1 b m* (! abuse has n yet happ5$4 ,yet ev5 if x n"e did happ51 ! ,,dmca has important lessons to tea* u4 ,9 ? sec;n ,i h tri$ to %[ h[ legal rules'\x2014'"picul>ly 9tellectual prop]ty rules'\x2014'def9e ! b.d>ies ( legitimate competi;n4 ,we us$ to assume t ? 0 pr9cipally ! func;n ( pat5t & tradem>k law1 less s ( copy"r4 ,( c|rse1 copy"r wd affect competi;n 9 #dda publi%+ & 9 ! ,,tv & movie 9du/ries1 b x h>dly seem$ c5tral to competi;n policy 9 g5]al4 ,b once c|rts & legislatures accept$ t s(tw>e is copy"rable1 t assess;t *ang$4 ,! l"es & cogs (! ma*9es (! mod]n economy >e =g$ | ( "os & z]os 9/ead ( /eel & brass4 ,9 t situa;n1 copy"r is c5tral to ! competi;n policy (a hi<.-te* economy4 ,z ! ,apple case %[s1 |r moral 9tui;ns ab competi;n >e go+ to 2 cl|di] 9 ! _w ( digital 3t5t & cyb]space4 ,! same is true (! law4 ,ev5 9 ! mat]ial _w x c 2 h>d to draw ! l9e 2t ! legitimate & ru?.s pursuit ( comm]cial advantage & v>i|s =ms ( unfair competi;n1 antitru/ viola;ns1 & s on4 ,b 9 ! immat]ial _w1 ! b.d>ies >e ev5 h>d] to draw4 ,is ? ! digital equival5t ( trespass or legitimate passage #ddb on a public road t runs "? yr prop]ty8 ,z ,i po9t$ | e>li]1 ! 3/ant analogies to physical prop]ty >e likely to 3ceal z m* z !y reveal4 ,is ? virtu|s competitive imita;n or illicit copy+8 ,we h /r;g1 & by no means coh]5t1 moral & legal 9tui;ns ab ! answ]s to s* "qs4 ,& |r legal /ructure (t5 gives u ! raw mat]ial to make a v gd case = bo? sides (! >gu;t4 ,9to ? alr tr|bl$ situa;n1 )a set ( rules design$ = orig9al expres.n 9 novels & poems 2+ appli$ to ma*9es made ( comput] code1 we add ! ,,dmca & xs new "rs ( unc]ta9 ext5t4 ,copy"r _h a well.-develop$ set ( excep;ns to deal ) anticompetitive 2havior4 ,": ! exi/+ excep;ns did n func;n1 c|rts t5d$ to turn to fair use z ! univ]sal me?od = pat*+ ! sy/em #ddc up'\x2014'! duct tape (! copy"r sy/em4 ,)|t an evolv+ idea ( fair use1 copy"r wd ov]%oot xs b.ds z x 0 appli$ to new te*nologies & new economic 3di;ns4 ,9de$ t 0 ! po9t (! ,sony ,axiom4 ,! ,,dmca ?rew ? sy/em 9to 4>ray1 9to a w> ( compet+ metaphors4 ,! ,skyl9k c|rt sees monopoli/s 2+ h&$ c>te blan*e to aboli% ! re/ra9ts on _! monopolies4 ,competi;n policy dem&s t we 3/rue ! ,,dmca n>r[ly4 ,! ,reim]des c|rt sees a virus masqu]ad+ z spee*1 a digital p&emic t m/ 2 /opp$ at all co/s by a draconian program ( electronic public heal?4 ,ea* proce$s to 3/rue ! /atute >.d ! real;y !y h creat$4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 : metaphor w w9 ! "d1 / less : resolu;n w #ddd triumph 9 o!r c.tries t h pass$ v].ns (! ,,dmca4 ,9t]na;nal attitudes t[>d spee*1 competi;n1 &! nec excep;ns 9 a copy"r sy/em v>y widely4 ,yet back$ by ! /ory (! ,9t]net ,?reat1 ! 3t5t companies >e alr say+ t we ne$ to g fur!r bo? na;nally & 9t]na;nally'\x2014' 9troduc+ m te*nology m&ates1 requir+ comput]s to h h>dw>e t w only play approv$ copy"r$ v].ns1 all[+ 3t5t companies to hack 9to private comput]s 9 se>* ( mat]ial !y ?9k is _!s1 & s on4 ,rememb] ! sugges;n f ! 2g9n+ (! *apt]1 t all c>s 2 assum$ to 2 getaway vehicles =! feloni|s fil*]s ( vegetables1 & ?us t !y %d 2 fitt$ ) radio beacons1 h ! size ( _! c>go space r$uc$1 & s on8 ,! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale 3t9ues to evolve4 ,fur!r ,read+ #dde ,? *apt] focuses prim>ily on ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act "<8,,dmca0">1 "o (! mo/ 3trov]sial rec5t pieces ( 9tellectual prop]ty legisla;n &! subject ( ext5sive s*ol>%ip & com;t>y4 ,! ,,dmca & ,,drm ,once ag ,jessica ,litman's ,digital ,copy"r3 ,protect+ ,9tellectual ,prop]ty on ! ,9t]net "<,amh]/1 ,n4,y43 ,prome!us ,books1 #bjja"> is an 9disp5sable 9troduc;n4 ,david ,nimm] (f]$ "o (! e>ly1 & presci5t1 analyses (! 3ceptual problems 9 ! /atute4 ,david ,nimm]1 8,a ,riff on ,fair ,use 9 ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act10 ,univ]s;y ( ,p5nsylvania ,law ,review #adh "<#bjjj">3 #fgc"-#gdb4 ,8 an?ology1 ,copy"r3 ,sacr$ ,text1 ,te*nology1 &! #ddf ,,dmca "<,! ,hague3 ,kluw] ,law ,9t]na;nal1 #bjjc">1 is al wor?y read+ = ~? :o wi% to pursue ! legal issues fur!r4 ,t>leton ,gillespie's book ,wir$ ,%ut3 ,copy"r &! ,%ape ( ,digital ,culture "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,,mit ,press1 #bjjg">1 is an accessible b ?or|< 9troduc;n to ! economic1 political1 & cultural 3sequ;es ( s.-call$ 8digital "rs manage;t0 or ,,drm4 ,legal s*ol>s h be5 assidu|s 9 po9t+ | ! problems t legally back$ ,,drm br+s to sci;e1 culture1 policy1 & economic competi;n4 ,pamela ,samuelson's 8,9tellectual ,prop]ty &! ,digital ,economy3 ,:y ! ,anti.- ,circumv5;n ,regula;ns ,ne$ to 2 ,revis$10 ,b]keley ,te*nology ,law ,j|rnal #ad "<#aiii">3 #eai"-#eff1 is an e>ly critique t prov$ #ddg to 2 "picul>ly accurate 9 xs predic;ns4 ,j]ome ,rei*man1 ,graeme ,d9woodie1 & ,pamela ,samuelson1 8,a ,r"ese ,notice & ,tak$[n ,regime to ,5able ,public ,9t]e/ ,uses ( ,te*nically ,protect$ ,copy"r$ ,"ws10 ,b]keley ,te*nology ,law ,j|rnal #bb "<#bjjg">3 #iha"-#ajfj1 provides a fasc9at+ rec5t proposal =a me?od to solve "s ( ~? problems4 ,dan ,burk's 8,anticircumv5;n ,misuse10 ,,ucla ,law ,review #ej "<#bjjc">3 #ajie"-#aadj1 (f]s a simil> piece ( 3ceptual judo1 look+ at ! way 9 : copy"r's tradi;nal 3c]ns ) anticompetitive & pr$atory misuse ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs cd 2 turn$ on ! new legally back$ digital f;es ( cyb]space4 ,julie ,coh5 sets ! debate 9 ! wid] p]spective ( political !ory 9 a way t has be5 9flu5tial on #ddh my [n ?9k+4 ,9 8,lo*n] 9 ,cyb]space3 ,! ,new ,economic ,or?odoxy ( ,8,"rs ,manage;t,010 ,mi*igan ,law ,review #ig "<#aiih">3 #dfb"-#efc1 & h] subsequ5t "w1 %e describes ! ways 9 : digital "rs manage;t pres5ts fasc9at+ e*oes (! ideology ( socially untrammel$ prop]ty "rs t dom9at$ ! f/ tw5ty ye>s (! tw5tie? c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 0 ev5tually c.t]$ )! ideals (! ,new ,deal4 ,f9ally1 ,jane ,g9sburg1 8,copy"r & ,3trol ov] ,new ,te*nologies ( ,4sem9a;n10 ,columbia ,law ,review #aja "<#bjja">3 #afac"-#afdg1 provides a m positive acc.t1 >gu+ t on bal.e'\x2014'giv5 ! dang]s ( illicit digital copy+'\x2014' ! ,,dmca's b5efits |twei< xs co/s4 ,! ,,dmca & ,fre$om ( ,expres.n #ddi ,~? :o >e 9t]e/$ 9 ! t5.ns 2t copy"r law & free expres.n >e ! b5efici>ies ( an explo.n ( s*ol>%ip4 ,i _c 2g9 to cite x all "h4 ,melville ,nimm]'s >ticle f #aigj1 8,does ,copy"r ,abridge ! ,f/ ,am5d;t ,gu>antees ( ,free ,spee* & ,press80 ,,ucla ,law ,review #ag "<#aigj">3 #aahj"-#abjd1 is a requir$ />t+ place ?|< xs full impact 0 n to 2 felt = "s "t4 ,lawr;e ,lessig1 8,copy"r's ,f/ ,am5d;t10 ,,ucla ,law ,review #dh "<#bjja">3 #ajeg"-#ajgd1 provides a lovely reflec;n (! impact ( ,nimm]'s >gu;ts m ?an #cj ye>s on4 ,neil ,netanel's book ,copy"r's ,p>adox "<,ox=d3 ,ox=d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjh">1 is ! s+le mo/ compreh5sive "w 9 ! field &a fasc9at+ read4 ,netanel's >gu;ts1 & ~? ( ,yo*ai ,b5kl]1 8,free z ! ,air to ,common #dej ,use3 ,f/ ,am5d;t ,3/ra9ts on ,5closure (! ,public ,doma910 ,new ,york ,univ]s;y ,law ,review #gd "<#aiii">3 #ced"-#ddf1 & ,j$ ,rub5feld1 8,! ,fre$om ( ,imag9a;n3 ,copy"r's ,3/itu;nal;y10 ,yale ,law ,j|rnal #aab "<#bjjb">3 #a"-#fj1 h be5 9flu5tial on my [n ?9k+ 9 _m >eas4 ,b]nt ,hug5holtz has demon/rat$ t ! 3c]n ab a t5.n 2t copy"r law & fre$om ( expres.n is by no means limit$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,p4 ,b]nt ,hug5holtz1 8,copy"r & ,fre$om ( ,expres.n 9 ,europe0 9 ,exp&+ ! ,b.d>ies ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty3 ,9nova;n ,policy =! ,9=ma;n ,society1 $4 ,ro*elle ,dreyfuss1 ,diane ,zimm]man1 & ,h>ry ,f/ "<,ox=d3 ,ox=d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjja">1 at #cda4 "<,? 5tire volume is sup]b1 x %d 2 not$4"> ,l4 ,ray #dea ,patt]son'\x2014'an 9spira;n to ! curr5t g5]a;n ( copy"r s*ol>s'\x2014'summ$ up ! 9tellectual curr5t well :5 he comp>$ ! ,,dmca to ! me?ods ( c5sor%ip impos$ by ! sev5te5? c5tury ,lic5s+ ,act4 ,l4 ,ray ,patt]son1 8,! ,,dmca3 ,a ,mod]n ,v].n (! ,lic5s+ ,act ( #affb10 ,j|rnal ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,law #aj "<#bjjb">3 #cc"-#eh4 ,la/1 b by no means lea/1 is ! new book by my brilliant colleagues1 ,david ,lange & ,h4 ,jeff]son ,p[ell3 ,no ,law3 ,9tellectual ,prop]ty 9 ! ,image ( an ,absolute ,f/ ,am5d;t "<,/an=d1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,univ]s;y ,press1 =?com+ #bjjh">4 ,no ,law (f]s a fasc9at+ ?"| exp]i;t3 :at wd a ,f/ ,am5d;t jurisprud;e look l t took s]i|sly ! premise t #deb 8no law0 is all[$ to re/rict ,8! fre$om ( spee*,0 protect$ by ! ,f/ ,am5d;t & !n turn$ xs eyes on copy"r8 ,x is ! answ] to ! "q 8& :at exactly does ,8! fre$om ( spee*,0 p]mit80 t is mo/ 9trigu+4 ,9t]e/+ly1 ?|< ,lange & ,p[ell f9d _m copy"r doctr9es problematic1 !y >e 9cl9$ to view ! ,,dmca m *>itably4 ,i 4agree =! reasons giv5 9 ? *apt]4 ,*apt] #f ,i ,got a ,ma%up ,s f>1 ,i h talk$ ab ! root ideas ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,i h talk$ ab xs hi/ory1 ab ! way x 9flu;es & is 9flu;ed by te*nology4 ,i h talk$ ab xs effects on free spee* & on competi;n4 ,until n[1 h["e1 ,i h n describ$ ! way t x actually affects culture4 ,? *apt] aims to rectify ! omis.n1 look+ at ! way copy"r #dec law h&les "o specific =m ( cultural crea;n'\x2014'music4 ,x turns | t "s (! problems id5tifi$ 9 ,*apt]s #d & #e >e n simply ! result (a mismat* 2t old law & new te*nology1 or ! difficulties pos$ 9 apply+ copy"r to s(tw>e1 to ma*9es made ( ~ws4 ,! same issues appe> at ! he>t (a m* old] cultural tradi;n4 ,? is ! /ory (a s;g &( t s;g's hi/ory4 ,b x is al a /ory ab prop]ty & race & >t1 ab ! way copy"r law has %ap$1 5c|rag$1 & prohibit$ music ov] ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 ab ! l9es x draws1 ! b.d>ies x sets1 &! >t x =bids4 ,music is h>d = copy"r law to h&le4 ,if "o _h to repres5t ! image ( creativ;y >.d : copy"r law & pat5t law1 respectively1 >e built1 pat5t law's model ( creativ;y wd 2 a #ded pyramid & copy"r law's a f.ta91 or ev5 an explo.n4 ,9 pat5t law1 ! assump;n is t te*nological develop;t 3v]ges4 ,two 5g9e]s f two diff]5t c.tries t5d to produce simil> ways ( cat*+ mice or h>;s+ ! p[] ( /eam4 ,"! >e a limit$ numb] ( gd ways ( accompli%+ a te*nical task4 ,9 addi;n1 te*nological progress is assum$ to 2 9cre;tal4 ,ea* develop;t builds on ! "os 2h x4 ,bas$ on ? image1 pat5t law makes a s]ies ( deci.ns ab :at gets cov]$ by prop]ty "rs1 = h[ l;g1 h[ to h&le 8subsequ5t improve;ts10 & s on4 ,pat5t "rs la/ =a %ort "t1 n only to l[] co/s to 3sum]s1 b 2c we want to build on ! te*nology 9v5tors h creat$ z soon z possible1 )|t gett+ _! p]mis.n4 ,ev5 dur+ ! pat5t t]m1 subsequ5t 8improv]s0 get _! [n "rs & c b>ga9 )! orig9al #dee pat5t hold] to %>e ! pr(its4 ,copy"r's assump;ns >e diff]5t4 ,copy"r 2gan ) texts1 ) creative expres.n4 ,"h ! assump;n is " t "! >e 9f9ite possibilities1 t two writ]s w n 3v]ge on ! same ~ws1 & t ! next g5]a;n ( /orytell]s does n ne$ to take ! actual 8/uff0 t copy"r cov]s 9 ord] to make ! next play or novel4 "<,x may 2 2c ( ? image t s few policy mak]s seem to worry t copy"r n[ la/s =a v l;g "t4"> ,subsequ5t 8improve;ts0 ( copy"r$ mat]ial >e call$ d]ivative "ws1 & )|t ! "rs hold]'s p]mis.n1 !y >e illegal4 ,ag1 ! assump;n seems to 2 t y c j write yr [n book4 ,d n claim y ne$ to build on m9e4 ,( c|rse1 ea* ( ~! pictures is a c>icature4 ,! real;y is m complex4 #def ,copy"r c make ? assump;n m easily 2c x does n cov] ideas or facts'\x2014'j _! expres.n4 8,boy meets girl1 falls 9 love1 girl dies0 is n suppos$ to 2 [n$4 ,! novel ,love ,/ory is4 ,x is assum$ t ,i d n ne$ ,]i* ,segal's copy"r$ expres.n to write my [n love /ory4 ,ev5 if lit]>y creativ;y does 3v]ge >.d /&>d g5res1 plots1 & >*etypes1 x is assum$ t ~? >e 9 ! public doma91 leav+ future creators free to build _! [n "w )|t us+ mat]ial t is subject to copy"r4 ,we cd debate ! tru? ( t matt] = lit]ature3 ! expan.n ( copy"r's ambit to cov] plotl9es & "*s makes x m "qable4 ,c]ta9ly _m recogniz$ =ms ( creativ;y1 s* z ! pa/i*e1 ! collage1 ! lit]>y biography1 &! p>ody ne$ ext5sive access to prior copy"r$ "w4 ,b #deg reg>d.s ( h[ well we ?9k ! image ( 9dividual creativ;y fits lit]ature1 x fits v poorly 9 music ": s m* creativ;y is recognizably m collective & additive1 & ": m* (! raw mat]ial us$ by subsequ5t creators is pot5tially cov]$ by copy"r4 ,s h[ does ! accretive process ( musical creativ;y f>e 9 ! mod]n law & culture ( copy"r8 ,h[ wd ! grt musical tradi;ns (! tw5tie? c5tury'\x2014'jazz1 s|l1 blues1 rock'\x2014'h develop$ "u td's copy"r regime8 ,wd !y h develop$ at all8 ,h[ does ! law apply to ! new musicians1 remix]s1 & sampl]s :o (f] _! "w on ! ,9t]net8 ,d ! l9es x draws fit ) |r e?ics1 |r tradi;ns ( free spee* & com;t>y1 |r aes!tic judg;ts8 ,x wd take a %elf ( books to answ] s* "qs def9itively4 ,9 ? #deh *apt]1 all ,i c d is sugge/ "s possibilities'\x2014'us+ ! hi/ory (a s+le s;g z my case /udy4 ,on ,augu/ #bi?1 #bjje1 a hurricane made l&fall 9 ,l|isiana4 ,! =eca/]s call$ x 8,hurricane ,katr9a10 qkly %ort5$ to 8,katr9a0 z xs /ory took ov] ! news4 ,! ,new ,orleans levees fail$4 ,soon ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !n mo/ (! _w 0 wat*+ pictures (a flood$ ,new ,orleans1 see+ plead+ citiz5s'\x2014' ma9ly ,african.-,am]ican'\x2014'&a ,key/"o ,cops response by ! ,f$]al ,em]g5cy ,manage;t ,ag5cy4 ,! /ories f ,new ,orleans 2came m & m f"r5+4 ,"! 7 tales n only ( natural 4a/]'\x2014'dr[n+s1 eld]ly pati5ts trapp$ 9 hospitals'\x2014'b (a collapse ( civiliza;n3 loot+1 murd] & rape1 /ores 2+ brok5 9to ) #dei impun;y1 rescue helicopt]s fir$ ~u1 wom5 & *n sexually assault$ 9 ! 3v5;n c5t] ": _m (! refugees huddl$4 ,lat]1 x wd turn | t _m1 p]h mo/1 ( ~! reports 7 untrue1 b "o wd n h guess$ t f ! news cov]age4 ,! televi.n play$ c]ta9 images ov] & ov] ag4 ,p'\x2014'ag1 ma9ly ,african.-,am]icans'\x2014'7 portray$ break+ 9to /ores1 plead+ f ro(tops1 or lat]1 :5 help / _h n >riv$1 angrily ge/ur+ & %|t+ obsc5ities at ! cam]a4 ,z ! 4a/] unfold$ 9 sl[ mo;n1 celebrities 2gan appe>+ 9 televis$ appeals to raise m"oy = ~? :o _h be5 affect$ by ! /orm4 ,kanye ,we/1 ! hip hop musician1 0 "o ( !m4 ,appe>+ on ,,nbc on ,septemb] #b1 )! com$ian ,mike ,my]s1 ,we/ />t$ | seem+ quietly upset4 ,f9ally1 he explod$4 #dfj ,i hate ! way !y portray u 9 ! m$ia4 ,y see a black family1 x says1 8,!y're loot+40 ,y see a :ite family1 x says1 8,!y're look+ = food40 ,&1 y "k1 x's be5 five "ds . 2c mo/ (! p >e black444 4 ,s anybody | "! t wants to d any?+ t we c help'\x2014') ! way ,am]ica is set up to help ! poor1 ! black p1 ! less well.-(f1 z sl[ z possible4 ,i mean1 ! ,r$ ,cross is do+ "ey?+ !y c4 ,we alr realize a lot ( p t cd help >e at w> "r n[1 fimac to tie 8 %oe & got hit 9 ! back )! #h3#cj to ,la,gu>dia10 fill$ 9 ) "s com;ts ab ! #dfa possible effect (! /orm on ! will+;s ( ,l|isiana citiz5s to live 9 ! >ea 9 ! future4 ,!n he turn$ back to ,we/1 :o utt]$ ! l9e t came to epitomize ,katr9a = _m p >.d ! _w1 & to 9furiate a l>ge numb] ( o!rs4 8,george ,bu% doesn't c>e ab black p60 ,my]s1 ! ,po/ wrote1 8n[ look.<$.> l ! #h3#cj to ,la,gu>dia turn$ >.d & caue 2t ! eyes40 ,9 tru?1 he did appe> ev5 m /unn$ ?an 2f1 "s?+ ,i wd n h ?"| possible4 ,9 ,h|/on1 ,micah ,nick]son & ,dami5 ,r&le 7 volunte]+ to help ,new ,orleans evacuees at ! ,a/rodome & ,h|/on ,3v5;n ,c5t] dur+ ! week5d ( ,septemb] #c4 ,!y1 too1 7 9c5s$ bo? by ! sl[;s (! f$]al response to ! 4a/] & by ! portrayal (! #dfb evacuees 9 ! m$ia4 ,b ,mr4 ,nick]son & ,mr4 ,r&le 7 n j volunte]s1 !y 7 al a hip.-hop duo call$ 8,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o40 ,:at bett] way to express _! |trage ?an "? _! >t8 ,an >ticle 9 ! ,new ,york ,"ts describ$ _! response4 8,:5 !y got to ,h|/on1 p 7 j see+ =! f/ "t h[ !y 7 portray$ 9 ! m$ia10 sd ,dami5 ,r&le1 #ca1 a f9ancial advis] & "o half (! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 8,x 0 s upsett+ = !m to 2 up on a ro( = two "ds1 ) _! kids 9 soil$ diap]s1 & !n see !mvs portray$ z loot]s40 ,9 response1 ,mr4 ,r&le & 8 "pn]1 ,micah ,nick]son1 wrote a rap bas$ on ! /ories (! p !y 7 help+4 ,on ,sept4 #f1 ,mr4 ,nick]son s5t ,mr4 ,r&le an 9/ant message 3ta9+ a music file & "o v]se1 record$ on 8 home #dfc comput]4 ,mr4 ,r&le record$ an addi;nal v]se & s5t x back1 & #ae m9utes lat] x 0 up on _! ,web site3 ,! s;g 0 call$ 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p0 "4 ,appropriately1 giv5 t ,mr4 ,we/ 0 ! "o to come up )! phrase1 ! s;g 0 built >.d ,mr4 ,we/'s 8,gold ,digg]40 ,m* (! melody 0 sampl$ directly f ! record+ ( t s;g4 ,yet ! ~ws 7 v diff]5t4 ,": 8,gold ,digg]0 is ab a pr$atory1 s5sual1 & mat]iali/ woman :o 8take.<;s.> my m"oy :5 ,i'm 9 ne$0 & is a 8trifl9,0 fr 9de$10 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4,8s s;g is a lyrical & profane 3demna;n (! response to ,katr9a by bo? ! gov]n;t &! m$ia4 ,"h is a sample3 ,five "ds 9 ? #dfd "mf.-.- attic ,c';t use ! cellph"o ,i keep gett+ /atic ,dy+ 'cause !y ly+ 9/ead ( tell+ u ! tru? ,o!r "d ! helicopt]s got my nei ,don';t l black p ,george ,bu% don';t l black p #dfe ,george ,bu% don';t l black p ,? *apt] is ! /ory ( t s;g4 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p0 is ! 5d "<=! mo;t"> (a l9e ( musical borr[+4 ,t borr[+ ext5ds f> 2y ,kanye ,we/'s s;g 8,gold ,digg]40 8,gold ,digg]0 is memorable l>gely 2c x 9 turn borr[s f an ev5 old] s;g1 a v fam|s "o writt5 half a c5tury 2f & hail$ by _m z ! bir? ( s|l music4 ,x is 9 ! orig9s ( t s;g t we w />t ! trail4 ,i ,got ,a ,woman ,9 #aiee1 ,ray ,*>les ,rob9son1 bett] "kn z ,ray ,*>les1 releas$ a s;g call$ 8,i ,got a ,woman40 ,x 0 a def9+ mo;t 9 ,*>les's musical develop;t4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e] he _h una%am$ly #dff model$ hmf on ,nat ,k+ ,cole4 ,i knew back !n t ,nat ,cole 0 bigg] ?an "e4 ,:ites cd relate to hm 2c he dealt ) mat]ial !y "u/ood1 & he did s ) grt feel+4 ,funny ?+1 b dur+ all ~! ye>s ,i 0 imitat+ ,nat ,cole1 ,i n"e ?"| twice ab x1 n"e felt bad ab copy+ ! cat's licks4 ,to me x 0 practically a sci;e4 ,i "w$ at x1 ,i 5joy$ x1 ,i 0 pr|d ( x1 & ,i lov$ do+ x4 ,he 0 a guy "ey"o admir$1 & x j made s5se to me1 musical & comm]cial s5se1 to /udy 8 te*nique4 ,x 0 "s?+ l :5 a "y lawy]'\x2014'j | ( s*ool'\x2014'respects an old] lawy]4 ,he tries to get 9side 8 m9d1 he /udies to see h[ he writes up all 8 cases1 & he's go+ to s.d a :ole lot l ! old] man'\x2014'at lea/ till he figures | h[ to get 8 #dfg [n %it tgr4 ,td ,i he> "s s+]s :o ,i ?9k s.d l me4 ,joe ,cock]1 = 9/.e4 ,man1 ,i "k t cat m/ sleep ) my records4 ,b ,i don't m9d4 ,i'm flatt]$2 ,i "u/&4 ,af all1 ,i did ! same ?+4 ,9 ! e>ly #ejs ,*>les decid$ t he ne$$ to move away f ,cole's /yle & f9d 8 [n s.d1 8s9k1 swim or die40 ,b z ) any musician1 8his [n s.d0 0 ! product (a numb] ( musical tradi;ns'\x2014'blues & gospel "picul>ly4 ,x is | ( ~? tradi;ns t 8,i ,got a ,woman0 em]g$2 9de$ x is t comb9a;n t causes x to 2 id5tifi$ z "o (! bir?places ( s|l music4 ,ac to ! ov]:elm+ major;y ( s|rces1 8,i ,got a ,woman0 /ems f a fairly ov]t piece ( musical borr[+'\x2014',*>les re~w$ ! hymn 8,jesus ,is ,all ! ,_w to ,me0'\x2014'"s"ts #dfh ref]r$ to z 8,my ,jesus ,is ,all ! ,_w to ,me40 ,musically1 s|l d5otes /yles p]=m$ by &= black audi;es ac to pa/ musical practices re9t]pret$ & r$ef9$4 ,dur+ xs develop;t1 ?ree p]=m]s play$ significant roles 9 %ap+ xs s.d1 messages1 & p]=m.e practice3 ,ray ,*>les1 ,james ,br[n1 & ,>e?a ,frankl94 ,if "o c p9po9t a mo;t :5 gospel & blues 2gan to m]ge 9to a secul> v].n ( gospel s;g1 x 0 9 #aied :5 ,ray ,*>les record$ 8,my ,jesus ,is ,all ! ,_w to ,me10 *ang+ xs text to 8,i ,got ,a ,woman40 ,t /ory is repeat$ 9 ! biography on ,*>les's ,web site4 8,*>les re~w$ ! gospel tune ,8,jesus ,is ,all ! ,_w to ,me,0 add+ deep *ur* 9flec;ns to ! secul> rhy?ms (! niles's mo/ impressive biograph]1 simply reports t 8,jesus ,is ,all ! ,_w to ,me0 is describ$ z ! s;g's orig9 9 ano!r publi%$ s|rce1 & ? orig9 is cit$ repeat$ly else": 9 books1 newspap] >ticles1 & onl9e1 ?|< ! mo/ detail$ acc.ts al m5;n ,r5ald ,ri*>d1 ,*>les's trumpet]1 :o is cr$it$ ) co.-writ+ ! s;g4 ,to secul> e>s1 8,jesus ,is ,all ! ,_w to ,me0 is a plodd+ piece ( music )a me*anical1 up.-&.-d[n melodic /ructure4 ,x 3jures up a bor$ "<& :ite"> *ur* audi;e1 trudg+ "? ! v]ses1 a semit"o flat1 :ile ?9k+ ab ,sun"d lun* r ?an salva;n4 ,x is ab z f> remov$ z "o cd 2 f ! syncopat$ beat & amor|s subject matt] #dgj ( 8,i ,got a ,woman40 ,! hymn 0 ! product ( ,w ,lam>t9e ,?ompson'\x2014'a sev]e.-look+ fell[ )a fa9t resembl.e to an eld]ly ,doc ,holli"d'\x2014':o di$ 9 #aiji & is buri$ 9 ! same place he 0 born1 ,ea/ ,liv]pool1 ,ohio4 ,b ! ~ws h an e>ne/;s to !m t gives life to ! o!rwise un9spir$ v]se4 ,jesus is all ! _w to me1 my life1 my joy1 my all2 ,he is my /r5g? f "d to "d1 )|t ,hm ,i wd fall4 ,:5 ,i am sad1 to ,hm ,i g1 no o!r "o c *e] me s2 ,:5 ,i am sad1 ,he makes me glad1 ,he's my ,fr4 ,read+ ~? ~ws1 "o c "u/& ! s9c];y t made ,mr4 ,?ompson spurn comm]cial publi%]s = 8 devo;nal music1 9/ead f.d+ 8 [n publi%+ h|se " to make #dga sure t 8 hymns rea*$ ! p4 ,i c quote z m* (! s;g z ,i want )|t worry+ ab legal 3sequ;es 2c ! copy"r on ,mr4 ,?ompson's lyrics has expir$4 ,s has ! copy"r ov] ! music4 ,! s;g 0 publi%$ 9 #aijd4 ,copy"r _h only be5 ext5d$ to musical composi;ns 9 #ahha4 ,l all copy"rs back !n1 copy"r ov] music la/$ = only tw5ty.-eis1 )a possible ext5.n = ano!r f|rte54 ,if ,ray ,*>les did 9de$ re~w x fifty ye>s lat]1 he 0 do+ no?+ illegal4 ,x _h be5 9 ! public doma9 = at lea/ eis1 & probably = tw5ty4 ,n[ maybe ,*>les's g5ius 0 to he> 9 ? hymn1 or 9 a syncopat$ gospel v].n ( ? hymn1 ! possibil;y (a fu.n ( tradi;ns : wd xf 2come a new tradi;n'\x2014's|l4 ,or p]h 8 g5ius 0 9 "k+ a gd idea'\x2014',ri*>d's'\x2014- ':5 he he>d x1 & turn+ t idea 9to ! 2g9n+s ( #dgb xs [n musical g5re4 ,s|l is a fu.n ( gospel on ! "o h& & rhy?m & blues on ! o!r4 ,f gospel1 s|l takes ! call.-&.-response patt]n ( prea*] & 3grega;n &! wail+ vocals ( "s"o 8te/ify+0 to _! fai?4 ,f rhy?m & blues x takes ! *oice ( 9/ru;ts1 "s (! upbeat tempo1 &! 4t9ctly _wly & secul> attitude to ! "<9evitable"> tr|bles ( life4 ,musicologi/s delis+ ! patt]ns ( 9flu;e fur!r2 ;,r`&;,b xf _h roots 9 8jump music0 &! vocal /yle (! 8blues %|t]s0 :o p]=m$ )! big b&s4 ,x al has l9ks to jazz4 ,gospel rea*es back to _suals & s on4 ,z ) all music1 ~? musical tradi;ns c 2 trac$ back or =w>d 9 "t1 ! net ( 9flu;e & borr[+ wid5+ z "o goes 9 ei direc;n4 ,9 ea*1 "o c po9t to 4t9ctive musical motifs'\x2014'! *ords (! twelve.-b> blues1 or #dgc ! flatt5$ fif? 9 2bop4 ,b musical tradi;ns >e al def9$ by p]=m.e /yles & "*i/ic s.ds3 ! w>m guit> t came | (! valve amplifi]s ( e>ly funk1 ! ?ra%+ "<& poorly mik$"> drums ( ,8#hjs punk1 or ! t9ny piano ( honky.-tonk4 ,f9ally1 /yles >e (t5 built >.d 8/&>ds0'\x2014'classic s;gs (! g5re to : an alm obligatory ref];e is made4 ,my colleague1 ! tal5t$ compos] ,an?ony ,kelley1 uses ,h5ry ,l|is ,gates's t]m 8signify9,0 ,7 to describe ! process ( %[+ y >e emb$d$ 9 yr musical tradi;n by ref]r+ back to xs classics 9 yr play+4 ,9 jazz1 = example1 "o demon/rates "o's root$;s 9 ! tradi;n by quot+ a /&>d1 b al "o's virtuos;y 9 2+ able to trim x 9to a "picul> ei solo1 2g9n+ #dgd & 5d+ on ! "r note =! curr5t mo;t 9 ! *ord progres.n4 8,i ,got ,rhy?m0 & 8,r.d ,midnie s* s;gs = jazz4 "<,! *ord *anges ( 8,i ,got ,rhy?m0 >e s /&>d1 !y >e ref]r$ to z 8! rhy?m *anges0'\x2014'a /&>d basis = improvisa;n4"> ,& to /ret* ! 3nec;ns fur!r1 z ,kelley po9ts |1 ! haunt+ 9troduc;n to 8,r.d ,midnikably simil> to ,sibelius's ,fif? ,symphony4 ,"? all ~! lay]s ( musical borr[+ & ref];e1 at lea/ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 runs ! seam ( race4 ,:5 :ite musicians 8borr[$0 f s|l to make 8blue.-ey$ s|l10 :5 ,elvis took s;gs & /yles f rhy?m & blues & turn$ !m 9to rockabilly1 a process ( racial cleans+ w5t on4 ,/yles 7 adapt$ b 7 cleans$ ( ~? ele;ts ?"| 9appropriate =a l>g] :ite audi;e4 ,g5]ally1 ? #dge 9volv$ cutt+ "s (! raw] s5sual;y1 remov+ racially specific v]bal & musical ref];es1 &1 = m* (! c5tury1 cutt+ ! ,african.-,am]ican >ti/s | (! pr(its 9 ! process4 ,"! is ano!r irony "h4 ,/yles =m$ by patt]ns ( glee;l borr[+1 =m$ z "p (a musical commons'\x2014'! blues (! ,mississippi ,delta1 = example'\x2014'7 ev5tually comm]cializ$ & 8froz50 9to a "picul> =m by :ite >ti/s4 ,"s"ts ~? /yles 7 cov]$ ) 9tellectual prop]ty "rs : d5i$ ! abil;y (! orig9al commun;y to 8borr[ back40 ,9 ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s (! c5tury1 ,african.-,am]ican >ti/s got 9to ! picture too1 "u/&ably embrac+ ) 3sid]able zeal ! comm]cial opportunities & prop]ty "rs t _h previ|sly be5 d5i$ to !m4 ,b aside f ! issue ( racial #dgf 9ju/ice1 "o has to 3sid] ! "q ( su/a9abil;y4 ,9 o!r "w1 ,i h tri$ to %[ h[ a vi.n ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs built >.d a no;n (! romantic au?or c "s"ts op]ate z a "o.-way valve vis.-~*a.-vis tradi;nal & collective creative "w4 ,"! is a dang] t copy"r w treat collectively creat$ musical tradi;ns z un[n$ raw mat]ial1 b w !n prev5t ! comm]cializ$ v].ns ( ~? tradi;ns'\x2014'n[ associat$ ) an 9dividual >ti/'\x2014'f 3t9u+ to act z ! basis =! next cycle ( musical adapta;n & develop;t4 ,"o wond]s :e!r jazz1 blues1 ;,r`&;,b1 gospel1 & s|l wd ev5 h be5 possible z musical /yles if1 f _! 9cep;n1 !y _h be5 cov]$ by ! /r;g prop]ty "rs we apply td4 ,t is a "q ,i want to return to at ! 5d ( ? *apt]4 #dgg ,musical /yles *ange ov] "t & s d _! te*niques ( appropria;n4 ,"s"ts musical g5]a;ns f9d _! successors >e 5gag+ 9 diff]5t types ( borr[+ ?an !y !mvs 5gag$ in4 ,!y d n alw f9d x 3g5ial4 ,x is /rik+ h[ (t5 musicians 3demn a "y] g5]a;n's practice ( musical appropria;n z !ft1 :ile view+ _! [n musical develop;t & 9debt$;s z 2nign & organic4 ,james ,br[n attack$ ! use ( 8 guit> licks or ! drum patt]ns f 8 s;gs by hiphop sampl]s1 = example1 b celebrat$ ! process ( borr[+ f gospel /&>ds & f rhy?m & blues t creat$ ! 8,h>de/ ,"w+ ,man 9 ,%[ ,busi;s0'\x2014'bo? ! s;g &! musical p]sona4 ,to 2 sure1 "! >e diff];es 2t ! two practices4 ,sampl]s take a ?reesecond seg;t (f ! actual record+ ( #dgh 8,funky ,drumm]10 manipulate x1 & turn x 9to a repeat+ rhy?m loop =a hip.-hop s;g4 ,? is a diff]5t k9d ( borr[+ ?an ! adapta;n (a *ord patt]n f a gospel /&>d to make an ;,r`&;,b hit4 ,b : way does ! diff];e cut z a matt] ( e?ics1 aes!tics1 or law8 ,*>les hmf came 9 = 3sid]able criticism = 8 fu.n ( gospel 9tona;ns & melodic /ructures )! niles totally remov$ hmf f ! polite music he _h made 9 ! pa/4 ,"! 0 an unre/ra9$ exub].e to ! new ,ray ,*>les1 a fi]ce e>?i;s t1 :ile x wd n h be5 unfamili> to any foll[] ( gospel music1 0 alm revolu;n>y 9 ! _w ( pop4 ,big ,bill ,broonzy 0 |trag$3 8,he's cry+1 sanctifi$4 #dgi ,he's mix+ ! blues )! _suals4 ,he %d 2 s++ 9 a *ur*40 ,*>les 4agre$4 8,y c't run away f yrf444 4 ,:at y >e 9side is :at y >e 9side4 ,i 0 rais$ 9 ! *ur* & 0 >.d blues & wd he> all ~! musicians on ! jukeboxes & !n ,i wd g to revival meet+s on ,sun"d morn+4 ,s ,i wd get bo? sides ( music4 ,a lot ( p at ! "t ?"| x 0 sacrilegi|s b all ,i 0 do+ 0 s++ ! way ,i felt40 ,:y ! *>ge ( sacrilege8 ,2c 2y ! brea* ( /yli/ic b>ri]s1 ! rela;n%ips ,*>les describ$ did n seem to 2l;g 9 *ur*4 8,i ,got a ,woman0 tells (a woman1 8way ov] t[n10 :o is gd to ! s+]'\x2014'v gd1 9 fact4 ,%e gives hm m"oy :5 he is 9 ne$1 is a 8k9d ( fr 9de$10 ev5 saves h] 8e>ly morn+ lov+0 j = hm "<& x is t5d] lov+ at t">4 ,9 #dhj ! ?ird v]se we le>n %e does n grumble1 fuss1 or run 9 ! /reets1 8"ks a woman's place is "r "! n[ 9 ! home10 & 9 g5]al is a p>agon ( fem99;y4 ,g5d] roles aside1 x is a fabul|s s;g1 f ! el;gat$ 8,we.-;e.-ell 444,7 9 ,*>les's 4t9ctive t"os1 to ! mo;t>y hesita;n t heiles's lady fr4 ,*>les lik$ wom5'\x2014'a lot ( wom51 ac to 8 biograph]s'\x2014' &a lot ( wom5 lik$ hm "r back4 ,t feel+ comes "? v cle>ly f ? s;g4 ,i wd l to quote ! s;g lyrics = y1 j z ,i did ! ~ws (! hymn1 b t requires a ll m ?"|4 ,*>les's s;g 0 releas$ 9 #aiee4 ,by t "t1 ! #dha copy"r t]m =a musical composi;n 0 tw5tyeis1 r5ewable = ano!r tw5ty.-ei second t]m wd 2 9creas$ to =ty.-sev5 ye>s4 ,/ lat]1 ! copy"r t]m wd 2 ext5d$ to life plus sev5ty ye>s1 or n9ety.-five ye>s =a 8"w = hire40 ,s.d record+s !mvs wd n 2 protect$ by f$]al law until ! e>ly #aigs4"> ,any"o :o wrote or 4tribut$ a s;g "u ! 8#bh ,6# #bh0 sy/em was1 9 effect1 say+ 8? is a l;g 5 protec;n = me10 5 9c5tive to create4 ,?us1 we cd h assum$ t 8,i ,got a ,woman0 wd 5t] ! public doma9 9 ei #aihc or1 if r5ew$1 #bjaa4 ,un=tunately = u1 &=a latt].-"d ,ray ,*>les1 ! copy"r t]m has be5 ext5d$ s"eal "ts s9ce !n1 & ea* "t x 0 al ext5d$ retrospectively4 ,>ti/s1 musicians1 noveli/s1 #dhb & filmmak]s :o _h creat$ _! "ws on ! "u/&+ t !y _h tw5ty.-eis ( protec;n n[ h 3sid]ably m4 ,? 0 ! po9t rais$ 9 ,*apt] #a4 ,mo/ (! culture (! tw5tie? c5tury1 produc$ "u a p]fectly well.-func;n+ sy/em ) m* %ort] copy"r t]ms1 is / lock$ up & w 2 = _m ye>s to come4 ,9 ! case ( 8,i ,got a ,woman10 x is n[ ab fifty ye>s s9ce ! s;g's release'\x2014'! same l5g? ( "t z 2t ,?ompson's hymn & ,*>les's alleg$ 8re~w+40 ,if ! ~ws & music 7 prop]ly copy"r$ at ! "t ( xs publica;n1 & r5ew$ :5 appropriate1 ! copy"r / has =ty.-five ye>s to run4 ,no "o w 2 able to 8re~w0 8,i ,got a ,woman0 & use x to f.d a new g5re1 or take sub/antial por;ns ( xs melody1 until ! ye> #dhc #bjej4 ,! fre$oms ,ray ,*>les says he us$ to create 8 s;g >e d5i$ to 8 successors until ne>ly a c5tury af ! s;g's release4 "<,z we w see 9 a mo;t1 ? put c]ta9 3/ra9ts on ,kanye ,we/4"> ,wd x truly 2 a viola;n ( copy"r = me to quote ! middle /anza 9 a nonfic;n book on copy"r policy8 ,n at all4 ,x is a classic 8fair use40 ,9 a mo;t ,i w d s4 ,b x is "s?+ t ! publi%] may well fuss ov]1 2c copy"r hold]s >e extremely aggressive 9 ask+ = pay;ts =! slie am;g ! mo/ aggressive (! lot4 ,ye> af ye> academics1 critics1 & hi/orians pay fairly sub/antial fees "ds"> to lic5se t9y frag;ts ( s;gs ev5 ?|< _! 9corpora;n is alm #dhd c]ta9ly fair use4 ,_m ( !m d n "k ! law4 ,o!rs d1 b want to avoid ! hassle1 ! ?reats1 ! na/y lrs4 ,x is simpl] j to pay4 ,un=tunately1 ~! 9dividual ac;ns h a collective impact4 ,"o (! factors us$ to 3sid] :e!r "s?+ is a fair use is :e!r or n "! is a m>ket = ? "picul> use (a "w4 ,if "! is1 x is less likely to 2 a fair use to quote or 9corporate s* a frag;t4 ,z s"eal c|rts h po9t$ |1 "! is a p[];l ele;t ( circul>;y "h4 ,y claim y h a "r to /op me f do+ ;x '\x2014'quot+ two l9es ( yr ?ree.-v]se s;g 9 an academic book1 say4 ,i say y h no s* "r & x is a fair use4 ,y say x is n a fair use 2c x 9t]f]es ) yr m>ket'\x2014'! m>ket = sell+ lic5ses = two.-s5t;e frag;ts4 ,b :5 d y h s* a m>ket8 ,:5 y #dhe h a "r to /op me quot+ ! two.-s5t;e frag;t un.s ,i pay y4 ,d y h s* a "r8 ,b t is exactly :at we >e try+ to decide6 ,is x a fair use or n8 ,! exi/;e (! m>ket dep5ds on x n 2+ a fair use = me to quote x )|t p]mis.n4 ,to say 8,i wd h a m>ket if ,i cd /op y do+ x1 s x _c 2 a fair use1 s ,i c /op y0 is p]fectly circul>4 ,h[ d we get | (! circle8 ,(t5 ! c|rt w look to cu/oms & patt]ns 9 ! _w |tside4 ,d p accept ? z a m>ket8 ,d !y tradi;nally pay s* fees8 ,?us1 if a lot ( p *oose to pay = quotes t actually %d h be5 fair use1 ! 8m>ket0 = %ort quotes w 2g9 to em]ge4 ,t w1 9 turn1 affect ! b.d>ies ( fair use =! worse4 ,sl[ly1 fair use w 3/rict1 w atrophy4 ,! hyp]trophi$ p]mis.ns culture />ts z my?1 b x c 2come real;y4 #dhf ,9 any ev5t1 ,ray ,*>les _h no ne$ ( fair use to make 8,i ,got a ,woman0 2c ! hymn 8 biography claims x is bas$ on 0 9 ! public doma94 ,b is t ! real s|rce8 ,i c he> ll resembl.e4 ,z ,i rese>*$ ! orig9s ( 8,i ,got a ,woman10 ,i f.d claims t "! 0 a diff]5t s|rce1 a my/]i|s s;g by ! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s1 or ! ,h>old ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s1 call$ 8,i've ,got a ,savior40 ,! ,columbia ,records gospel catalogue ev5 provid$ a catalogue numb]4 ,"! 0 s* a s;g1 or s x seem$4 ,b "! ! rese>* /all$4 ,! exempl>y libr>ians at ,duke ,univ]s;y ,music ,libr>y cd f9d no trace4 ,catalogues ( publi%$ records %[$ no?+4 ,9quiries to v>i|s music libr>ian li/s]vs al produc$ no answ]4 ,"! 0 a man call$ ,h>old ,bailey1 :o #dhg sang )a gr|p ( gospel s+]s1 b ?|< s"eal ,9t]net po/+s sugge/$ he 0 3nect$ to ! s;g1 8 biography reveal$ he wd h be5 only ?irte5 at ! "t4 ,! ,libr>y ( ,3gress did n h x4 ,ev5tually1 ,jordi ,we9/ock'\x2014'a grt rese>* assi/ant :o demon/rat$ will+;s to pe/] any"o 9 ! _w :o mi*ives ( ,record$ ,s.d at ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y =! ,p]=m+ ,>ts _h a copy'\x2014'a #gh rpm v9yl record by ! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s ) 8,jesus ,is ! ,se>*liy 0 able to obta9 a copy on 9t]libr>y loan f ! help;l curator1 ,don ,mc,cormick4 ,x s.ds l ! same s;g4 ,n ! same ~ws1 ( c|rse3 ! 9troduc;n is diff]5t &! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s #dhh lack ! boom.-*icky.-boom back+ ( ,*>les's v].n1 b ! c5tral melody is alm exactly ! same4 ,:5 ! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s s+ 8,keeps me up _/ ,keeps me /r;g _/ ,tea* me "r _/ ,:5 ,i do+ wr;g _/ ,well1 ,i've got a savior _/ ,oh :at a savior _/ yes ,i h10 ! melody1 & ev5 ! 9tona;n1 p>allel ,*>les s++ ! equival5t l9es3 8,%e gimme m"oy _/ :5 ,i'm 9 ne$ _/ ,yeah %e's a k9d ( _/ fr 9de$ _/ ,i've got a woman _/ way ov] t[n _/ :o's gd to me40 ,true1 "s (! lyrical & rhy?mic patt]ns ( 8,i've ,got a ,savior0 >e old] /4 ,!y come f a _sual call$ 8,a9't ,t ,gd ,news10 dat+ f #aidj1 : rehe>ses all ! ?+s ! s+] w h 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5'\x2014'a h>p1 a robe1 slipp]s (6)1 &1 f9ally1 a savior4 ,! au?or ( 8,i've ,got a ,savior0 was1 #dhi l all ! >ti/s 4cuss$ "h1 tak+ a grt deal f a prior musical tradi;n4 ,n"e!.s1 ,*>les's borr[+ is "picul>ly ov]t & direct4 ,! t]m 8re~w+0 is appropriate4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 :e!r or n he al reli$ on a fifty.-ye>.-old hymn1 ,ray ,*>les appe>s to h tak5 bo? ! melody & lyrical patt]n ( 8 mo/ fam|s hit f a s;g t 0 made a m]e ?ree or f|r ye>s e>li]4 ,l _m #gh rpm records1 ? "o 0 sold )|t l9] notes4 ,! c5t] (! record provides ! only details4 ,x gives ! "n (! track &! b& &a s+le ~w "u ! s;g title1 8,w>d0'\x2014'presumably ! compos]4 8,w>d0 mia ,w>d (! ,w>d ,s+]s1 a tal5t$ gospel s+] & s;gwrit] :o 2came ,>e?a ,frankl9's m5tor & :o _h h] [n music publi%+ company4 ,"! is a "picul> #dij reason to ?9k t %e miles cle>ly lik$ to adapt h] music to secul> 5ds4 ,we "k t he 8re"w$0 ,w>d's gospel classic 8,? ,ll ,lid report$ly 0 irritat$ by ! practice4 ,s f> z we "k1 ! copy+ (! music did n annoy h] 2c %e view$ x z !ft1 b 2c %e view$ x z an (f5se ag/ gospel music4 ,*>les is n[ />t+ to get criticism f "s gospel music p]=m]s = secul>iz+ gospel music & pres5t+ x 9 usual ;,r`&;,b v5ues4 ,mo/ adamant 9 h] misgiv+s is ,cl>a ,w>d :o compla9s ab 8,? ,ll ,girl ,( ,m9e0 2+ a re"w+ ( 8,? ,ll ,li1 z a slap ag/ ! gospel field4 ,? /age ( ,*>les's c>e] is describ$1 "rly1 z ! mo;t :5 8 orig9al;y bur/s =?1 ": he /ops imitat+ ! smoo? #dia s.ds ( ,nat ,k+ ,cole & 9/ead produces ! e>?y & s5sual /yle t 2comes 8 tradem>k'\x2014'8 [n s.d4 ,t is true 5|<2 "! _h be5 no?+ q l ? 2f4 ,yet x 0 h>dly orig9al crea;n | ( no?+4 ,bo? ,*>les hmf &! musicological lit]ature po9t | t 8his [n s.d10 8his /yle10 is 9 real;y a fu.n ( two prior g5res'\x2014'rhy?m & blues & gospel4 ,b look+ at ! actual s;gs t creat$ s|l z a g5re %[s u t ! fu.n goes f> 2y m]ely a /yli/ic "o4 ,*>les makes "s ( 8 mo/ fam|s s;gs by tak+ exi/+ gospel classics & re"w+ or simply re~w+ !m4 8,i've ,got a ,savior0 2comes 8,i ,got a ,woman40 8,? ,ll ,liles copies ! melody1 #dib /ructure1 patt]n ( v]ses1 ev5 mo/ (! title'\x2014'9 ea* case sub/itut+ a 2lov$ s5sual woman =! 2lov$ de;y4 ,_m o!rs h notic$ j h[ closely ,*>les bas$ 8 s;gs on gospel tunes1 al? ! preval;e (! /ory t 8,i ,got a ,woman0 is d]iv$ f an e>ly.-tw5tie?.-c5tury hymn caus$ mo/ to see only ! second transposi;n1 n ! f/4 ,borr[+ f a fifty.-ye>.-old hymn & *ang+ x sub/antially 9 ! process seems a ll diff]5t f ! repeat$ process ( 8se>* & replace0 musical collage t ,*>les p]=m$ on ! 3tempor>y "ws ( ,cl>a ,w>d4 ,if ,i am "r1 ,*>les's 8m]g]0 ( gospel & blues reli$ on a v direct process ( transposi;n4 ,! transposi;n 0 n j ( !mes3 pas.n = woman sub/itut$ = pas.n = ,god4 ,t is a #dic famili> aspect ( s|l4 ,x is :at all[s x to draw s easily f gospel's fi]i;s & yet coat ! religion )a 4t9ctly m _wly pas.n4 ,sex1 s91 & syncopa;n'\x2014':at m cd "o ask8 ,b ,*>les's g5ius 0 to take "picul> s;gs t _h alr prov$ !mvs 9 ! *ur* & on ! radio1 & to grab l>ge *unks (! melody & /ructure4 ,he 0 n j copy+ !mes1 or m]g+ g5res1 he 0 copy+ ! melodies & ~ws f rec5t s;gs4 ,0 ? m]e musical plagi>ism1 !n8 ,%d we ?9k less ( ,ray ,*>les's g5ius 2c we f9d j h[ closely two (! canonical s;gs 9 ! crea;n ( s|l 7 bas$ on ! "w ( 8 3tempor>ies8 ,h>dly4 8,i ,got a ,woman0 & 8,? ,ll ,girl ( ,m9e0 >e simply brilliant4 ,*>les does 9 fact span ! _ws (! niles takes bits t h be5 prov5 to "w & comb9es !m to make "s?+ new4 ,:5 ,i tell 5g9e]s or s(tw>e 5g9e]s ? /ory1 !y nod4 ,( c|rse t is h[ crea;n "ws4 ,"o does n re9v5t ! :eel1 or ! me?od ( debugg+1 s :y %d "o re9v5t ! hook1 ! riff1 or ! melody8 ,& yet ,*>les's crea;n does n h ! degrad$ >ti/ic qual;y t is associat$ ) 8m]e0 cut.-&.-pa/e or collage te*niques4 ,! comb9a;n is grt] ?an ! sum ( xs "ps4 ,if ,*>les's s;gs d n fit |r model ( 9novative >ti/ic creativ;y1 p]h we ne$ #die to revise ! model'\x2014' at lea/ = music'\x2014'r ?an devalu+ 8 "w4 ,:5 ,i 2gan ? /udy1 x seem$ to me t ! grte/ *all5ge to copy"r law 9 deal+ ) music 0 prev5t+ "rs f 8creep+10 exp&+ f cov]age (a s+le s;g or melody to cov] ess5tial ele;ts ( g5re1 /yle1 & !me4 ,9 effect1 we ne$$ to apply ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ to music1 to defeat ! 3/ant t5d5cy to 3fuse 9tellectual prop]ty ) real prop]ty1 & to reject ! attempts to make ! "r hold]'s 3trol total4 ,my assump;n 0 t all we ne$$ to d 0 to keep op5 ! ,7 common space0 ( g5re & /yle1 & let new >ti/s create _! new composi;ns | (! mat]ial 9 t commons & ga9 protec;n ov] !m4 ,9 _m ways1 ,*>les's "w lies at ! v core (! /uff copy"r wi%es to #dif promote4 ,x is n m]ely 9novative & expressive xf1 x al help$ =m a :ole new g5re 9 : o!r >ti/s cd express !mvs4 ,b to create ? "w1 ,*>les ne$$ to make use (a lot m ?an j g5res & /yles creat$ by o!rs4 ,he ne$$ _! actual s;gs4 ,if ! reac;ns ( ,cl>a ,w>d & ,big ,bill ,broonzy >e any?+ to g by1 !y wd n h giv5 hm p]mis.n4 ,to !m1 s|l 0 a /yli/ic viola;n1 a m+l+ (! sacr$ )! profane4 ,if giv5 a copy"r veto ov] 8 "w1 &a culture t accepts xs use1 ,w>d miles commit copy"r 9fr+e;t8 ,p]h4 ,we wd h to f9d if ! s;gs >e sub/antially simil>1 once we _h exclud$ /&>d =ms1 public doma9 ele;ts1 & s on4 #dig ,i wd say t !y >e sub/antially simil>1 b 0 ! mat]ial us$ copy"r.-protect$ expres.n8 ,! ,copy"r ,(fice database %[s no 5try = 8,i've ,got a ,savior40 ,? is n 3clusive1 b x seems to 9dicate t no copy"r 0 "e regi/]$ 9 ! "w4 ,9 fact1 x is q possible t ! s;g 0 f/ writt5 )|t a copy"r notice4 ,n[a"ds t omis.n wd 2 irrelevant4 ,"ws >e copy"r$ z soon z !y >e fix$ 9 mat]ial =m1 reg>d.s ( :e!r any copy"r notice is atta*$4 ,9 #aiea1 h["e1 a notice 0 requir$ :5 ! "w 0 publi%$1 & if "o 0 n put on ! "w1 x pass$ immly 9to ! public doma94 ,h["e1 lat] legisla;n decre$ t ! relevant publica;n 0 n (! record1 b (! nota;n4 ,if ! record 7 press$ & sold )|t a copy"r notice1 ! ]ror cd 2 correct$4 ,if a lead %eet or a %eet music v].n ( #dih 8,i've ,got a ,savior0 _h be5 publi%$ )|t notice or regi/ra;n1 x wd 5t] ! public doma94 ,x is possible t ? happ5$4 ,9tellectual prop]ty "rs simply play$ a less] role 9 ! #aiejs music busi;s ?an !y d td1 bo? = bett] &= worse4 ,l>ge >eas ( creativ;y op]at$ z copy"r.-free z"os4 ,ev5 ": copy"rs 7 prop]ly regi/]$1 p]mis.n fees 7 n dem&$ = t9y samples4 ,:ile bootlegg$ record+s or direct note.-=.-note copies mi5tly view$ z a normal "p (! creative process4 ,9 "s cases1 >ti/s simply did n use copy"r4 ,!y made m"oy f p]=m.es4 ,_! records miti/s 7 less likely to h ! res|rces & k nec to navigate ! sy/em ( copy"r4 ,= bo? black & :ite >ti/s1 :at"e "rs "! 7 mov$ qkly away f ! actual creators t[>d ! ag5ts1 record companies1 & 4tributors4 ,!y / d4 ,b ,african.-,am]ican musicians got an ev5 worse deal ?an _! :ite c.t]"ps4 ,true1 ! copy"r sy/em 0 only an 9f9itesimal "p ( t process4 ,a m* l>g] "p 0 ! economic 3sequ;es ( segrega;n & racial a"pheid4 ,b copy"r 0 "o (! _m l"es ( p[] t 7 m easily pull$ by :ite h&s4 ,? is an important po9t 2c ! ne$ to 5d t palpable racial 9ju/ice is "s"ts us$ to ju/ify e aspect ( |r curr5t hiles cd draw on x1 cd *ange x1 cd ref9e x )|t p]mis.n or fee4 ,c]ta9ly "! is no m5;n ( seek+ p]mis.n or pay+ fees 9 any (! hi/ories ( 8,i ,got a ,woman40 ,9de$1 ! only "q ( rectitude ,*>les 0 focus$ on 0 ! /yli/ic "o4 ,0 x appropriate to mix gospel & ;,r`&;,b1 devo;nal music & secul> desire8 ,*>les & ,ri*>d seem$ to see ! process ( re~w+ & adapt+ z j a /&>d "p (! musician's creative process4 ,! only "q 0 :e!r ~! two /yles 7 aes!tically or morally suit$1 n :e!r ! borr[+ xf 0 illegal or une?ical4 ,s1 :e!r !y drew on a hymn t _h fall5 9to ! public doma9 af ! expira;n ( xs copy"r t]m1 or a gospel s;g = : copy"r _h n"e be5 s"|1 or :e!r !y simply took a copy"r$ #eja s;g & did to x "s?+ t no "o at ! "t ?"| 0 legally 9appropriate1 ,r5ald ,ri*>d & ,ray ,*>les 7 able to create 8,i ,got a ,woman0 & play a significant role 9 f.d+ a new musical g5re'\x2014's|l4 ,"o ?+ is cle>4 ,m* ( :at ,*>les & ,ri*>d did 9 creat+ _! s;g wd 2 illegal td4 ,copy"r t]ms >e l;g]4 ,copy"r protec;n xf is automatic4 ,copy"r polic+ is m* m aggressive4 ,! musical culture has *ang$ 9to "o 9 : e frag;t m/ 2 lic5s$ & pd =4 ,! comb9a;n is fatal to ! "picul> patt]n ( borr[+ t creat$ ~! sem9al s;gs ( s|l4 ,t %d give u pause4 ,i return to ! ideas (! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ f ,*apt] #b &! ,sony ,axiom f ,*apt] #d4 ,copy"r is n an 5d 9 xf4 ,x has a goal3 to promote ! progress ( cultural & sci5tific #ejb creativ;y4 ,t goal requires "rs t >e less ?an absolute4 ,z ,jessica ,litman po9ts |1 build+ 9 ! 9tellectual space is diff]5t f build+ 9 ! physical space4 ,we d n normally 4mantle old h|ses to make new "os4 ,? po9t is n 3f9$ to music4 ,e>li] ,i quot$ ,nor?rop ,frye3 8,poetry c only 2 made | ( o!r poems2 novels | ( o!r novels4 ,all ( ? 0 m* cle>] 2f ! assimila;n ( lit]ature to private 5t]prise40 ,! "q is1 h[ big >e ! holes we ne$ to leave 9 ! private "rs8 ,h[ l>ge a commons d we ne$ to (f] to future creators8 ,ray ,*>les's crea;n ( 8,i ,got a ,woman0 is only "o case4 ,by xf1 x proves no?+4 ,yet1 if we f9d t ! sem9al1 g5re.-creat+ >t"ws ( ye/]ye> wd 2 illegal "u ! law & culture ( td1 we h to #ejc ask |rvs 8is ? really :at we want80 ,:at w ! music (! future look l if ! ,cl>a ,w>ds & ,w ,lam>t9e ,?ompsons ( td c simply refuse to lic5se on aes!tic gr.ds or dem& pay;t = e t9y frag;t8 ,trac+ ! l9e fur!r back1 x is fasc9at+ to wond] :e!r gospel1 blues1 & jazz wd h develop$ if musical motifs _h be5 jeal|sly gu>d$ z private prop]ty r ?an develop$ z a k9d ( melodic & rhy?mic commons4 ,l mo/ c.t]factuals1 t "o has no cle> answ]1 b "! is sub/antial cause = skepticism4 ,if copy"r is suppos$ to 2 promot+ 9nova;n & develop;t 9 culture1 is x do+ xs job8 ,an ,9du/ry ( ,gold ,digg]s8 ,fifty ye>s af 8,i #ejd ,got a ,woman0 0 writt51 ,kanye ,we/ releas$ 8,gold ,digg]0 on ! album ,late ,regi/ra;n 4 ,mr4 ,we/ is an 9t]e/+ figure 9 rap4 ,at f/ he 0 %unn$ 2c 8 clean.-cut looks & preppy clo?+ ran ag/ ! gang/] image t (t5 dom9ates ! music4 ,x is j h>d imag9+ ,mr4 ,we/ deliv]+ a l9e l ,rakim's 8,i us$ to 2 a /ick.-up kid1 s ,i ?9k ( all ! devi|s ?+s ,i did0 )a /rai ,p]h "ply z a result1 8 lyrics >e oddly bipol> 9 _! views ab exagg]at$ mascul9;y &! misogyny t "s"ts accompanies x4 ,=! s;g1 ,mr4 ,we/ recruit$ ,jamie ,foxx1 :o _h play$ ,ray ,*>les 9 ! movie ,ray 4 ,%[+ an #eje impressive expanse ( oil$ *e/1 ,mr4 ,foxx imitates ,*>les's /yle &! melody ( 8,i ,got a ,woman0 to provide ! lyrical *orus to 8,gold ,digg]40 8,i ,got a ,woman0 an*ors ,we/'s s;g4 ,x provides xs melodic hook4 ,x breaks up ! rap )a bur/ ( musical no/algia4 ,b ,mr4 ,we/'s gold digg] is v diff]5t f ,ray ,*>les's woman fr4 ,? woman does n give m"oy :5 ! s+] is 9 ne$4 ,%e takes 8 m"oy :5 he is 9 ne$ & is a 8trifl9,0 fr 9de$40 ,mr4 ,*>les _h a fr :o gave hm t5d] morn+ lov+4 ,jamie ,foxx s+s (a m]c5>y gold digg] :o digs on hm4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,we/ adds ! rap v]ses to ! s;g1 we get a p]fect c>icature ( s* a p]son1 un9t]e/$ 9 any man :o is broke1 dragg+ >.d f|r kids & an 5t|rage1 #ejf 9si/+ all ( !m 2 5t]ta9$ at h] boyfr's exp5se1 & wield+ unf.d$ pat]n;y suits l a propriet>y busi;s me?od4 ,mr4 ,we/'s repeat$ 4claim] 8,i a9't say9,0 %e's a gold digg]0 is unconv9c+1 2c bo? ! ~ws (! 9troduc;n &! implicit message (! rap tell u %e is4 ,we ev5 get ! absurd image (a man :o is play+ on ! w9n+ side 9 ! ,sup] ,b[l b driv+ a ,hyundai1 s f9ancially dem&+ is 8 girlfr4 ,at s"eal po9ts ! s;g desc5ds 9to ludicr|s'\x2014'& p]h 3sci|s'\x2014'self.-mock]y1 z x explores ! 3c]ns (! ri* ,african.-,am]ican celebr;y male4 ,my favorite l9e is 8,if y a9't no punk1 holl] ,8,we want prenup66,0 ,7 ,! audi;e obliges4 ,x s.ds l ass]tive;s tra9+ = %[ busi;s millionaires4 ,x wd 2 h>d to get a fem9i/ role model | ( #ejg ei 8,i ,got a ,woman0 or 8,gold ,digg]40 ,"o (f]s ! fem99e virtues ( mode/y & fidel;y1 b magically comb9es !m ) wanton;s ": ! s+] is 3c]n$ & an op5 *eckbook4 ,! o!r is a p>ody (! self.-ass]tive economic actor1 z rapaci|s z any multina;nal1 :o uses h] sexual;y = pr(it4 ,put !m tgr & y h book5ds'\x2014'male fantasy & male nie4 ,0 t ,mr4 ,we/'s po9t8 ,p]h4 ,! s;g xf takes s"eal sly turns4 ,! gold digg] dogg+ ,mr4 ,we/ is us$ z "p (a homily to black wom5 on h[ to treat _! " black m54 ,!y %d /ick ) _! man 2c 8 ambi;n is go+ to take hm f mopp+ floors to ! fry]s1 f a ,datsun to a ,b5z4 ,x seems t ,mr4 ,we/ is gett+ a ll prea*y1 :ile slamm+ ! actual social mobil;y available to black m54 ,mov+ f #ejh floor clean+ to fry+ *ick5 is n actually go+ to provide a ,m]c$es4 ,b he immly "ucuts t t"o twice1 once by ac"kl$g+ ! boyfr's likely 9fidel;y & ag by say+ t ev5 if ! black woman foll[s 8 homily1 8once y get on1 he leave yo,0 ass =a :ite girl40 ,mr4 ,we/ has a t5d5cy to make sudd5 turns l ? 9 8 lyrics'\x2014' ironically upsett+ ! !me he has j set up4 ,s x is n h>d to imag9e t he delib]ately us$ a frag;t ( ,*>les's s;g1 n j 2c x s.d$ gd b to 3tra/ ! image (! fantasy woman f ,*>les's #aiejs s|l1 :o is fai?;l1 s5sual1 & alw will+ to (f] a loan1 ) an image f td's rap'\x2014'sexually pr$atory & emasculat+ wom5 :o >e un9t]e/$ 9 m5 except z a s|rce ( m"oy4 ,ev5 ! retro cov] (! s+le1 ) xs #aiejs.-/yle p9up #eji draw+ (a :ite model1 seems to draw ! 3nec;n4 ,did he use ,*>les's s;g precisely 2c ( ~! cla%+ cultural snap%ots8 ,p]h1 or p]h he j lik$ ! tune4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! 3tra/ is /rik+4 ,:5 x 0 releas$1 ,*>les's s;g 0 se5 z a sacrilegi|s depic;n ( s5sual;y &! woman 0 decri$ z a h>lot4 ,comp>$ to ! woman 9 ,mr4 ,we/'s s;g1 %e s.ds l a ,girl ,sc|t4 ,x is al a ll depress+4 ,ray ,*>les 0 nei an egalit>ian metrosexual nor a ,pr9ce ,*>m+ ": wom5 7 3c]n$'\x2014' any?+ b4 ,b z ,i sd 2f1 y d get a s5se t he lik$ wom5'\x2014'h["e unreali/ic or twodim5.nal _! portrayal4 ,x is h>d to get t s5se f 8,gold ,digg]40 ,0 ,mr4 ,we/ legally requir$ to ask p]mis.n'\x2014'& pay1 if nec'\x2014' to use a #eaj frag;t ( 8,i ,got a ,woman0 = 8 *orus8 ,! l;ge/ s+le piece ( borr[+ occurs 9 ! 9troduc;n3 tw5ty.-six ~ws & _! accompany+ music4 8,%e takes my m"oy1 :5 ,i'm 9 ne$1 oh %e's a trifl9,0 fr 9de$4 ,oh %e's a gold digg]1 way ov] t[n1 :o digs on me40 ,z ,i po9t$ |1 ! lyrics f ,*>les's s;g pres5t a v diff]5t /ory4 8,%e gimme m"oy _/ :5 ,i'm 9 ne$ _/ ,yeah %e's a k9d ( _/ fr 9de$ _/ ,i've got a woman _/ way ov] t[n _/ :o's gd to me40 ,b ev5 if ! message is ! opposite1 ! musical borr[+ is direct4 ,x is al ext5sive4 ,dur+ ,mr4 ,we/'s rap1 ! 5tire backgr.d melody is a loop ( ,jamie ,foxx s++ ! ,ray ,*>les.-9spir$ melody 9 ! backgr.d4 ,dur+ ! s;g1 ,mr4 ,foxx returns to ~ws t >e clos] to ,*>les's orig9al3 8,%e gimme m"oy1 :5 ,i'm 9 ne$10 a refra9 #eaa t is 3spicu|sly at odds )! woman 2+ describ$ by ,mr4 ,we/4 ,t ei loop (a ,ray ,*>les melody runs "?|t ,kanye ,we/'s s;g4 ,mr4 ,we/ is v success;l1 s ! frag;t (! s;g 0 8cle>$0'\x2014' pay;t 0 made to ,*>les's e/ate4 ,x is fasc9at+ to ?9k ( :at miles's heirs _h refus$4 ,af all1 "o cd see ,we/'s s;g z a crude desecra;n ( ,*>les's e>li] "w1 r ?an a gdhumor$ homage4 ,s9ce ? is n a 8cov] v].n0 (! s;g'\x2014'"o : does n *ange xs nature & ?us op]ates "u ! /atutory lic5s+ s*eme'\x2014',*>les's heirs wd h ! "r to refuse a lic5s+ reque/4 ,unlike ,cl>a ,w>d1 x is cle> t ,*>les's heirs h ! legal p[] to say no1 to prev5t reuse ( : !y 4approve4 ,0 ,we/ legally requir$ to lic5se8 ,wd all ? #eab am.t to a copy"r viola;n8 ,x is wor? runn+ "? ! analysis 2c x gives a beauti;l snap%ot (! rules ) : curr5t law surr.ds musical crea;n4 ,td1 a s;g is g5]ally cov]$ by at lea/ two copy"rs4 ,"o cov]s ! musical composi;n'\x2014'! %eet music &! lyrics'\x2014'&! o!r ! "picul> s.d record+ ( t composi;n4 ,j z "! >e two k9ds ( copy"rs1 s "! >e at lea/ two k9ds ( borr[+s t copy"r mirison 8subconsci|sly0 bas$ 8 s;g 8,my ,sweet ,"l0 on ! melody ( 8,he's ,s ,f9e0 by ! ,*iffons4 ,h[ m* does x take to 9fr+e8 ,t is a difficult "q4 ,! law's /&>d is 8sub/antial simil>;y10 b n e k9d ( simil>;y c.ts4 #eac ,m9imal or de m9imis copy+ ( t9y frag;ts is ignor$4 ,c]ta9 /yles or =ms h 2come /&>ds2 = example1 ! basic *ord /ructure (! twelve.-b> blues or ! habit ( 9troduc+ 9/ru;ts "o at a "t1 f quiete/ to l|de/4 ,"! >e only s _m notes'\x2014'& s _m ways to re>range !m2 9evitably any s;g w 2 simil> to "s o!r4 ,yet t _c mean t all s;gs 9fr+e copy"r4 ,f9ally1 ev5 ": "! is sub/antial simil>;y (a k9d t copy"r is 3c]n$ )1 ! second >ti/ may claim 8fair use0'\x2014'= p>ody or criticism1 say4 ,copy"r law1 9 o!r ~ws1 has tri$ to solve ! problem ) : ,i 2gan ! *apt]4 ,2c m* ( musical creativ;y is organic & collective & additive1 2c x does use prior musical expres.n1 "s copy"r deci.ns h tri$ to c>ve | a #ead realm ( fre$om = t creativ;y1 us+ doctr9es ) "ns s* z sc~*enes ~*a faire 1 m]g]1 & fair use4 ,? is yet ano!r example ( judges try+ to a*ieve ! bal.e t ? book is all ab'\x2014'2t ! realm (! protect$ &! public doma9'\x2014'recogniz+ t x is ! bal.e1 n ! prop]ty side al"o1 t all[s = new creativ;y4 ,! second type ( pot5tial 9fr+e;t comes :5 "s"o uses a frag;t (! e>li] record+ z "p (! lat] "o1 actually copy+ a por;n (! record+ xf & us+ x 9 a new s;g4 ,"o mid =ms unprotect$1 & s on4 ,& "o wd 2 wr;g4 ,9 a case call$ ,bridgeport ,music #eae 1 : ,i w 4cuss 9 a mo;t1 ! ,c|rt ( ,appeals rul$ t tak+ ev5 two notes (a musical record+ c.ts z pot5tially ac;nable copy+4 ,": record+s >e 3c]n$1 9 o!r ~ws1 "! is alm no class ( copy+ s m9imal t ! law wd ignore x4 ,? is a t]rible deci.n1 at lea/ 9 my op9ion1 likely to 2 reject$ by o!r ,circuits & p]h ev5 ev5tually by ! ,supreme ,c|rt4 ,b =! mo;t1 x is a case t sampl]s h to deal )4 ,h[ does ,kanye ,we/ f>e "u ~! rules8 ,he may sample f ! actual record+ ( ,mr4 ,*>les's s;g4 ,x is h>d to tell4 ,he c]ta9ly copies por;ns (! melody4 ,t means we h to look at ! copy"r 9 ! musical composi;n'\x2014'! ~ws &! music ( 8,i ,got a ,woman40 ,=a copy"r 9fr+e;t1 "o ne$s a valid copy"r & evid;e ( copy+1 ! am.t copi$ ne$s to 2 m ?an an #eaf 9significant frag;t1 sub/antial simil>;y is requir$1 &! simil>;y has to 2 2t ! new "w &! ele;ts (! orig9al t >e actually protect$ by copy"r4 ,ele;ts tak5 f ! public doma91 /&>d 9troduc;ns1 musical cli*~/es1 & s =?1 d n get 9clud$ 9 ! calcula;n ( simil>;y4 ,f9ally1 ! copi] c claim 8fair use0'\x2014't 8 borr[+ is legally privileg$ 2c x is com;t>y1 criticism1 p>ody1 & s on4 ,does ,*>les1 or 8 record company1 h a valid copy"r 9 ! musical composi;n8 ,"o huge problem 9 copy"r law is t x is rem>kably h>d to f9d ? |4 ,ev5 )! be/ w 9 ! _w1 x is h>d = an >ti/1 musician1 or tea*] to "k :at is cov]$ by copy"r & :at is n4 ,n[a"ds1 all "ws >e copy"r$ z soon z !y >e fix$1 b at ! "t 8,i ,got a ,woman0 0 writt5 "o _h to #eag 9clude a copy"r notice or ! s;g w5t immly 9to ! public doma94 ,! ,copy"r ,(fice database %[s no copy"r ov] ! ~ws & music ( 8,i ,got a ,woman40 ,"! >e copy"rs ov] a v>iety ( record+s (! s;g4 ,if ,mr4 ,we/ is us+ a frag;t (! record+1 ~! wd affect hm4 ,b ! melody8 ,x is possible t ! "uly+ musical composi;n is 9 ! public doma94 ,f9d+ | :e!r x is or is n wd probably co/ "o a lot ( m"oy4 ,suppose t ,mr4 ,*>les has compli$ ) all ! =malities4 ,! ~ws & music 7 publi%$ )a copy"r notice4 ,a copy"r regi/ra;n 0 fil$ & r5ew$4 ,does ,mr4 ,we/ 9fr+e ? copy"r8 ,t is ": ! 4cov]y (! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s record+ is pot5tially s important4 ,*>les only gets a copy"r 9 8 orig9al crea;n4 ,~? ele;ts tak5 f ! #eah public doma9 " or f o!r copy"r$ s;gs d n c.t4 ,! irony "h is t ! ele;ts t ,kanye ,we/ borr[s f ,ray ,*>les >e alm exactly ! same "os ,ray ,*>les borr[s f ! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s4 8,i've got a savior1 ,oh :at a savior0 2comes 8,i got a woman1 way ov] t[n0 2comes 8,"!'s a ,gold ,digg]1 way ov] t[n40 ,&( c|rse1 ! music 2h ~? ~ws is ev5 m simil>4 ,:5 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 rea*$ = ,kanye ,we/'s s;g 9 ord] to criticize ,mr4 ,bu%1 !y f.d !mvs sampl+ ,jamie ,foxx1 :o 0 copy+ ,ray ,*>les1 :o 0 copy+ ! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s1 :o !mvs may h borr[$ _! !me f an old] _sual4 ,! foll[+ sec;n 3ta9s /r;g language x has be5 re/or$ s t ! read+ ( ? sec;n w 2 accurate4 #eai ,,george ,,bu% ,,doesn't ,,c>e 444 ,five damn "ds1 five l;g "ds ,& at ! 5d (! fif? he walk+ 9 l 8,hey60 ,*ill+ on 8 vaca;n1 sitt+ pati5tly ,!m black folks gotta hope1 gotta wait & see ,if ,,fema really comes "? 9 an em]g5cy ,b nobody seem to h a s5se ( urg5cy ,n[ ! mayor's be5 r$uc$ to cry+ ,i guess ,bu% sd1 8,nigg]'s be5 us$ to dy+60 ,he sd1 8,i "k x looks bad1 j h to wait0 ,=gett+ folks 0 too broke to evacuate ,nigg]'s />v+ & !y dy+ ( ?ir/ ,i bet he _h to g & *eck on !m ref9]ies f/ ,mak+ a kill+ (f ! price ( gas #ebj ,he wd h be5 up 9 ,3necticut twice z fa/ 444 ,af all t we've be5 "? no?+'s *ang$ ,y c call ,r$ ,cross b ! fact rema9s t 444 ,george ,bu% a9't a gold digg]1 b he a9't fuck+ ) no broke nigg]s 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p10 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 ,! s;g 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p0 0 an imm s5sa;n4 ,hundr$s ( ?|s&s ( p d[nload$ x4 ,)9 "ds two diff]5t video v].ns _h be5 made1 "o by ,frankl9 ,lopez & ano!r by a filmmak] call$ 8,! ,black ,lant]n40 ,bo? syn*roniz$ ! lyrics (! s;g ) news clips (! 4a/] & unsympa!tic footage ( ,presid5t ,bu% app>5tly ignor+ :at 0 go+ on4 ,! effect 0 bo? hil>i|s & tragic4 ,! videos 7 #eba ev5 m popul> ?an ! s;g al"o4 ,! blogosph]e 0 fasc9at$'\x2014'5tries 7 po/$1 ;e.-mails circulat$ to frs )! usual 8y h to see ?60 tagl9es4 ,9 fact1 ! s;g 0 s popul> t x rcvd ! ultimate recogni;n ( an ,9t]net fad3 ! ,new ,york ,"ts wrote a /ory on x1 sett+ ! practice 9 hi/orical 3text4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury1 s;gwrit]s respond$ to curr5t ev5ts by writ+ new lyrics to exi/+ melodies4 8,b5jam9 ,frankl9 us$ to write broadside ballads e "t a 4a/] /ruck10 sd ,elijah ,wald1 a music hi/orian1 & sell ! pr9t$ lyrics 9 ! /reet t afn4 ,? tradi;n ( respond+ culturally to t]rible ev5ts _h alm be5 =gott51 ,mr4 ,wald sd1 b 9 ! wake ( ,hurricane ,katr9a1 x #ebb may 2 mak+ a comeback1 )! obvi|s diff];e t1 ": ,frankl9 wd h sold a few s;g %eets to 8 fell[ ,philadelphians1 ! ,9t]net all[s >ti/s td to rea* ! :ole _w4 ,mr4 ,nick]son's & ,mr4 ,r&le's s;g />t$ ) ,kanye ,we/'s ~ws'\x2014' tak5 f ! fundrais] ) ,mike ,my]s4 8,george ,bu% doesn't c>e ab black p40 ,f "! x laun*$ 9to ! s;g4 ,! backgr.d melody comes alm 5tirely f a loop$1 or 9f9itely repeat$1 v].n (! hook t ,kanye ,we/ & ,jamie ,foxx _h 9 turn tak5 f ,ray ,*>les3 8,%e gimme m"oy1 :5 ,i'm 9 ne$4 ,i gotta leave40 ,ag/ t backgr.d1 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 provide _! profane & angry com;t>y1 "p ( : is exc]pt$ abv1 )a *orus ( 8,george ,bu% don't l black p10 9 case any"o _h miss$ ! po9t4 #ebc ,! videos diff] 9 ! issues !y /ress4 ,frankl9 ,lopez's movie is1 r po9t$ly giv5 xs !me1 j black & :ite4 ,he uses ornate cap;ns pages1 rem9isc5t ( sil5t film f ! #aibjs1 to make political po9ts ag/ ! backgr.d (! s;g &! news footage4 ,z ! cap;ns read 8,katr9a ,rapidly ,approa*es10 we cut to a %ot (! hurricane4 8,! ,presid5t ,pond]s on ,:at to ,d40 ,we h a %ot ( ,mr4 ,bu% play+ golf4 8,i ,?9k ,i'll ,ride ,? ,"o ,|40 ,mr4 ,bu% is %[n relax+ on a golf c>t1 juxtapos$ ag/ pictures ( ,african.-,am]icans wad+ "? ! floods4 ,! cap;ns add1 z an af?"|1 8,& ,keep ,deal+ )! ,br[n ,p40 "<,pictures ( soldi]s %oot+4"> ,:5 ,,fema's ,mi*ael ,br[n is %[n'\x2014'at ! mo;t :5 ,bu% sd 8,br[nie1 y >e do+ a hell (a job0'\x2014'! cap;ns com;t mock+ly1 8,! #ebd ,horse ,judge to ! ,rescue40 ,mr4 ,lopez's video obvi|sly tries to use ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4,8s s;g to make l>g] political >gu;ts ab ! c.try4 ,= example1 x ass]ts t 8in #bjjd ,bu% div]t$ mo/ (! funds =! levees to ! w> 9 ,iraq40 ,sc5es rem9isc5t (a ,mi*ael ,moore docu;t>y >e %[n4 ,"! >e pictures (! ,iraq w>1 ,halliburton signs1 & %ots (! presid5t )a memb] (! ,saudi royal family4 ,! cap;ns accuse ! presid5t ( %[+ 9s5sitiv;y & 4da9 to racial m9orities4 ,"o summ>izes ! g5]al !me3 8,s9ce he 0 elect$ presid5t1 ,george ,bu%'s policies h be5 less ?an k9d t[>d ,africans & ,hispanics40 ,issues rang+ f ! response to ! ,d>fur massacres1 ,no ,* ,left ,2h1 &! attempt$ privatiza;n ( ,social ,secur;y al make _! #ebe appe>.e4 ,! video 3cludes by giv+ ! dona;n 9=ma;n =! ,r$ ,cross & say+ t we >e 8onto0 ,bu%4 ,a picture (a ,klansman remov+ 8 hood is %[n1 )! image manipulat$ s t ! face reveal$ is ,mr4 ,bu%'s4 ,! ,black ,lant]n's video is j z angry1 & x uses "s (! same footage1 b ! !mes x picks up >e diff]5t4 ,x />ts )a logo t p>odies ! ,,fbi copy"r w>n+ %[n at ! 2g9n+ ( movies3 8,,w>n+3 ,>ti/ supports file%>+4 ,please 4tribute freely40 ,t 4solves 9to a picture ( ,kanye ,we/ & ,mike ,my]s4 ,we/ is speak+1 "s:at awkw>dly z he goes 8(f script10 & at f/ ,mr4 ,my]s is nodd+1 ?|< he />ts to look 9creas+ly worri$4 ,we/ says1 8,i hate ! way !y portray u 9 ! m$ia4 ,y see a black family x says !y >e loot+4 ,y see a :ite family1 x says !y >e #ebf look+ = food40 ,f9ally1 ,we/ says 8,george ,bu% doesn't c>e ab black p0 &! cam]a cat*es ,my]s's mute1 appall$ reac;n4 ,!n ! s;g 2g9s4 ,! film cuts repeat$ly 2t a music video ( ,mr4 ,foxx z he sang ! l9es = 8,gold ,digg]0 &! news cov]age (! debacle 9 ,new ,orleans4 ,at "o po9t ! music pauses &a news an*or says1 8,y simply get *ills :5 y look at ~! p4 ,!y >e s poor4 ,& s black40 ,! s;g resumes4 ,"h ! message is simpl]4 ,! m$ia cov]age is bias$ & gov]n;tal att5;n sl[$ 2c ( negative racial /]eotypes & lack ( 3c]n ab black p4 ,"s read]s w f9d t ? s;g & ~! videos capture _! [n political p]spectives p]fectly4 ,!y w love ! bitt]ly ironic & obsc5e |trage at ! gov]n;t's failure1 ! d|ble /&>ds (! press1 &! #ebg 4propor;nate & call|sly 4reg>d$ impact on ! poor & black4 ,o!rs w f9d bo? s;g & films to 2 /upid1 9sult+1 & r$uc;ni/'\x2014' an attempt to f9d racial prejudice 9 a situa;n t1 at wor/1 0 an example ( gd old.-fa%ion$ gov]n;tal 9compet;e4 ,/ o!rs w f9d ! language j too (f.-putt+ to ev5 ?9k ab ! message4 ,:at"e yr feel+s ab ! 3t5t1 ,i urge y to set !m aside =a mo;t4 ,= bett] or worse1 ,mr4 ,bu% j happ5$ to 2 presid5t at ! mo;t :5 ! ,9t]net 0 com+ 9to xs [n z a me?od ( 4tribut+ digitally remix$ political com;t>y1 : xf has rec5tly 2come "s?+ t amateurs c d = p5nies r ?an an exp5sive activ;y res]v$ to pr(es.nals4 ,! po9t is t :at"e rules we apply to deal ) 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p0 w al apply to ! next video t alleges corrup;n 9 a #ebh ,democratic adm9i/ra;n or t attacks ! sacr$ c[s (! left r ?an ! "r4 ,h[ %d we ?9k ab ? k9d ( activ;y1 ? tak+ ! s;gs & films & photos ( o!rs & remix+ !m to express political1 satirical1 p>odic1 or simply funny po9ts ( view8 ,sampl+ ,let u 2g9 )! music4 ,unlike ! o!r s;gs ,i h 4cuss$ "h1 )! possible excep;n ( ,mr4 ,we/'s1 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p0 makes use ( digital samples (! "w ( o!rs4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 ? is n m]ely ab copy+ ! tune or ! lyrics4 ,! reason t ,mr4 ,nick]son & ,mr4 ,r&le cd make & 4tribute ? s;g s fa/ "<& s *eaply"> is t !y took frag;ts f ! record+ ( 8,gold ,digg]0 & loop$ !m to =m ! backgr.d to _! [n #ebi rap4 ,t 0 al "p (! reason =! positive public reac;n4 ,kanye ,we/ "<& ,ray ,*>les & ,cl>a ,w>d"> >e v tal5t$ musicians4 ,we/'s s;g 0 alr all ov] ! airwaves4 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 capitaliz$ on t1 j z ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 capitaliz$ on ! famili>;y (! s;gs he re~w$4 ,b ": ,frankl9 cd only take ! tune1 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 cd take ! actual "os & z]os (! digital s.d file4 ,z ,i m5;n$ e>li]1 "! >e two types ( copy"r protec;n ov] music4 ,"! is ! copy"r ov] ! musical composi;n &1 a m* m rec5t ph5om5on1 ! copy"r ov] ! actual record+4 ,? s;g pot5tially 9fr+es bo? ( !m4 ,read]s :o came ( age 9 ! #aihjs mi z a jazz musician quot+ a frag;t ( ano!r tune dur+ a solo4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! use ( 8quota;n0 is a def9+ "p (! g5re1 a h>m.s or ev5 compli;t>y homage4 ,or s !y ?"|4 ,9 a #aiia case call$ ,gr& ,up"r 1 t idea 0 squa%$4 ,! rap >ti/ ,biz ,m>kie _h ext5sively sampl$ ,gilb]t ,o',sullivan's s;g 8,al"o ,ag "<,naturally">0 = 8 [n s;g 8,al"o ,ag40 ,! c|rt cd h appli$ ! rules describ$ e>li] 9 ? *apt]1 decid$ :e!r or n ? 0 a l>ge 5 usage to make ! second s;g #eca sub/antially simil> to ! orig9al1 4cuss$ :e!r or n x c.t$ z a fair use1 :e!r ,m>kie's use 0 trans=mative or p>odic1 :e!r x 0 go+ to h a negative impact on ! m>ket =! orig9al1 wei<$ ! issues1 & rul$ ei way4 ,9 do+ s1 "! wd h be5 "s nice po9ts to 4cuss ab :e!r or n ! bread? ( fair use dep5ds 9 "p on ! practice 9 ! relevant >ti/ic commun;y1 h[ to "u/& p>odic ref];e1 or ! relevant m>kets =! "w4 "<,biz ,m>kie's lawy]s _h ask$ = p]mis.n to use ! sample1 b ! ,supreme ,c|rt has made cle> t seek+ p]mis.n does n wei< ag/ a def5se ( fair use4"> ,"! 7 al "s tricky issues ab ! bread? ( legal "rs ov] record+s'\x2014'! "r 0 ( relatively rec5t crea;n & _h "s 9t]e/+ limita;ns4 ,"uly+ x all 0 a m funda;tal "q3 h[ d we 9t]pret ! rules #ecb ( copy"r s z to 5c|rage musical creativ;y8 ,af all1 z ? *apt] has %[n1 borr[+ & ref];e >e a funda;tal "p ( musical practice4 ,we "| to ?9k twice 2f 3clud+ !y >e illegal4 ,>e we to crim9alize jazz8 ,3demn ,*>les ,ives8 ,& if n1 :at is ! c>e;lly craft$ l9e we draw t all[s "s ( ~? uses b 3demns ? "o8 ,judge ,duffy1 h["e1 0 un9t]e/$ 9 any ( ~! subtleties4 8,?| %alt n /eal0 has be5 an admoni;n foll[$ s9ce ! dawn ( civiliza;n4 ,un=tunately1 9 ! mod]n _w ( busi;s ? admoni;n is n alw foll[$4 ,9de$1 ! def5dants 9 ? ac;n = copy"r 9fr+e;t wd h ? c|rt 2lieve t /eal+ is rampant 9 ! music busi;s &1 = t reason1 _! 3duct "h %d 2 excus$4 ,! 3duct (! def5dants "h91 h["e1 violates n only ! #ecc ,sev5? ,comm&;t1 b al ! copy"r laws ( ? c.try4 ,if ? 7 a law s*ool exam1 x wd get a 8,d40 "<,maybe a ;,c giv5 grade 9fla;n4"> ,duffy makes all (! ]rors ,jeff]son w>n$ u ag/4 ,tangible prop]ty is ! same z 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,s;gs >e ! same z %eep &! same rules c apply to bo?4 ,!ft is !ft4 ,! prior 9junc;ns (! fram]s &! c|rts not)/&+1 we d n ne$ to ?9k c>e;lly ab ! precise b.d>ies ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs or worry t 9t]pret+ !m too broadly is z bad z mak+ !m too n>r[4 ,s f> z ,judge ,duffy is 3c]n$1 ! tablets on ,m.t ,s9ai 7 9scrib$ ) an absolute 9junc;n ag/ digital sampl+4 "<,! font m/ h be5 small4"> ,b to say all ? is m]ely to scrat* ! surface ( h[ regrettable a deci.n x is4 ,9 ! n>r[e/ & mo/ #ecd =mali/ic legal t]ms x is al v poor4 ,judge ,duffy gives n a s+le cita;n to ! provi.ns (! ,copy"r ,act4 ,he ignores issues ( de m9imis copy+1 sub/antial simil>;y1 fair use1 &! diff];es 2t ! "r ov] ! record+ & t ov] ! composi;n4 ,9 fact1 he quotes ! ,bible m1 & m accurately1 ?an he does ,title #ag (! ,u4,s4 ,code'\x2014'! ,copy"r ,act4 ,! "o m5;n he makes ( actual copy"r law is at ! 5d (! op9ion1 :5 he ref]s ! case = crim9al prosecu;n6 ,:5 ,i f/ read ? case1 ,i s]i|sly wond]$ =a mo;t if x 7 a crude p>ody (a legal op9ion writt5 by "s"o :o _h n"e be5 to law s*ool4 ,is ! result 9 ? case wr;g8 ,p]sonally1 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,x is possible1 ev5 probable1 t a 3sci5ti|s judge :o bo!r$ to #ece read ! law cd g "? a c>e;l analysis & f9d t ,m>kie's use w5t 2y de m9imis copy+1 t x 0 nei creative1 p>odic1 nor %ort 5 to c.t z a fair use4 ,! judge miket = ,mr4 ,o',sullivan's s;g & ?us cd h rul$ t x 0 a copy"r 9fr+e;t4 ,9 do+ s1 ! judge wd h to give "s guid.e to future c|rts ab digital sampl+4 ,! mo/ likely guid.e wd 2 8! sample "h is s ext5sive & s un*ang$1 t ? case says ll ab ! wid] musical practice ( sampl+40 ,judge ,duffy's op9ion 0 poor n 2c (! result he rea*$1 b 2c he rea*$ x 9 an ov]ly broad & judicially 9appropriate way t 2came a guidel9e = future cultural crea;n4 ,worse /1 ! 9du/ry li/5$ to hm4 ,9 excell5t books #ecf on ? issue1 ,kembrew ,mc,leod & ,siva ,vaidhyana?an ea* >gue t ,gr& ,up"r 0 a 4a/] = rap music4 ,! 9du/ry's practice turn$ full circle alm ov]ni$0'\x2014'lic5s$ f ! [n]s (! record+4 ,z !y tell ! /ory1 ? 8legal0 *ange caus$ an aes!tic *ange4 ,! numb] ( samples 9 an av]age s;g dropp$ precipit|sly4 ,! 5gag+ complex;y (! ,public ,5emy 8wall ( s.d0 gave way to ! simpli/ic ?ump+ beat & unimag9ative syn!siz] l9es ( mod]n rap4 ,i m/ admit to %>+ ,mc,leod's & ,vaidhyana?an's musical prejudices4 ,! causal claim is h>d] to sub/antiate1 b 9du/ry lawy]s & musicians bo? agree t *anges 9 ! 9du/ry's "u/&+ (! law #ecg _h a major role 9 trans=m+ ! practice ( sampl+4 ,if we 4reg>d ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ & assume ! record+ >ti/ has absolute prop]ty "rs ov] 8 "w1 !n we cd ignore ! idea t =c+ p to pay = /uff !y take mit & culture4 ,!ft is !ft4 ,i mit m* m easily if ,i did n h to pay =! pa9t & canvas1 b t is n commonly held to excuse %oplift+ f >t /ores4 ,b if we take ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ s]i|sly1 !n 9tellectual prop]ty's job is to bal.e ! ne$ to provide 9c5tives = produc;n & 4tribu;n )! ne$ to leave future creators free to build ~u ! pa/4 ,reasonable m9ds w diff] on ": ? l9e is to 2 drawn1 b ! process ( draw+ x is v diff]5t f ! process ,judge ,duffy _h 9 m9d4 ,= fifte5 ye>s1 #ech critics (! deci.n wait$ = an appeals c|rt to fix ! law 9 ? >ea4 ,:5 ! case ( ,bridgeport ,music1 ,9c4 v4 ,dim5.n ,films came up1 !y ?"| !y _h :at !y want$4 ,! b& ,,nwa _h us$ a t9y frag;t " 3si/+ ( ?ree notes (a guit> solo f ! ,george ,cl9ton s;g 8,get ,(f ,yr ,ass & ,jam40 ,! frag;t 0 an >peggiat$ *ord1 : simply means t y /rike ! notes (! *ord 9dividually & 9 sequ;e4 ,x was1 9 fact1 a pretty /&>d 8de$ly0 s.d1 famili> f _m guit> solos4 ,,nwa !n heavily 4tort$ ? frag;t & loop$ x s t x play$ 9 ! backgr.d ( "o "p (! s;g'\x2014's fa9tly t x is alm impossible to he> & completely impossible to recognize4 "<,)! 4tor;n x s.ds l a v fa9t & 4tant police sir54"> ,a company call$ ,bridgeport #eci ,music [n$ ! s.d record+ copy"r ov] ! ,cl9ton s;g4 ,!y su$4 ,,nwa's response 0 predictable'\x2014'? 0 classic de m9imis copy+1 : ! law did n t|*4 ,"o did n ev5 h to get to ! issue ( fair use "4 ,! appeals c|rt did n wa/e any "t attempt+ to dignify ,judge ,duffy's deci.n 9 ,gr& ,up"r 4 ,al? ,gr& ,up"r appli$ a b"r.-l9e te/ 9 a sampl+ case1 we h n cit$ x z prec$5t = s"eal reasons4 ,f/1 x is a 4trict c|rt op9ion & z s* has no b9d+ prec$5tial value4 ,second1 al? x appe>s to h 9volv$ claims = bo? s.d record+ & musical composi;n copy"r 9fr+e;t1 ! trial judge does n 4t+ui% : he is talk+ ab 9 8 rul+1 & appe>s to 2 #edj address+ prim>ily ! musical composi;n copy"r4 ,?ird1 & p]h mo/ important1 "! is no analysis set =? to 9dicate h[ ! judge >riv$ at 8 rul+1 : has result$ 9 ! case 2+ criticiz$ by com;tators4 ,!y did l "o ?+ ab ! deci.n1 h["e3 xs b"r.-l9e rule1 8,?| ,%alt ,n ,/eal40 "<,lawy]s use ! t]m 8b"r.-l9e rule0 to ref] to a rule t is v easy to apply to ! facts4 ,a #ee mph spe$ limit is a b"r.-l9e rule4"> ,! ,bridgeport c|rt reject$ ! idea t s.d record+ copy"rs & music composi;n copy"rs %d 2 analyz$ 9 ! same way4 ,!y want$ to set a cle> rule def9+ h[ m* (a s.d record+ "o cd use )|t p]mis.n4 ,h[ m*8 ,no?+4 ,to 2 precise1 ! c|rt sugge/s 9 a footnote t tak+ a s+le note mily (f limits4 ,?|< !y come to a 3clu.n t1 if any?+1 is m /r+5t ?an ,judge ,duffy's1 !y d s v diff]5tly4 ,9 _! ~ws1 8,get a lic5se or d n sample40 ,effectively1 ! c|rt 3cludes t ! s.d record+ copy"r is diff]5t 5 f ! composi;n copy"r t a c|rt cd reasonably 3clude t a diff]5t analysis is requir$4 ,! judges >e fully aw>e t copy"r m/ bal.e 5c|rag+ curr5t creators & leav+ raw mat]ial to future creators'\x2014'! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ holds no novelty = !m4 ,b !y 3clude t a cle> 8"o.-note rule0 w d1 2c if ! co/s ( lic5ses >e too hi<1 sampl]s c simply recreate ! riff !mvs1 & ? w t5d to keep prices reasonable4 ,? is an 9t]e/+ #edb idea4 ,:y does ? n happ5 m (t58 ,:y d sampl]s n simply recreate ,james ,br[n's drumbeat f 8,funky ,drumm]10 or ,george ,cl9ton's solo f 8,get ,(f ,yr ,ass & ,jam08 ,musicians (f] lots ( diff]5t answ]s4 ,!y d n "u/& ! 4t9c;n ! c|rt is draw+1 s ! m>ket n"e develops4 ,! samples !mvs _c 2 replicat$1 2c ! music has all k9ds ( ov]t"os f ! hi/orical equip;t us$ & ev5 ! me?ods ( record+4 ,funda;tally1 ?|<1 ! answ] seems to 2 "o ( au!ntic;y1 ironically 5|<4 ,! orig9al beats h a totemic signific.e'\x2014'l ! grt /&>d *ord sequ;es 9 jazz4 ,"o _c sub/itute replicas = ,james ,br[n's funki;s4 ,x j wd n 2 ! same4 ,z ,walt] ,b5jam9 po9t$ | l;g ago 9 8,! ,"w ( ,>t 9 ! ,age ( ,me*anical ,reproduc;n10 *eap copy+ actually 9creases ! dem& = au!ntic;y4 #edc ,! c|rt's economic analysis'\x2014': imag9es a _w ( fungible beats produc$ = music z a 3sum] gd'\x2014'deals poorly ) s* motiva;ns4 ,:5 ! c|rt f/ releas$ xs deci.n1 x 0 greet$ ) 3c]n ev5 by record+ 9du/ry repres5tatives :o mi$ to d away ) n only ! de m9imis limita;n on copy"r "<"s por;ns >e j too small to c.t z 8copy+0"> b ! fair use provi.ns z well4 ,! c|rt took ! v unusual /ep ( rehe>+ ! case & am5d+ ! op9ion1 *ang+ x 9 a numb] ( places & add+ a p>agraph t /at$ t :5 ! case w5t back to ! 4trict c|rt1 ! judge "! 0 free to 3sid] ! fair use def5se4 ,( c|rse1 if "o takes ? s]i|sly'\x2014'&1 =! #edd 3/itu;nal reasons giv5 9 ,*apt] #e1 ,i agree t ! c|rt has no p[] to write fair use | (! /atute'\x2014'x "um9es ! suppos$ly cle> rule4 ,if ! factors ( fair use >e s]i|sly appli$1 h[ c a ?ree.-note exc]pt "e fail to 2 fair use8 ,& if we alw h to d a 3v5;nal fair use analysis1 !n ! app>5t cl>;y (! "o.-note rule is an illu.n4 ,! ,bridgeport deci.n is a bad "o1 ,i 2lieve4 ,am;g o!r ?+s1 x fails to take s]i|sly ! 3/itu;nal limita;ns on copy"r'\x2014'9clud+ ! orig9al;y require;t &! ,f/ ,am5d;t4 "<,a ?ree.-note sample is n orig9al 5 to 2 protect$ "u copy"r law1 9 my view4 ,"! >e al m spee*.-relat$ issues 9 sampl+ ?an ! c|rt seems to realize4"> ,! #ede competitive lic5s+ m>ket ! c|rt imag9es seems m l economic fantasy ?an real;y4 ,i ?9k ! rul+ sets unnec b>ri]s on musical crea;n & 5ds up )a rule t is j z blurry z ! "o x criticizes4 ,i ?9k ! c|rt's read+ (! /atute & legislative hi/ory is wr;g'\x2014'?|< ,i h n bor$ y )! full details ( t >gu;t4 ,b ,i want to 2 cle> t x is a v diff]5t k9d ( bad deci.n f ,judge ,duffy's4 ,! c|rt 9 ,bridgeport does see copy"r z a bal.e4 ,x does "u/& ! ne$ = future creators to build on ! pa/1 b x al %[s t a simple will+;s to look ~u 9tellectual prop]ty protec;ns 9 a utilit>ian way does n solve all problems4 ,x c]ta9ly does n proce$ f ,jeff]son's presump;n t 9tellectual prop]ty protec;ns %d 2 #edf 9t]pret$ n>r[ly4 ,?|< x claims to h a 8lit]al0 read+ (! /atute1 ! real driv+ =ce 9 ! analysis is an unconsummat$ desire = b"r.-l9e rules &a 2lief t ! m>ket w solve ~! problems by xf4 ,! c|rt al sugge/s t 8.<;i.>;f ? is n :at ,3gress 9t5d$ or is n :at !y wd 9t5d n[1 x is easy 5 =! record 9du/ry1 z !y h d"o 9 ! pa/1 to g back to ,3gress =a cl>ifica;n or *ange 9 ! law40 ,note ! assump;n t 8! record 9du/ry0 is ! mo/ reliable guide to ,3gress's 9t5;ns or t x is ! only 5t;y affect$ by s* a rule4 ,? is truly ! image ( copy"r law z a 3tract am;g affect$ 9du/ries4 ,( c|rse1 digital >ti/s s* z ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 h>dly fit )9 s* a model4 ,"u ! rule 9 ,bridgeport '\x2014'8,get a #edg lic5se or d n sample0'\x2014',mr4 ,r&le & ,mr4 ,nick]son appe> to 2 break+ ! law4 ,!y did n get a lic5se & !y mo/ def9itely did sample4 ,:at ab fair use8 ,"u fair use1 copy"r all[s a v specific "<& possibly l5g?y"> use ( ano!r's mat]ial :5 ! purpose is p>ody ( t prior "w xf4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt gave p>ody a unique /atus 9 ! ,acuff.-,rose case4 ,! " rap gr|p #b ,live ,crew _h ask$ = p]mis.n to produce a v].n ( ,roy ,orbison's 8,pretty ,woman40 ,b ": ,orbison sang ab ! pretty woman walk+ d[n ! /reet :om he wd l to meet1 #b ,live ,crew wrote ab a 8big hairy woman0 "<8) hair t a9't legit1 ,8cause y look l ,c|s9 ,x0">4 ,!y sang ab a 8bald head$0 woman )a #edh 8te5y we5y afro40 ,!y sang ab gr|p sex ) bo? wom54 ,f9ally1 !y told a 8two tim9,0 woman10 8n[ ,i "k ! baby a9't m9e40 ,ju/ice ,s|t] %[$ ! "*i/ic sangfroid (a ,supreme ,c|rt ju/ice fac$ ) raun*y rap music4 ,:ile we miodic ele;t "h1 we ?9k x fair to say t #b ,live ,crew's s;g reasonably cd 2 p]cvd z com;t+ on ! orig9al or criticiz+ x1 to "s degree4 #b ,live ,crew juxtaposes ! romantic mus+s (a man ~: fantasy comes true1 ) degrad+ taunts1 a bawdy dem& = sex1 &a si< ( relief f pat]nal responsibil;y4 ,! lat] ~ws c 2 tak5 z a com;t on ! naivet~/e (! orig9al ( an e>li] "d1 z a rejec;n ( xs s5ti;t t ignores ! ugli;s ( /reet life &! debase;t t x signifies4 ,x is ? jo9d] ( #edi ref];e & ridicule t m>ks (f ! au?or's *oice ( p>ody f ! o!r types ( com;t & criticism t tradi;nally h _h a claim to fair use protec;n z trans=mative "ws 4 . ,truly1 ! law c 3front & ma/] all cultural =ms4 ,! he>t ( p>ody z ! ,supreme ,c|rt describ$ x is t "o is tak+ aim at ! orig9al4 ,2c #b ,live ,crew cd 2 se5 z direct+ _! s;g at ,orbison's orig9al1 r ?an us+ ,orbison's s;g to make "s o!r political or social po9t1 ! c|rt 0 will+ to give x ! favorable 3sid]a;n t p>ody rcvs z a fair use4 ,does 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p0 fit t model8 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 7 n 8tak+ aim0 at 8,gold ,digg]40 ,true1 !y quot$ ,we/'s actual #eej ~ws f ! televi.n broadca/ "4 ,!y ev5 us$ !m z _! title4 ,b !y 7 n tak+ aim at 8 s;g4 "<,ironically1 ,kanye ,we/ has a bett] claim t he 0 tak+ aim at ,ray ,*>les's picture ( womanhood1 9 j ! way describ$ 9 ! #b ,live ,crew case4"> ,r1 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 7 us+ ! sample (! s;g z ! back+ to an 5tirely diff]5t rap t express$1 9 famili> & popul> musical =m1 a m expansive v].n ( 8 3demna;n ( bo? press & presid5t4 ,t does n 5d ! 9quiry4 ,p>ody is n ! only =m ( protect$ criticism or com;t>y4 ,b x makes x m* h>d] = !m to succe$1 "picul>ly 9 lid sampl+ 2tray$ by bo? ,gr& ,up"r & ,bridgeport 4 ,! videos made by #eea ,! ,black ,lant]n & ,frankl9 ,lopez pres5t an ev5 m complex set ( "qs4 ,on top (! music copy"r issues1 we al h fair use claims =! ext5sive news footage & footage ( ,mr4 ,foxx4 ,! ,black ,lant]n al us$ "s frag;ts (a popul> video by ,jib.- ,jab1 : _h a c>toon ,bu% & ,k]ry s++ duel+ p>odi$ v].ns ( ,woody ,gu?rie's 8,? ,l&40 ,:5 ,jib,jab's video f/ came |1 ! ,gu?rie e/ate claim$ copy"r 9fr+e;t ov] ! s;g4 ,assi/$ by a numb] ( public 9t]e/ legal gr|ps1 ,jib,jab claim$ fair use4 "<,x ev5tually came | t ! copy"r ov] ! s;g 0 no l;g] valid4"> ,:at did ,jib.- ,jab d :5 ,! ,black ,lant]n sampl$ !m 9 _! turn8 ,9 a move t bo? w9s ! prize = hypocrisy & s]ves to sum up ! 9t]sec;n ( law & culture ,i h be5 describ+1 !y #eeb s5t hm a cease & desi/ lr4 ,! video 0 tak5 d[n =a week & he 0 ev5tually =c$ to remove ! seg;t ( _! video f 8 "w4 ,fair use = me1 b n = !e4 ,3clu.n ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 samples ,kanye ,we/1 :o uses a frag;t f ,ray ,*>les1 :o may h tak5 mat]ial f ,w ,lam>t9e ,?ompson or1 m likely1 f ,cl>a ,w>d "<:o h]f borr[$ f a gospel /&>d">4 ,! *a9 ( borr[+ ,i describe "h has "o 5d 9 ! hymns & _suals (! e>ly #aijjs &! o!r 9 ! tw5ty.-f/ c5tury's *aotic /ew ( digital sampl+1 remix1 & ma%up4 ,al;g ! way1 we h ! syn!sis ( old &! 9v5;n ( new musical g5res'\x2014'(t5 ag/ ! wi%es ( ~? ~: "w is s]v+ z ! raw mat]ial4 ,"o way ( view+ ? /ory is t ea* ( ~! musicians "y orig9al >ti/1 ! musical s|rce (! ,nile"> is a plagi>i/ &a pirate4 ,if !y >e lic5s+ _! mat]ial or gett+ x f ! public doma91 !n !y may n 2 lawbreak]s b !y >e / unorig9al slavi% imitators4 ,if "o's image ( creativ;y is t (! romantic1 iconocla/ic creator :o 9v5ts ! _w anew ) ea* crea;n1 ~? 3clu.ns seem 5tirely appropriate4 ,! borr[+ "h is rampant4 ,f> f build+ "ey?+ anew1 ~! musicians seem q delib]ately to base _! "w on frag;ts tak5 f o!rs4 ,x is important to rememb] t copy"r does n subscribe completely to ! idea ( romantic crea;n ": music is 3c]n$4 ,z ,i po9t$ | e>li]1 musical g5res develop | ( o!r g5res3 s|l f gospel & rhy?m & blues2 gospel f _suals2 rhy?m & blues f jazz1 jump music1 & ,delta blues2 & s on4 ,:5 x #eed comes to g5res1 we c play ! game ( musicological 8six degrees ( sep>a;n0 all "d l;g4 ,copy"r is suppos$ to leave 8holes0 9 xs cov]age s t ! g5re is n cov]$1 only ! specific =m ( creativ;y )9 ! g5re4 ,i m5;n$ 2f ! ne$ to keep ! l9es ( g5re & =m op51 to keep !m free f private prop]ty "rs 9 ord] to all[ musicians to develop ! =m by us+ !m z common prop]ty1 ! 8hi blues uses ! f/1 f|r?1 & fif? *ords 9 a scale4 ,t sequ;e _c 2 [n$1 un.s blues is to 2come impossible or illegal4 ,2bop is "*iz$ by copi|s use (! flatt5$ fif?'\x2014'a s.d : 0 j>r+ to audi;es :5 x 0 f/ 9troduc$ & : m>k$ ! break )! m accessible jazz ( sw+ &! big b&s4 ,! flatt5$ #eee fif? is n [n$4 ,~! "*i/ic g5re.-creat+ sequ;es or s.ds >e suppos$ to 2 left 9 ! public doma91 ?|< 9creas+ly "s s*ol>s'\x2014'9clud+ me'\x2014'>e com+ to 2lieve t we h manag$ to make ! copy"r hold]'s 3trol s complete & s granul> z to close ~? common >eas & imp$e ! develop;t ( future musical =ms4 ,! ,bridgeport c|rt mi4 ,9 !ory at lea/1 copy"r is n suppos$ to /op ! next ,ray ,*>les1 ! p]son :o wants to fuse two old] =ms ( music to create a ?ird4 ,yet ! *a9 ( borr[+ t l9ks ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o41 ,kanye ,we/1 ,ray ,*>les1 &! ,bailey ,gospel ,s+]s #eef is (a diff]5t k9d4 ,? borr[+ 9volves tak+ *unks ( prior musicians,0 melodies1 _! ~ws1 _! lyrical patt]ns4 ,? is n j copy+ ! g5re4 ,x is copy+ ! l9es (! s;g )9 ! g5re4 ,? is ! k9d ( /uff copy"r is suppos$ to regulate ev5 :5 x is "w+ well 4 ,& yet1 li/5+ to ! sequ;e1 x is h>d to d5y t at ea* /age "s?+ >ti/ic & 9novative1 "s?+ rem>kable1 has be5 creat$4 ,9 fact1 ! /ory ( ? s;g is ! /rik+ abil;y ( ea* set ( >ti/s to impose _! [n s.d1 temp]a;t1 _sual;y1 humor1 vi.n ( wom51 or1 9 ! case ( ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o41 _! 9t5se & profane political ang]1 onto ! musical phrases !y h 9 common4 ,! po/mod]n 3clu.n "h is 8"! is no?+ new "u ! sun0'\x2014't all crea;n is re.-crea;n1 t "! is #eeg no s* ?+ z orig9al;y1 m]ely 5d.s imita;n4 ,if ? is meant to 2 a com;t ab h[ ?+s get creat$1 at lea/ 9 music1 ,i ?9k "! is "s tru? to x4 ,b if x is a claim ab aes!tic wor?1 a d5ial t "! >e m & less creative 9dividuals 9 ! >ts1 ,i f9d x z facile & unconv9c+ z xs romantic au?orial opposite4 ,:at is fasc9at+ ab ! >ti/s ,i describe "h is t1 :ile !y d n fit neatly 9to ei ! aes!tic ideal ( 9dep5d5t crea;n or ! legal model = h[ creative expres.n gets made1 !y ea* h a rem>kable1 palpable creativ;y4 ,ea* leaves u ) "s?+ new1 ev5 if =m$ "ply f ! frag;ts (! pa/4 ,"o cd describe ,ray ,*>les z ! m]e/ plagi>i/'\x2014'mak+ 8se>* & replace0 s;gs by sub/itut+ a woman =! de;y 9 alr.-e/abli%$ hits4 ,b if t is |r 3clu.n1 x m]ely #eeh proves t |r !ories ( aes!tics >e poor] ?an ! creativ;y !y seek to describe4 ,s m* ! worse =! !ories4 ,z ,jeff]son po9t$ |1 ! l9es surr.d+ 9tellectual prop]ty >e h>d to draw'\x2014'"s?+ ! ,bridgeport c|rt got "r4 ,:5 we draw !m1 :e!r legally or z a matt] ( aes!tic moral;y1 we d s "ply ) /&>d 9/.es 9 m9d4 8,well1 t c't 2 wr;g10 we ?9k to |rvs1 & reason by analogy acly4 ,yet ! process ( analogy fails u "s"ts1 2c ! types ( borr[+ *ange ov] "t4 ,ray ,*>les 0 frank ab ! way he copi$ ! /yle & licks ( ,nat ,k+ ,cole l an appr5tice le>n+ f a lawy]4 ,b he & 8 e/ate assidu|sly gu>d$ 8 copy"rs ag/ m mod]n borr[+ !y f.d to 2 #eei 9appropriate4 ,judge ,duffy ?"u|sly d5|nces ,biz ,m>kie4 ,x is h>d] to imag9e hm level+ ! same 3demna;n at ,dizzy ,gillespie1 ,*>les ,ives1 ,osc> ,pet]son1 or1 = t matt]1 ,bee?ov51 ?|< all ( !m made copi|s use (! "ws ( o!rs 9 _! [n4 ,x is biz>re to imag9e a ,bridgeport .-l rule 2+ ext5d$ to composi;n copy"rs & appli$ to music s* z jazz4 8,get a lic5se or d n solo08 ,i ?9k n4 ,does x make any m s5se = sampl+8 ,if "! is a s+le reason ,i told ! /ory ( ~! s;gs x is ?3 to mo/ ( u1 c]ta9ly to me1 ! idea t copy"r 5c|rages creativ;y & 4c|rages ! reuse ( mat]ial creat$ by o!rs seems reasonable4 ,( c|rse1 ,i wd want to apply ! correctives impli$ by ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+'\x2014'to make sure ! "rs 7 z #efj %ort & z n>r[ z possible4 ,b at lea/ :5 x comes to copy+ *unks ( expres.n / cov]$ by copy"r1 |r 9tui;ns >e to 5c|rage p to create 8_! [n "w10 r ?an to rely on remix4 ,:at does t mean 9 ! _w ( music8 ,z ! /ory ,i h told "h seems to illu/rate1 ev5 musicians ( un"q$ 8orig9al;y10 ev5 ~? :o c make a claim to hav+ creat$ a new musical g5re1 "s"ts did s by a process r m l collage ?an crea;n | ( no?+1 tak+ *unks ( exi/+ "w t 7 prov5 to "w well & sett+ !m 9 a new 3text or frame4 ,imag9e ,ray ,*>les try+ to create 8,i ,got a ,woman0 td4 ,bo? ( 8 possible s|rces wd 2 /r;gly & automatically protect$ by copy"r4 ,! 9du/ries 9 : ~? "ws 7 produc$ wd 2 m* m legali/ic & 9f9itely m litigi|s4 ,! [n]s ( ~? copy"rs cd use !m to /op hm f #efa 8desecrat+ _! "w0'\x2014': is lit]ally :at he is do+4 ,we "k ,cl>a ,w>d object$ to ,*>les's o!r borr[+s f gospel4 ,i _c imag9e ,w ,lam>t9e ,?ompson or 8 wor?y neily morn+ lov+0 |tside ( w$lock describ$ 9 8,i ,got a ,woman10 / less ! use ( sacr$ music to glorify x4 ,& copy"r gives !m ! p[] to say no4 ,rememb] ,macaulay's descrip;n ( h[ ,ri*>dson's novels mit$ ? "picul> g5re.-bridg+ ef=t1 wd we 2 likely to see ! bir? ( s|l music8 ,3gress assures u t ! _m 9creases 9 copy"r #efb protec;n h be5 9 ! "n ( 5c|rag+ creativ;y4 ,! music 9du/ry says ! same ?+ :5 xs pettifogg+ cle>.e proc$ures & p]mis.n culture >e criticiz$4 ,b d we really ?9k we >e m likely to get a tw5ty.-f/c5tury ,ray ,*>les1 or a fu.n ( /yles to create a new g5re1 9 ! _w we h made8 ,d we really ?9k t ! =mali/ ignor.e ( ,judge ,duffy or ! m>ket optimism (! ,bridgeport c|rt1 9 : ?ick m>kets (f] fungible sets ( samples to 2 trad$ l commodities1 >e gd guides =! future ( music8 ,>e we 9 fact kill+ musical creativ;y )! rules t >e suppos$ to def5d x8 ,an ,9t]net optimi/ wd tell u t is precisely ! po9t4 ,true1 2c (! ]rors describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+1 &! mi/akes catalogu$ 9 ! *apt]s #efc on ! ,9t]net ,?reat &! ,f>m]s,0 ,tale1 we h dramatically exp&$ ! scope1 l5g?1 & p[] (! "rs t >e suppos$ to %ape |r creative culture4 ,b te*nology cures all4 ,look at ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o41 ,! ,black ,lant]n1 or ,frankl9 ,lopez4 ,!y >e all probably break+ ! law z x is curr5tly 9t]pret$ by ! c|rts4 ,b _! "w c 2 creat$ = p5nies & 4tribut$ to millions4 ,! te*nology all[s p to circumv5t ! law4 ,admitt$ly1 "s (! copy"r hold]s w police _! "rs assidu|sly'\x2014'?9k ( ,jib,jab's newf.d 4like ( fair use & _! p[] to alt] ,! ,black ,lant]n's video4 ,b o!rs ei _c or w n4 ,kanye ,we/'s repres5tatives 9 "picul> >e unlikely to 2 /upid 5 to sue ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 9 ! f/ place4 ,9t]net 4tribu;n 2comes a demimonde 9 : ! rules (! re/ (! #efd society ei _c or w n 2 5=c$4 ,>t gets xs brea?+ room1 n f legal excep;ns1 b f te*nological 5=ce;t difficulties4 ,f9ally1 z m & m p c create & 4tribute digital culture1 !y >e less likely to "u/&1 2lieve in1 or accept rules t >e /r;gly at v>i.e ) _! aes!tic & moral assump;ns4 ,"! is a lot to ~! po9ts4 ,! te*nology does trans=m ! 3di;ns ( creativ;y1 & "s"ts x runs "r ov] ! law 9 ! process4 ,?|s&s1 ev5 millions1 c 2 rea*$ |tside ( 3v5;nal 4tribu;n *annels ) "w t is te*nically illegal4 ,& attitudes t[>d creative propriety d n track legal rules4 ,:5 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,r&le & ,mr4 ,nick]son1 ,i f.d t !y realiz$ ,mr4 ,we/ probably _h a legal "r to get _! "w tak5 d[n1 b #efe !y felt he wd n use x1 & !y _h a v commons5sical 3cep;n ( :at !y "| to 2 all[$ to d4 ,!y 7 n mak+ any m"oy f ?4 ,!y 7 mak+ a political po9t1 draw+ att5;n to a political & human problem4 ,t made x okay4 ,!y wd h lik$ m =mal p]mis.n s t !y cd actually 4tribute ,,cds "? 3v5;nal =.-pr(it *annels1 p]h ) "s por;n (! proce$s go+ to 4a/] relief1 b !y "u/ood !y 7 unlikely to get x4 ,despite all ?1 ,i am uncom=table )! >gu;t 8d n worry1 te*nology w all[ u to evade ! rules ": !y >e /upid40 ,a sy/em t c only func;n well "? repeat$ lawbreak+ is an un/able & dang]|s "o4 ,x bre$s a lack ( respect =! law 9 ~? :o %d 2 xs grte/ support]s & b5efici>ies4 ,x blurs civil 4ob$i;e & pla9 old lawbreak+4 ,sitt+ 9 on ! segregat$ lun* c.t] & #eff 2+ will+ to face ! 3sequ;es is v diff]5t f p>k+ 9 ! 4abl$ space & hop+ y c get away ) x4 ,x al blurs |r judg;t ( 3duct4 ,:at"e "o ?9ks ( !m1 ,! ,leg5d>y ,k4,o4 >e do+ "s?+ v diff]5t ?an a college /ud5t :o j does n want to pay = music & d[nloads ?|s&s ( tracks = free f file %>+ net"ws4 ,! problem is n simply "o ( blurr+4 ,te*nology.-bas$ 8fre$oms0 >e n reliable "4 ,9 a p9*1 ! te*nology may n save y1 z ?|s&s ( ~? same d[nload]s h f.d | :5 su$ by ! ,,riaa & =c$ to pay ?|s&s ( doll>s = an activ;y !y ?"| to 2 private & anonym|s4 ,! ,9t]net 8solu;n0 al leaves c]ta9 types ( >ti/ic crea;n dep5d5t on ! vag>ies (! curr5t te*nology1 : may well *ange1 elim9at+ "s (! z"o ( fre$om we curr5tly #efg rely on4 ,b m worri"s is ! fact t ? 8solu;n0 actually 3f9es c]ta9 types ( >t to ! _w (! ,9t]net4 ,! video ( 8,george ,bu% ,doesn't ,c>e ,ab ,black ,p0 cd 2 se5 by _m1 b only if !y 7 wir$ to ! "r te*nological & social net"w4 "<,af all1 "s"o has to tell y to wat*4"> ,x 0 a se>+ 9t]v5;n 9 ! na;nal debate on ,katr9a4 ,b x appe>$ on no televi.n /a;n4 ,l mo/ (! ma%ups creat$ onl9e1 ! fact t ! "rs cd n"e 2 cle>$ keeps x (f mass m$ia4 ,copy"r acts z ! b>b$ wire >.d mass m$ia |tlets4 ,t is a %ame1 ,i ?9k4 ,n 2c t video is s gd'\x2014'y may love x or hate x4 ,b 2c ? k9d ( >t"w has "s?+ important to 3tribute to |r na;nal culture4 ,imag9e a _w 9 : ,ray ,*>les #efh cd create 8,i ,got a ,woman10 b cd only circulate x to a n>r[ gr|p (! file.-trad+ dig]ati 2c (a flagrant viola;n ( ,cl>a ,w>d's copy"r4 ,d we / get s|l8 ,! blues8 ,jazz8 ,or d we j get a preci|s & 9sul> digital subculture1 ~: cultural exp]i;ts n"e rea* ! ma9/ream8 ,"?|t 8 life1 ,*>les describ$ an 9timate rela;n%ip ) 8 audi;e1 )! public4 ,he describ$ _! ta/es z a *eck1 z a corrective2 he ?"| !y wd actually 2 8ahead0 (! >ti/s4 ,he want$ to make s;gs t wd 2 li/5$ to by t5s ( millions ( p4 ,& he want$ to make >t & lots ( m"oy4 ,i am all =! p]son :o wants to create z an 8amateur.-pr(es.nal0 & 4tribute |tside ! *a9s ( comm]ce4 ,i h "w$ ) organiza;ns t make x easi] to d ?4 ,b ,i al #efi 2lieve 9 ! p[] & creativ;y ( comm]cial culture & political spee* c>ri$ on mass m$ia4 ,ironically1 |r curr5t copy"r sy/em s]ves x poorly4 ,:at is ! solu;n to all ( ?8 ,! music busi;s runs on compulsory lic5ses1 a legally grant$ abil;y to use music 9 c]ta9 ways )|t p]mis.n1 ?|< )a fee4 ,! sy/em seems to func;n pretty well4 ,"o solu;n is to ext5d t sy/em to ! _w ( ma%ups & d]ivative "ws4 ,if y m]ely copy ! :ole ( my "w & circulate x on file %>+ net"ws or on ,,cds1 we apply ! curr5t rules & p5alties4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y make a 8d]ivative0 "w1 mix+ yr "w ) m9e1 !n "! >e two alt]natives4 ,if y /ay 9 ! _w ( nonpr(it ex*ange1 y get a heibitra;n">4 ,if y move 9to ! =.-pr(it _w1 !n y m/ pay a flat lic5s+ fee or p]c5tage ( pr(its to ! copy"r hold]4 ,a second solu;n wd 2 to curtail ! hyp]trophy ( protec;nism t made all ? happ5 9 ! f/ place4 ,! copy"r t]m cd 2 %ort5$ or we cd require r5ewal e tw5ty.-eis4 "<,"! >e 9t]na;nal treaties t curr5tly =bid ! latt] alt]native4"> ,we cd cut back on excesses l ! ,bridgeport deci.n1 create 9c5tives to make ! music 9du/ry less legali/ically 9si/5t on polic+ ! mo/ atomic level ( crea;n4 ,we cd exempt samples %ort] ?an five seconds f copy"r liabil;y1 cl>ify ! b.d>ies ( fair use1 & ext5d x 2y p>ody to o!r g5re.-sma%+ =ms s* z satire & collage4 ,"! >e 5orm|s #ega ob/acles to all ~! proposals4 ,9 "picul>1 :ile >ti/s f>e v poorly "u ! curr5t cle>.e culture'\x2014'pay+ b n rcvg ! b5efits ( pay;ts'\x2014'! middlem5 :o pr(it f transac;n co/s >e n ke5 on aboli%+ !m4 ,c]ta9ly if1 z ! ,bridgeport c|rt assum$1 ! record+ 9du/ry is ! "py responsible = f9e.-tun+ copy"r law1 we >e h>dly likely to see any re=ms t ?reat5 curr5t modes ( do+ busi;s4 ,yet "! is a ray ( hope4 ,x is gett+ h>d] & h>d] to pret5d t ! rules o/5sibly design$ to 5c|rage creativ;y >e actually "w+4 ,at ! same "t1 m & m p >e creat+ & 4tribut+ cultural objects'\x2014'2com+ 8subjects0 ( 9tellectual prop]ty law 9 ! process1 (t5 to _! 4may & irrita;n4 ,x is 9 t 3junc;n'\x2014'a #egb f> cry f ! 9du/ry 3tract 5vi.n$ by ! ,bridgeport c|rt'\x2014't hope =! future ( copy"r law's treat;t ( culture mi4 ,|r e>li] ef=t to make 9tellectual prop]ty accessible to film mak]s & ma%up >ti/s c 2 f.d 9 ,b.d ,by ,law "<,durham1 ,n4,c43 ,c5t] =! ,/udy (! ,public ,doma91 #bjjf">1 available 9 full at ,an #egc exp&$ $i;n ( ,b.d ,by ,law w 2 publi%$ 9 ! ,fall ( #bjjh by ,duke ,univ]s;y ,press4 ,h["e1 nei graphic novel c provide a s5se (! s*ol>ly lit]ature 9 music1 musicology1 law1 & biography t 5abl$ me to write ? *apt]4 ,musical ,hi/ory ,! 9disp5sable guide to music hi/ory is ,j4 ,pet] ,burkhold]1 ,donald ,jay ,gr|t1 & ,claude ,v4 ,palisca1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,music1 #g? $4 "<,new ,york3 ,w4 ,w4 ,norton1 #bjjf">4 ,= ~? :o h access "? a univ]s;y or libr>y ! ,grove ,music database is ! s+le mo/ compreh5sive comput].-aid$ s|rce3 ,grove ,music ,onl9e1 .grovemusic.com/index.html. ,a fasc9at+ book by ,fr$]ic ,s*]]1 ,qu>t] ,notes #egd & ,bank ,notes3 ,! ,economics ( ,music ,composi;n 9 ! ,ei1 explores diff]5t 9c5tive sy/ems'\x2014' s* z patronage or m>kets 5abl$ by 9tellectual prop]ty "rs'\x2014'& _! respective effect on musical aes!tics & musical produc;n4 ,s*]] is "o (! =emo/ 3tempor>y economi/s ( 9nova;n4 ,to h hm writ+ ab ! practices ( c|rt compos]s & manuscript publi%]s is completely fasc9at+4 ,at ! 5d (! "d1 he diplomatically refuses to say :e!r patronage or m>ket me*anisms produc$ 8bett]0 music b ! c>e;l read] w pick up 9dica;ns ( : way he leans4 ,musical ,borr[+ ,"! is a va/ #ege s*ol>ly lit]ature on musical borr[+'\x2014'9de$ ! 4cipl9e ( musicology takes ! /udy ( borr[+1 9 xs l>ge/ s5se1 z "o ( xs ma9 organiz+ !mes4 ,2y a p]sonal t|r provid$ by ,pr(essor ,an?ony ,kelley ( ,duke ,univ]s;y1 ,i f.d a numb] ( books "picul>ly use;l4 ,burkhold]'s ,hi/ory "<,j4 ,pet] ,burkhold]1 ,donald ,j4 ,gr|t1 & ,claude ,v4 ,palisca1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,music1 #g? $4 "<,new ,york3 ,w4 ,w4 ,norton1 #bjjf">"> is full ( examples ( borr[+ & 9flu;e'\x2014':e!r ( /yle1 nota;n1 musical 3v5;ns1 or melody xf4 ,b x is ,burkhold]'s book on ,*>les ,ives'\x2014't f]tile e>ly.-tw5tie?.-c5tury borr[]'\x2014't 0 mo/ 9flu5tial3 ,j4 ,pet] ,burkhold]1 ,all ,made ( ,tunes3 ,*>les ,ives &! ,uses ( ,musical #egf ,borr[+ "<,new ,hav51 ,3n43 ,yale ,univ]s;y ,press1 #aiie">4 ,ives's [n ?"|s on 8 ma%up ( prior ,am]ican musical =ms c 2 f.d 9 ,*>les ,ives1 ,memos1 $4 ,john ,kirkpatrick "<,new ,york3 ,w4 ,w4 ,norton1 #aiia">1 #aj"-#be4 ,david ,metz]'s ,quota;n & ,cultural ,mean+ 9 ,tw5tie?.-,c5tury ,music "<,cambridge3 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjc">1 ?r[s li cultural mean+ 9 diff]5t musical tradi;ns4 ,h"oy ,meconi's collec;n ,e>ly ,musical ,borr[+1 $4 ,h"oy ,meconi "<,new ,york3 ,r|tl$ge1 #bjjd">1 4cusses'\x2014'am;g _m o!r ?+s'\x2014'! issue ( borr[+ 2t ! secul> & religi|s musical tradi;ns1 "s?+ t help$ me "w "? t issue 9 ? *apt]4 ,f9ally1 8,musical ,borr[+3 ,an #egg ,annotat$ ,bibliography0 provides a se>*able database ( >ticles ab musical borr[+4 ,music & ,copy"r ,law ,i 0 "picul>ly 9flu;ed by two books & two >ticles4 ,! books >e ,kembrew ,mc,leod1 ,[n+ ,culture3 ,au?or%ip1 ,[n]%ip & ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,law "<,new ,york3 ,pet] ,lang1 #bjja">1 & ,siva ,vaidhyana?an1 ,copy"rs & ,copywr;gs3 ,! ,rise ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty & ,h[ ,x ,?reat5s ,creativ;y "<,new ,york3 ,new ,york ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjja">4 ,mc,leod & ,vaidhyana?an >e ! au?ors :o s.d$ ! al>m ab ! cultural & aes!tic effects (! heavy.-h&$ legal regula;n ( musical borr[+4 ,tgr )! 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"t we /ick )! boxes we h4 ,z ) ,procru/es1 ?+s d n alw fit &! process c 2 4tress+ = xs subjects4 ,x is important to realize t ! process ( trimm+ & /ret*+ c 2 d"o well or badly4 ,if x is d"o really badly1 ! te*nology is /unt$1 de=m$1 ev5 de/roy$4 ,if x is d"o well1 ! law aids ! develop;t (! te*nology 9 exactly ! happy way describ$ 9 ,*apt] #a4 ,:at did |r ,procru/ean legal sy/em d ) comput]s & comput] sci;e8 ,i w focus on s(tw>e'\x2014'! set ( 9/ruc;ns ! ma*9e is to p]=m4 ,h[ %d we ?9k ( x8 ,s(tw>e is writt5 d[n by programm]s4 ,x is record$ f/ 9 a =m readable to humans1 or at lea/ geeks4 ,!n1 "? a s]ies ( trans=ma;ns1 x is #eid turn$ 9to ! ma*9e code1 ! "os & z]os t w op]ate ! comput]4 ,b at xs root x c 2 "u/ood "? ! metaphor (! simple li/ ( 9/ruc;ns to 2 c>ri$ | 9 ord]1 j z )! ,tur+ ma*9e & xs 9f9ite tape4 ,h[ %d we fit s(tw>e 9to ! categories ( 9tellectual prop]ty8 ,we h 8writ+10 fixa;n 9 "s m$ium ( symbols t c 2 read by o!rs'\x2014'bo? ma*9e & human4 ,writ+ is normally ! doma9 ( copy"r4 ,>e comput] programs copy"rable8 ,all k9ds ( problems pres5t !mvs4 ,at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 copy"r cov]s expres.n4 ,z ,i po9t$ | 9 a previ|s book1 at xs base is ! 3cep;n (! romantic au?or impress+ h] unique;s ( _s on ! "w at ! mo;t ( writ+4 ,x is t expressive *oice1 n ! facts or ideas on : ! "w is bas$1 t copy"r cov]s4 ,& x is only #eie orig9al expres.n t copy"r cov]s4 ,x does n cov] purely func;nal objects1 sy/ems1 processes1 or me?ods ( op]a;n4 ,"o _c copy"r ! coat hang]1 ! m|setrap1 or l;g divi.n4 ,"o _c ev5 copy"r a 8sculpture0 if ! ma9 func;n ( xs design is to s]ve z a bicycle rack4 ,admitt$ly1 "o c copy"r "s expressive "ws t s]ve a practical purpose4 ,a book ab h[ to d d|ble.-5try bookkeep+ is copy"rable4 ,yet copy"r cov]s only ! expressive *oices us$ 9 select+ ! ~ws to expla9 ! me?od1 &! images to repres5t x1 n ! me?ods x describes or ! facts or ideas x 3ta9s4 ,c copy"r cov] comput] programs8 ,%d we see !m z copy"rable h[-to books or z uncopy"rable ma*9es made ( ~ws8 ,ma*9es & o!r func;nal 9nova;ns >e normally #eif ! doma9 ( pat5t "rs4 ,"o c pat5t ! m|setrap1 & !n "o gets an exclusive "r to ! actual me*anically 5abl$ me?od ( cat*+ mice1 n j ! >ti/ic fl|ri%es on ! bluepr9t4 ,pat5ts h m dem&+ crit]ia ?an copy"rs4 ,! 9v5;n ne$s to 2 novel & h util;y1 or use;l;s2 ,i _c get a pat5t ov] "s?+ t wd h be5 an obvi|s idea to an 9sid] 9 ! relevant field ( te*nology1 a 8p]son hav+ ord9>y skill 9 ! >t10 or ,,phosita1 9 ! j>gon ( pat5t lawy]s4 ,b once ,i get my pat5t1 x gives me a v /r;g p[] to exclude o!rs f ! 9v5;n'\x2014'ev5 if !y came up ) x 9dep5d5tly4 ,! "r la/s = tw5ty ye>s4 ,foll[.-on 9novators :o improve on my idea c get a pat5t on t improve;t4 ,!y c block me f us+ ! improve;t4 ,i c block !m f us+ ! orig9al 9v5;n4 ,?us #eig we h an 9c5tive to negotiate if ei ( u wants to br+ ! improv$ 9nova;n to m>ket4 ,s ": did s(tw>e fit8 ,0 x copy"rable writ+ or pat5table 9v5;n8 ,"! >e two issues "h4 ,! f/ is :e!r "! %d 2 any 9tellectual prop]ty "rs ov] s(tw>e at all4 ,! basic case = t proposi;n is simple1 a classic example (! public gds problem describ$ 9 ! f/ *apt]4 ,s(tw>e co/s m"oy to create1 b is *eap to copy4 ,:5 a y|?;l ,bill ,gates wrote 8 #aigf lr to ! wond];lly "nd ,dr4 ,dobb's ,j|rnal ( ,comput] ,calis!nics `& ,or?odontia 1 he put ! po9t cle>ly4 ,:o c af=d to d pr(es.nal "w = no?+8 ,:at hobbyi/ c put #c.-man ye>s 9to programm+1 f9d+ all ! bugs1 docu;t+ 8 product & 4tribute x = free8 ,! fact is1 no "o 2ss u has 9ve/$ a lot #eih ( m"oy 9to hobby s(tw>e4 ,we h writt5 #fhjj ,,basic1 & >e writ+ #hjhj ,,apl & #fhjj ,,apl1 b "! is v ll 9c5tive to make ? s(tw>e available to hobbyi/s4 ,mo/ directly1 ! ?+ y d is !ft4 ,he sign$ ! lr 8,bill ,gates1 ,g5]al ,"pn]1 ,micro.-,s(t40 ,! hyph5 wd 4appe> 9 "t4 ,! philosophy /uck >.d4 ,?|< "! >e quibbles ab ! facts 9 ,gates's lr'\x2014'critics claim he hmf did a lot ( free rid+ on public doma9 code & gov]n;t.-fund$ comput] "t'\x2014'8 basic po9t is t s(tw>e ne$s to 2 protect$ by "<5=ceable"> prop]ty "rs if we expect x to 2 effectively & su/a9ably produc$4 ,"s s(tw>e develop]s 4agree4 ,b assum+ "o 3c$es ! po9t =! sake ( >gu;t1 "! is a second "q3 %d s(tw>e 2 cov]$ #eii by copy"r or pat5t1 or "s unid5tifi$ ?ird op;n8 ,9 practice1 s(tw>e 5d$ up 2+ cov]$ by bo? s*emes1 "ply 2c ( ac;ns by ,3gress1 : 9clud$ s"eal ref];es to s(tw>e 9 ! ,copy"r ,act1 & "ply z a result ( deci.ns by ! ,copy"r ,(fice1 ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice1 & judges4 ,"o cd copy"r "o's code & al ga9 a pat5t ov] ! 8nonobvi|s10 novel1 & use;l 9nova;ns 9side ! s(tw>e4 ,at f/1 x 0 ! use ( copy"r t /irr$ ! mo/ 3c]n4 ,z ,i expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 copy"r seems to 2 built >.d an assump;n ( div]g+ 9nova;n'\x2014'! f.ta9 or explo.n ( expressive activ;y4 ,diff]5t p 9 diff]5t situa;ns :o sit d[n to write a sonnet or a love /ory1 x is presum$1 w produce v diff]5t crea;ns r ?an 2+ drawn to a s+le result4 ,?us /r;g "rs #fjj ov] ! result+ "w >e n suppos$ to 9hibit future progress4 ,i c f9d my [n muse1 my [n pa? to immortal;y4 ,creative expres.n is presum$ to 2 l>gely 9dep5d5t (! "w ( prior au?ors4 ,raw mat]ial is n ne$$4 8,copy"r is ab su/a9+ ! 3di;ns ( creativ;y t 5able an 9dividual to craft | ( ?9 air an ,appala*ian ,spr+ 1 a ,sun ,al ,rises 1 a ,citiz5 ,kane 4,7 ,"! >e lots ( reasons to d|bt t ? vi.n ( 8crea;n | ( no?+0 "ws v well ev5 9 ! >ts1 ! tradi;nal doma9 ( copy"r law4 ,! /ory ( ,ray ,*>les's 8,i ,got a ,woman0 be>s ample wit;s to ~? d|bts4 ,b :at"e xs m]its or defects 9 ! realm (! >ts1 ! vi.n seems completely #fja wr;ghead$ :5 x comes to s(tw>e4 ,s(tw>e solu;ns to practical problems d 3v]ge1 & programm]s def9itely draw ~u prior l9es ( code4 ,worse /1 z ,i po9t$ | e>li]1 s(tw>e t5ds to exhibit 8net"w effects40 ,unlike my *oice ( novel1 my *oice ( ~w process+ program is v /r;gly 9flu;ed1 p]h dom9at$1 by ! "q ( :at program o!r p h *os5 to buy4 ,t means t ev5 if a programm] cd f9d a completely diff]5t way to write a ~w process+ program1 he has to 2 able to make x read ! dom9ant program's files1 & mimic xs features1 if he is to attract any cu/om]s at all4 ,t h>dly s.ds l completely div]g5t crea;n4 ,see+ t s(tw>e fail$ to fit ! ,procru/ean b$ ( copy"r1 _m s*ol>s presum$ ! process ( =c+ x 9to place wd 2 cata/rophic4 ,!y #fjb 2liev$ t1 lack+ pat5t's hi< /&>ds1 copy"r's monopolies wd prolif]ate widely4 ,copy"r's treat;t ( foll[.-on or 8d]ivative0 "ws wd imp$e 9nova;n1 x 0 ?"|4 ,! =ce ( net"w effects wd all[ ! copy"r hold] ( :at"e s(tw>e 2came 8! /&>d0 to extract huge monopoly r5ts & prev5t compet+ 9nova;n = _m ye>s l;g] ?an ! pat5t t]m4 ,us]s ( programs wd 2 lock$ in1 unable to %ift _! docu;ts1 data1 or acquir$ skills to a compet+ program4 ,doom & gloom ab.d$ am;g copy"r s*ol>s1 9clud+ _m :o %>$ ,mr4 ,gates's basic premise'\x2014't s(tw>e %d 2 cov]$ by prop]ty "rs4 ,!y simply 2liev$ t ~! 7 ! wr;g prop]ty "rs to use4 ,copy"r did 9de$ cause problems = s(tw>e develop]s1 ?|< x is h>d to judge :e!r ~? problems |twei<$ ! economic b5efits ( #fjc 5c|rag+ s(tw>e 9nova;n1 produc;n1 & 4tribu;n4 ,b ! negative effects ( copy"r 7 m9imiz$ by a rem>kably presci5t set ( ac;ns by c|rts &1 to a m* less] ext5t1 ,3gress1 s t ! wor/ sc5>ios did n come to pass4 ,c|rts 9t]pret$ ! copy"r ov] s(tw>e v n>r[ly1 s t x cov]$ ll 2y lit]al 9fr+e;t4 "<,rememb] ,jeff]son's po9t ab ! import.e ( 2+ c>e;l ab ! scope (a "r4"> ,!y develop$ a complicat$ te/ to "w | :e!r "o program 9fr+$ ! details ( ano!r4 ,! details give law /ud5ts heada*es e ye>1 b ! effects 7 simple4 ,if yr s(tw>e 0 simil> to m9e m]ely 2c x 0 p]=m+ ! same func;n1 or 2c ,i _h pick$ ! mo/ effici5t way to p]=m "s task1 or ev5 2c "! 0 m>ket dem& = do+ x t way1 !n n"o ( ~? simil>ities c.t$ =! purposes ( 9fr+e;t4 ,nor did #fjd mat]ial t 0 tak5 f ! public doma94 ,! result 0 t :ile "s"o :o made lit]al copies ( ,w9d[s ,vi/a 0 cle>ly 9fr++ copy"r1 ! p]son :o made a compet+ program g5]ally wd n be4 ,9 addi;n1 c|rts 9t]pret$ ! fair use doctr9e to cov] 8decompila;n0'\x2014' : is basically tak+ a"p "s"o else's program s t y c "u/& x & compete ) x4 ,z "p (! process1 ! decompil] _h to make a copy (! program4 ,if ! law 7 read lit]ally1 decompila;n wd h>dly seem to 2 a fair use4 ,! decompil] makes a :ole copy1 =a comm]cial purpose1 (a copy"r$ "w1 precisely 9 ord] to cause h>m to xs m>ket by (f]+ a sub/itute gd4 ,b ! c|rts took a broad] view4 ,! copy 0 a nec "p (! process ( produc+ a compet+ product1 r ?an a piratical attempt to sell a copy (! same #fje product4 ,? limita;n on copy"r provid$ by fair use 0 ne$$ 9 ord] to fo/] ! 9nova;n t copy"r is suppos$ to 5c|rage4 ,? is a nice v>ia;n (! ,sony ,axiom f ,*apt] #d4 ,~! rul+s & o!rs l !m meant t s(tw>e 0 protect$ by copy"r1 z ,mr4 ,gates want$1 b t ! copy"r did n give xs [n] ! "r to prev5t func;nal imita;n & competi;n4 ,is t 5|<8 ,cle>ly ! net"w effects >e real4 ,mo/ ( u use ,w9d[s & mo/ ( u use ,micros(t ,~w1 & "o v big reason is 2c "ey"o else does4 ,optimi/s 2lieve ! lure ( captur+ ? huge m>ket w keep pot5tial competitors hungry & monopoli/s sc>$4 ,! lumb]+ dom9ant play]s w n 2come complac5t ab 9nova;n or try to grab e morsel ( monopoly r5t1 goes ! >gu;t4 ,!y / h to fe> _! raptor.-l #fjf competitors lurk+ 9 ! %ad[s4 ,p]h4 ,or p]h x al takes ! 3si/5t ?reat ( antitru/ 5=ce;t4 ,9 any ev5t1 :e!r or n we hit ! optimal po9t 9 protect+ s(tw>e ) 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 ~? "rs c]ta9ly did n de/roy ! 9du/ry4 ,x appe>$ t1 ev5 ) 3v]g5t creativ;y & net"w effects1 s(tw>e cd 2 cramm$ 9to ! ,procru/ean b$ ( copy"r )|t kill+ x (f 9 ! process4 ,9de$1 to "s1 x seem$ to f>e v well4 ,!y wd claim t ! easy legal protec;n provid$ by copy"r gave a nasc5t 9du/ry j 5 protec;n to 5c|rage ! 9ve/;t ( "t1 tal5t1 & doll>s1 :ile n prohibit+ ! next g5]a;n ( companies f build+ on ! 9nova;ns (! pa/4 ,9 addi;n1 ! 9t]ac;n 2t copy"r & s(tw>e has produc$ "s surpris+ results4 ,"! is a /r;g >gu;t t x is ! fact t s(tw>e is copy"rable #fjg t has 5abl$ ! 8commons.-bas$ creativ;y0 ( free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e4 ,:at does commons.-bas$ creativ;y mean8 ,basically1 x is creativ;y t builds on an op5 res|rce available to all4 ,an addi;nal compon5t ( "s def9i;ns is t ! results (! creativ;y m/ 2 f$ back 9to ! commons = all to use4 ,?9k ( ,5gli%4 ,y c use ,5gli% )|t lic5se or fee1 & y c 9novate by produc+ new ~ws1 slang1 or phrases )|t cle>.e f "s ,academie ,anglaise4 ,af y co9 yr t]m1 x is 9 turn available to me to build ~u or to use 9 my [n s5t;es1 novels1 or jokes4 ,& s ! cycle 3t9ues4 ,z ! la/ *apt] %[$1 =! 5tire hi/ory ( musical creativ;y until ! la/ =ty ye>s or s1 ! same _h be5 true ( at lea/ a l[ level ( musical borr[+4 ,at ! basic level ( musical phrases1 !mes1 #fjh snat*es ( melody1 ev5 *ord /ructures1 music 0 commons.-bas$ creativ;y4 ,prop]ty "rs did n rea* d[n 9to ! atomic /ructure ( music4 ,!y /ay$ at a hi<] level'\x2014' prohibit+ reproduc;n ( complete "ws or copy+ ( sub/antial & important *unks4 ,s 9 "s >eas ( bo? music & language1 we _h commons.-bas$ creativ;y 2c "! 7 no prop]ty "rs ov] ! relevant level4 ,! s(tw>e commons is diff]5t4 ,! creators ( free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e 7 able to use ! fact t s(tw>e is copy"r$1 & t ! "r atta*es automatically ~u crea;n & fixa;n1 to set up new1 4tribut$ me?ods ( 9nova;n4 ,= example1 free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e "u ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se'\x2014' s* z ,l9ux'\x2014'is a 8commons0 to : all >e grant$ access4 ,any"o may use ! s(tw>e )|t any re/ric;ns4 ,!y >e #fji gu>ante$ access to ! human.-readable 8s|rce code10 r ?an j ! 9scrutable 8ma*9e code10 s t !y c "u/&1 t9k]1 & modify4 ,modifica;ns c 2 4tribut$ s l;g z ! new crea;n is lic5s$ "u ! op5 t]ms (! orig9al4 ,? creates a virtu|s cycle3 ea* addi;n builds on ! commons & is return$ to x4 ,! copy"r ov] ! s(tw>e 0 ! 8hook0 t all[$ s(tw>e 5g9e]s to create a lic5se t gave free access &! "r to modify & requir$ future programm]s to keep (f]+ ~? fre$oms4 ,)|t ! copy"r1 ~? features (! lic5se wd n h be5 5=ceable4 ,= example1 "s"o cd h modifi$ ! op5 program & releas$ x )|t ! s|rce code'\x2014'd5y+ future us]s ! "r to "u/& & modify easily4 ,to use an analogy 2lov$ ( free s(tw>e 5?usia/s1 ! hood (! c> wd 2 weld$ %ut4 ,home #faj repair1 t9k]+1 cu/omiza;n1 & r$esign 2come practically impossible4 ,( c|rse1 if "! 7 no copy"r ov] s(tw>e at all1 s(tw>e 5g9e]s wd h o!r fre$oms'\x2014'ev5 if n legally gu>ante$ op5 access to s|rce code4 ,/1 x 0 h>d to d5y t ! ext5.n (! prop]ty regime _h'\x2014'biz>rely1 at f/ siantee 3s]va;n & op5 access to a gre5 space1 ":1 )|t prop]ty "rs1 ! space cd 2 despoil$ by all4 ,b z ,i h po9t$ | e>li]1 :ile s* analogies may help u1 ! diff];es 2t l& & 9tellectual prop]ty dem& t !y 2 scrut9iz$ v c>e;lly4 ,x is h>d to ov]graze an idea4 ,s m* = copy"r4 #faa ,:at ab pat5ts8 ,u4,s4 pat5t law _h drawn a firm l9e 2t pat5table 9v5;n & unpat5table idea1 =mula1 or algori?m4 ,! m|setrap cd 2 pat5t$1 b n ! =mula us$ to calculate ! spe$ at : x wd snap %ut4 ,ideas1 algori?ms1 & =mulae 7 9 ! public doma9'\x2014'z 7 8busi;s me?ods40 ,or s we ?"|4 ,! l9e 2t idea or algori?m on ! "o h& & pat5table ma*9e on ! o!r looks nice & easy4 ,b put t algori?m'\x2014't s]ies ( /eps capable ( 2+ specifi$ 9 ! way describ$ by ! ,tur+ ma*9e'\x2014'onto a comput]1 & ?+s 2g9 to look m complex4 ,say1 = example1 t algori?m 0 ! process = 3v]t+ miles 9to kilomet]s & vice v]sa4 8,take ! f/ numb]4 ,if x is foll[$ by ! ~w miles1 !n multiply by #h/#e4 ,if x is foll[$ by ! ~w kilomet]s1 multiply by #e/#h 444,7 & s on4 ,9 ! ab/ract1 ? #fab is classic public doma9 /uff'\x2014'no m pat5table ?an ;,e "7 mc or ;,f "7 ma 4 ,:at ab :5 ~? /eps >e put onto ! tape (! ,tur+ ma*9e1 onto a program runn+ on ! h>d drive (a comput]8 ,! ,c|rt ( ,appeals =! ,f$]al ,circuit " seems to 2lieve t comput]s c turn unpat5table ideas 9to pat5table ma*9es4 ,9 fact1 9 ? 3cep;n1 ! comput] sitt+ on yr desk 2comes multiple pat5table ma*9es'\x2014'a ~w process+ ma*9e1 an ;e.-mail ma*9e1 a ma*9e runn+ ! program to calculate ! t5sile /r5g? ( /eel4 ,i want to /ress t ! o!r b>s #fac to pat5tabil;y rema94 ,my example ( mile-to.-kilomet] 3v].n wd 2 pat5table subject matt] b1 we hope1 no pat5t wd 2 grant$ 2c ! algori?m is n novel & is obvi|s4 "<,sadly1 ! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice seems det]m9$ to "um9e ? hope by grant+ pat5ts on ! mo/ mundane & obvi|s applica;ns4"> ,b ! 3c]n "h is n limit$ to ! idea t )|t a subject matt] b>1 too _m obvi|s pat5ts w 2 grant$ by an ov]"w$ & badly 9c5tiviz$ pat5t (fice4 ,x is t ! pat5t 0 suppos$ to 2 grant$ at ! v 5d (a process ( 9ve/iga;n & sci5ctific & 5g9e]+ 9nova;n4 ,! =mulae1 algori?ms1 & sci5tific 4cov]ies on : ! pat5t$ 9v5;n 0 bas$ rema9$ 9 ! public doma9 = all to use4 ,x 0 only :5 we got to ! v 5d (! process1 )a 3crete 9nova;n ready to g to m>ket1 t ! pat5t 0 to 2 #fad giv54 ,yet ! abil;y to c|ple ! ab/ract algori?m )! 3cept (a ,tur+ ma*9e "um9es ? 3cep;n4 ,sudd5ly ! pat5ts >e available at ! v 2g9n+ (! process1 ev5 to p :o >e m]ely specify+'\x2014'9 ! ab/ract'\x2014'! idea (a comput] runn+ a "picul> s]ies ( algori?mic activities4 ,! ~ws 8by means (a comput]0 >e'\x2014'9 ! eyes (! ,f$]al ,circuit'\x2014'an 9canta;n ( magical p[]1 able to transub/antiate ! ideas & =mulae (! public doma9 9to private prop]ty4 ,&1 l ! break+ (a m9or taboo t presages a ,victorian lit]>y "*'s slide 9to debau*]y1 once t f/ wall protect+ ! public doma9 0 brea*$1 ! c|rt f.d x easi] & easi] to brea* / o!rs4 ,if "o cd turn an algori?m 9to a pat5table ma*9e simply by add+ 8by means (a comput]10 !n #fae "o cd turn a busi;s me?od 9to "s?+ pat5table by specify+ ! organiza;nal or 9=ma;n te*nology /ructure "? : ! busi;s me?od is to 2 imple;t$4 ,if y / rememb] ! f/ *apt]s ( ? book1 y mie suppos$ to 2 h&$ | only :5 nec to produce 9c5tives to supply "s public gd1 9c5tives t o!rwise wd 2 lack+4 ,yet "! >e alr pl5ty ( 9c5tives to come up ) new busi;s me?ods4 "<,gre$ & fe> >e ! mo/ obvi|s4"> ,"! is no evid;e to sugge/ t we ne$ a /ate.-back$ monopoly to 5c|rage ! develop;t ( new busi;s me?ods4 ,9 fact1 we want p to copy ! busi;ses ( o!rs1 l[]+ prices z a result4 ,! process ( copy+ busi;s me?ods is call$ 8competi;n0 & x is ! #faf basis (a free.-m>ket economy4 ,yet pat5t law wd prohibit x = tw5ty ye>s4 ,s :y 9troduce pat5ts8 ,bru%+ aside s* m9or objec;ns ) ease1 ! ,c|rt ( ,appeals =! ,f$]al ,circuit dcld busi;s me?ods to 2 pat5table4 ,0 ? :at ,jeff]son _h 9 m9d :5 he sd 8,i "k well ! difficulty ( draw+ a l9e 2t ! ?+s : >e wor? to ! public ! emb>rass;t ( an exclusive pat5t1 & ~? : >e n08 ,i d|bt x4 ,x is commonplace = c|rts to look at ! purpose (! law !y >e 5=c+ :5 seek+ to "u/& :at x means4 ,9 >eas ( regula;n : >e obvi|sly 9/ru;tal'\x2014'aim$ at produc+ "s "picul> result 9 ! _w'\x2014't approa* is ubiquit|s4 ,9 apply+ ! antitru/ laws1 = example1 c|rts h giv5 mean+ to ! relatively vague ~ws (! law by turn+ to economic #fag analysis (! likely effects ( diff]5t rules on diff]5t m>ket /ructures4 ,pat5t law is z 9/ru;tal a /ructure z "o cd imag9e4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 ! 3/itu;nal au?oriza;n to ,3gress to pass pat5t & copy"r legisla;n is v explicit t ~! "rs >e to 2 made )a purpose 9 view4 ,3gress has ! p[] 8to promote ! progress ( sci;e & use;l >ts1 by secur+ = limit$ "ts to au?ors & 9v5tors ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & 4cov]ies40 ,"o min+ ab xs 3/ra9ts1 firmly 9 m9d4 ,yet utilit>ian cau;n ab ext5d+ monopolies is seldom to 2 f.d 9 ! reason+ ( |r *ief pat5t c|rt4 ,! diff];e is /rik+4 ,jeff]son sd t ! job #fah ( ~? :o adm9i/]$ ! pat5t sy/em 0 to see if a pat5t 0 8wor? ! emb>rass;t to ! public0 2f grant+ x4 ,! ,3/itu;n tells ,3gress to make only ~? pat5t laws t 8promote ! progress ( sci;e & use;l >ts40 ,"o mie price to get #fai total fund value & !n divid+ by ! numb] ( mutual fund %>es t ea* cu/om] actually holds to f9d ! bal.e 9 _! acc.ts4 ,z my son obs]v$1 8,i cdn't d t until ne>ly ! 5d ( ?ird grade60 ,9 !ory ( c|rse1 if ! pat5t is n novel or is obvi|s1 x w / 2 refus$4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt rec5tly held t ! ,c|rt ( ,appeals =! ,f$]al ,circuit has made 8nonobvi|s0 too easy a /&>d to meet4 ,x is uncle>1 h["e1 :e!r t judg;t w produce 3crete effects on actual practices ( pat5t grants & litiga;n4 ,! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice puts pressure on exam9]s to issue pat5ts1 & x is v exp5sive to *all5ge ~? t >e grant$4 ,bett]1 ": possible1 to rule | c]ta9 subject matt] 9 ! f/ place4 ,tempt$ 9 "p by xs flirta;n )! 8idea #fbj made ma*9e0 9 ! 3text (a comput]1 ! ,c|rt ( ,appeals = ! ,f$]al ,circuit cd n br+ xf to d s4 ,": copy"r law evolv$ to wall (f & m9imize ! dang]s ( ext5d+ protec;n ov] s(tw>e1 pat5t law actually ext5d$ ! idea 2h s(tw>e pat5ts to make pat5table any ?"| process t mie copy"rs cd 2 us$ to create a self.-p]petuat+ commons z well z a monopoly ov] op]at+ sy/ems1 or t judges wd talk "k+ly ( net"w effects 9 curtail+ ! scope ( cov]age8 ,:o wd h predict$ t pat5ts wd 2 ext5d$ n only to basic algori?ms imple;t$ by a comput]1 b to me?ods ( busi;s !mvs "8 ,syn!tic ,biology ,if y >e a read] ( ,sci;e 1 ,,plo,s ,biology 1 or ,nature 1 y w h notic$ "s attractive & biz>re photographs #fbb rec5tly4 ,a field ( bact]ia t =m !mvs 9to bull's.-eyes & polka dots4 ,a dim photograph (a woman's face 8tak50 by bact]ia t h be5 programm$ to 2 s5sitive to litemes991 a sc>ce natural rem$y = mal>ia d]iv$ f wormwood4 ,pok+ deep] 9to ~! /ories1 y wd h f.d ! phrase 8syn!tic biology0 repeat$ ag & ag1 ?|< a precise def9i;n wd h elud$ y4 ,:at is 8syn!tic biology08 ,= "s x is simply t ! product or process 9volves biological mat]ials n f.d 9 nature4 ,gd old.-fa%ion$ biote*nology wd qualify4 ,"o (! f/ biote*nology pat5t cases1 ,diamond v4 #fbc ,*akrab>ty 1 9volv$ "s bact]ia : ,dr4 ,*akrab>ty _h 5g9e]$ to eat oil slicks'\x2014'n _! natural food/uff4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt not$ t ! bact]ia 7 n f.d 9 nature & f.d !m to 2 pat5table1 ?|< alive4 ,ac to ! simple/ def9i;n1 ,dr4 ,*akrab>ty's process wd c.t z syn!tic biology1 ?|< ? example ant$ates ! common use (! t]m by two decades4 ,= o!r sci5ti/s1 x is ! completely syn!tic qual;y (! biology 9volv$ t m>ks ! $ge (! 4cipl9e4 ,! ,,dna we >e famili> )1 = example1 has f|r 8base pairs0'\x2014' ,a1 ;,c1 ;,g1 & ,t4 ,sci5ti/s h develop$ g5etic alphabets t 9volve twelve base pairs4 ,n only is ! result n f.d 9 nature1 b ! v language 9 : x #fbd is express$ is 5tirely new & >tificial4 ,i want to focus on a ?ird 3cep;n ( syn!tic biology3 ! idea ( turn+ biote*nology f an >tisanal process ( "o.-(f crea;ns1 develop$ ) cu/omiz$ te*niques1 to a true 5g9e]+ 4cipl9e1 us+ processes & "ps t >e z /&>diz$ & z well "u/ood z valves1 screws1 capacitors1 or resi/ors4 ,! electrical 5g9e] told to build a circuit does n g | & 9v5t h] [n swit*es or capacitors4 ,%e c build a circuit us+ (f.-!.-%elf compon5ts ~: p]=m.e is express$ us+ /&>d measure;ts4 ,? is ! dream ( "o gr|p ( syn!tic biologi/s3 t biological 5g9e]+ truly 2come 5g9e]+ 1 ) biological black boxes t p]=m all (! /&>d func;ns ( electrical or me*anical 5g9e]+'\x2014'measur+ #fbe fl[1 react+ to a hi< signal by giv+ | a l[ signal1 or vice v]sa1 />t+ or t]m9at+ a sequ;e1 3nect+ ! 5]gy ( "o process to ano!r1 & s on4 ,( c|rse an 5g9e] "u/&s ! pr9ciple 2h a rat*et1 or a valve1 b he does n h to g "? ! process ( ?9k+ 8z "p ( ? design1 ,i w h to create a ?+ t lets /uff fl[ "? "o way & n ! o!r40 ,! valve is ! me*anical unit t /&s = t ?"|1 a 3cept reifi$ 9 /&>diz$ mat]ial =m : does n ne$ to 2 tak5 a"p & p>s$ ea* "t x is us$4 ,by 3tra/1 ! syn!tic biologi/s claim1 m* ( curr5t biote*nological exp]i;ta;n op]ates ! way a sev5te5?.-c5tury >tisan did4 ,?9k (! gunsmi? mak+ beauti;l "o.-(f classics = 8 >i/ocratic patrons1 )|t /&>diz$ calib]s1 "ps1 or ev5 /&>d.-gauge spr+s or screws4 ,! process produces ! gun1 b x does n use1 or #fbf produce1 /&>d "ps t c al 2 us$ by ! next gunsmi?4 ,is ? portrayal ( biology correct8 ,does x 9volve "s hyp+ (! new hot field1 "s d5igra;n (! old] te*niques8 ,i wd 2 %ock$1 %ock$1 to f9d "! 0 hype 9volv$ 9 ! sci5tific or academic 5t]prise4 ,b :at"e ! degree to : ! novelty ( ? process is 2+ subtly 9flat$1 x is h>d to avoid 2+ impress$ by ! projects t ? gr|p ( syn!tic biologi/s has "utak54 ,! ,,mit ,regi/ry ( ,/&>d ,biological ,"ps1 = example1 has exactly ! goal ,i h j describ$4 ,! develop;t ( well.-specifi$1 /&>d1 & 9t]*angeable biological "ps is a critical /ep t[>ds ! design & 3/ruc;n ( 9tegrat$ biological sy/ems4 ,! ,,mit ,regi/ry ( ,/&>d ,biological ,"ps supports ? goal by record+ & 9dex+ #fbg biological "ps t >e curr5tly 2+ built & (f]+ syn!sis & assembly s]vices to 3/ruct new "ps1 devices1 & sy/ems444 4 ,9 ! summ] ( #bjjd1 ! ,regi/ry 3ta9$ ab #ajj basic "ps s* z op]ators1 prote9 cod+ regions1 & transcrip;nal t]m9ators1 & devices s* z logic gates built f ~! basic "ps4 ,td ! numb] ( "ps has 9creas$ to ab #gjj available "ps & #bjjj def9$ "ps4 ,! ,regi/ry 2lieves 9 ! idea t a /&>d biological "p %d 2 well specifi$ & able to 2 pair$ ) o!r "ps 9to subassemblies & :ole sy/ems4 ,once ! p>amet]s ( ~! "ps >e det]m9$ & /&>diz$1 simula;n & design ( g5etic sy/ems w 2come easi] & m reliable4 ,! "ps 9 ! ,regi/ry >e n simply seg;ts ( ,,dna1 !y >e func;nal units4 ,us+ ! ,regi/ry1 a gr|p ( ,,mit sci5ti/s #fbh organizes an annual 3te/ call$ i,,gem1 ! ,9t]na;nal ,g5etically ,5g9e]$ ,ma*9e competi;n4 ,/ud5ts c draw f ! /&>d "ps t ! ,regi/ry 3ta9s1 & p]h 3tribute _! [n crea;ns back to x4 ,:at k9ds ( 8g5etically 5g9e]$ ma*9es0 d !y build8 ,a team ( eili] ? mon? at ! ,9t]na;nal ,g5etically ,5g9e]$ ,ma*9e " competi;n at ,,mit4 ,! gr|p'\x2014': rcvd an 5grav$ aw>d 9 ! %ape (a l>ge alum9um ,lego piece'\x2014'explor$ a way to use 5g9e]$ cells to 9t]cept ! body's excessive response to 9fec;n1 : c lead to a fatal 3di;n call$ sepsis4 ,! goal (! #fbi #chj /ud5ts on #ce univ]s;y teams f >.d ! _w 0 to build biological sy/ems ! way a 3tractor wd build a h|se'\x2014')a toolkit ( /&>d "ps4 i,,gem "picipants sp5t ! summ] imm]s$ 9 ! gr[+ field ( syn!tic biology1 creat+ simple sy/ems f 9t]*angeable "ps t op]ate 9 liv+ cells4 ,biology1 once ?"| too complicat$ to 2 5g9e]$ l a clock1 comput] or microwave ov51 has prov5 to 2 op5 to manipula;n at ! g5etic level4 ,! new crea;ns >e 5g9e]$ f snippets ( ,,dna1 ! molecules t run liv+ cells4 ,o!r i,,gem 5tries h 9clud$ ,e4 coli bact]ia t _h be5 5g9e]$ to smell l w9t]gre5 :ile !y 7 gr[+ & divid+ & l bananas :5 !y 7 f9i%$1 a biologically 5g9e]$ detector t wd *ange color :5 expos$ to #fcj unheal?y levels ( >s5ic 9 dr9k+ wat]1 a me?od ( programm+ m|se /em cells to 8diff]5tiate0 9to m specializ$ cells on comm&1 &! mat ( picture.-tak+ bact]ia ,i m5;n$ e>li]4 ,no matt] h[ laudable ! >s5ic detector or ! exp]i;tal te*nique deal+ ) sepsis1 or h[ cool ! idea ( banana.-sc5t$1 picture.-tak+ bact]ia1 ? k9d ( 5t]prise w cause "s ( y to %udd]4 ,pr(essor ,drew ,5dy1 "o (! pione]s 9 ? field1 2lieves t "p ( t reac;n /ems f simple novelty4 8,a lot ( p :o 7 sc>+ folks 9 #aige n[ h ,nobel prizes40 ,b ev5 if 9*oate1 ! 3c]ns t syn!tic biology >|ses /em f m ?an novelty4 ,"! is a deep.-seat$ fe> t if we see ! natural _w ( biology z m]ely ano!r sy/em t we c r|t9ely 5g9e]1 we w h #fca ext5d$ |r te*nocratic me?ods 9to a realm t 0 only 9t]mitt5tly subject to !m 9 a way t ?reat5s bo? |r /ructure ( self.-"u/&+ & |r ecosy/em4 ,to ?1 ! syn!tic biologi/s respond t we >e alr 5g9e]+ nature4 ,9 _! view1 plann$1 /ructur$1 & ra;naliz$ g5etic 5g9e]+ poses few] dang]s ?an poorly "u/ood 9t]v5;ns to produce "s specific result 9 comp>ative ignor.e (! processes we >e employ+ to d s4 ,if ! 8code0 is transp>5t1 subject to review by a pe] commun;y1 & bas$ on "kn "ps & /ructures1 ea* id5tifi$ by a /&>d g5etic 8b>code10 !n ! *.e ( detect+ problems & solv+ !m is hi<]4 ,& :ile ! dang]s >e real & n to 2 m9imiz$1 ! pot5tial b5efits'\x2014'! lives sav$ 2c ! sc>ce #fcb antimal>ial drug c n[ 2 manufactur$ by 5]getic ,e4 coli or 2c a *eap te/ c demon/rate >s5ic 3tam9a;n 9 a village well'\x2014'>e n to 2 m9imiz$ ei4 ,i f/ 2came aw>e ( syn!tic biology :5 a numb] (! sci5ti/s "w+ on ! ,regi/ry ( ,/&>d ,biological ,"ps 3tact$ me & my colleague ,>ti ,rai4 ,!y did n use ~! exact ~ws1 b _! "q boil$ d[n to 8h[ does syn!tic biology f>e 9 9tellectual prop]ty's categories1 & h[ c we keep ! basics (! sci;e op5 = all to use80 ,z y c tell f ? book1 ,i f9d 9tellectual prop]ty fasc9at+'\x2014' la;tably s p]h4 ,n"e!.s1 ,i 0 depress$ by ! idea t sci5ti/s wd h to sp5d _! valuable "t try+ to "w | h[ to save _! 4cipl9e f 2+ mess$ up by ! law4 ,surely x wd 2 bett] #fcc to h !m do+1 well1 sci;e8 ,!y h cause = 3c]n4 ,z ,i m5;n$ at ! 2g9n+ ( ? *apt]1 syn!tic biology %>es "*i/ics ( bo? s(tw>e & biote*nology4 ,rememb] ! focus on r$uc+ func;ns to black boxes4 ,syn!tic biologi/s >e look+ =! biological equival5ts ( swit*es1 valves1 & 9v]t]s4 ,! m ab/ractly ~! >e describ$1 ! m !y come to resemble simple algebraic expres.ns1 replete ) 8if1 !n0 /ate;ts & 9/ruc;ns t resolve to 8if ;x 1 !n ;y 1 if n ;x 1 !n ;z 4,7 ,if ? s.ds rem9isc5t (! 4cus.n (! ,tur+ ma*9e1 x %d4 ,:5 ! broad rules = s(tw>e & busi;s me?ods 7 5unciat$ by ! f$]al c|rts1 s(tw>e 0 alr a develop$ 9du/ry4 #fcd ,ev5 ?|< ! rules wd h all[$ ! equival5t ( pat5t+ ! alphabet1 ! v matur;y (! field m9imiz$ ! 4rup;n s* pat5ts cd cause4 ,( c|rse 8prior >t0 0 n alw writt5 d[n4 ,ev5 :5 x 0 record$1 x 0 "s"ts badly h&l$ by ! exam9]s &! c|rts1 "ply 2c !y set a v undem&+ /&>d = 8ord9>y exp]tise0 9 ! >t4 ,n"e!.s1 "! 0 / a lot ( prior exp]i;e & x r5d]$ "s (! m basic claims 9cr$ible4 ,t is n true 9 ! syn!tic biology field4 ,3sid] a rec5t >ticle 9 ,nature 1 8,a univ]sal ,,rnai.-bas$ logic evaluator t op]ates 9 mammalian cells40 ,! sci5ti/s describe _! task 9 t]ms t %d 2 famili>4 8,a molecul> automaton is an 5g9e]$ molecul> sy/em c|pl$ to a " #fce 5viron;t by ,8fl[ ( 9com+ messages &! ac;ns ( |tgo+ messages1,0 ": ! 9com+ messages >e process$ by an ,89t]m$iate set ( ele;ts1,0 t is1 a comput]40 ,! >ticle goes on to describe "s (! key ele;ts ( s.-call$ 8,boolean algebra0'\x2014' 8or10 8&10 8n10 & s on'\x2014'imple;t$ 9 liv+ mammalian cells4 ,~! 9scrip;ns ( ,boolean algebra 9 cells & ,,dna sequ;es c 2 pat5t$4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,de"p;t ( ,heal? & ,human ,s]vices1 = example1 [ns pat5t numb] #f1#ggd1#bbb3 ,? 9v5;n relates to novel molecul> 3/ructs t act z v>i|s logic ele;ts1 i4e41 gates & flip.-flops444 4 ,! basic func;nal unit (! 3/ruct comprises a nucleic acid hav+ at lea/ two prote9 b9d+ sites t _c 2 simultane|sly occupi$ #fcf by _! cognate b9d+ prote94 ,? basic unit c 2 assembl$ 9 any numb] ( =mats provid+ molecul> 3/ructs t act l tradi;nal digital logic ele;ts "4 ,my colleagues ,>ti ,rai & ,sapna ,kum> h p]=m$ a pat5t se>* & f.d _m m pat5ts ( simil> bread?4 ,:at is ! 3c]n8 ,af all1 ? is cutt+.-$ge sci;e4 ,~! seem l novel1 nonobvi|s 9v5;ns ) 3sid]able util;y4 ,! 3c]n is t ! *ange 9 ! rules ov] pat5table subject matt]1 c|pl$ )! ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,(fice's h&l+ ( bo? s(tw>e & biote*nology1 w come tgr s t ! pat5t is n ov] "s "picul> biological circuit1 b1 r1 ov] ,boolean algebra xf z imple;t$ by any biote*nological means4 ,x wd 2 z if1 "r at ! 2g9n+ (! comput] age1 we _h #fcg issu$ pat5ts ov] =mal logic 9 s(tw>e'\x2014'n ov] a "picul> comput] design1 b ov] ! idea (a comput] or a b9>y circuit xf4 8,by means (a comput]0 0 ! magic phrase t caus$ ! walls >.d ! public doma9 ( algori?ms & ideas to crumble4 ,w 8by means (a biological circuit0 d ! same8 ,&'\x2014'to repeat ! key po9t'\x2014'unlike comput] sci;e1 biote*nology is develop+ af ! hyp]trophy ( |r 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em4 ,we d n h ! immune sy/em provid$ by ! e/abli%$ practices & norms1 ! 8prior >t10 ev5 ! commun;y expecta;ns t protect$ s(tw>e f ! wor/ effects ( pat5ts ov] ! build+ blocks ( sci;e4 ,foll[+ ! example ( s(tw>e1 ! f.d]s (! ,,mit ,regi/ry ( ,/&>d ,biological ,"ps _h ! idea ( protect+ _! 4cipl9e #fch f ov]ly expansive 9tellectual prop]ty claims by turn+ ~? "rs ag/ !mvs4 ,free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e develop]s h creat$ a 8commons0 us+ ! copy"r ov] ! code to impose a lic5se on _! s(tw>e1 "o t requires subsequ5t develop]s to keep ! s|rce op5 & to give improve;ts back to ! s(tw>e commons'\x2014'a virtu|s cycle4 ,cd ! ,regi/ry ( ,/&>d ,biological ,"ps d ! same ?+8 ,! s(tw>e commons re/s on a lic5se4 ,b1 z ,i po9t$ | 9 ! la/ sec;n1 ! lic5se dep5ds on an "uly+ prop]ty "r4 ,x is 2c ,i h automatic copy"r ov] my code t ,i c tell y 8use x ac to ~! t]ms or y w 2 violat+ my copy"r40 ,is "! a copy"r ov] ! products ( syn!tic biology8 ,to create "o we wd h to take ! ext5.n ( copy"r t 0 requir$ to rea* s(tw>e & /ret* x ev5 fur!r4 #fci ,bill ,gates migue = 9tellectual prop]ty "rs ov] s(tw>e us+ ! logic ( 8 >ticle 9 ,dr4 ,dobb's ,j|rnal 4 ,w ! >gu;t = copy"rs ov] syn!tic biological cod+ 2 8,i ne$ ! prop]ty "r s ,i c create a commons08 ,9 practice1 ,i ?9k ! answ] is1 & %d be1 no4 ,( c|rse1 "o cd ?9k ( ? z j ano!r type ( cod+1 mak+ expressive *oices 9 a code ( ,a's1 ,c's1 ,g's1 & ,t's1 j z a programm] does 9 ,java or ;,c,6#,6#4 ,yet1 s(tw>e 0 alr a /ret* = copy"r law4 ,syn!tic biology /rikes me z a subject matt] t ! c|rts1 ,3gress1 &! ,copy"r ,(fice >e unlikely to want to cram 9to copy"r's alr 4tort$ |tl9es "picul>ly giv5 ! obvi|s availabil;y ( pat5t "rs4 ,z a matt] ( 3ceptual 9tui;n1 ,i ?9k !y w #fdj see biological subject matt] z h>d] to fit 9to ! categories ( orig9al expressive writ+4 ,on "o level1 yes1 x is all 9=ma;n1 b1 on ano!r level1 ! idea ( programm+ ) g5e sequ;es w probably raise hackles t ! idea ( cod+ 9side a programm+ language n"e wd4 ,z a normative matt]1 ,i ?9k x wd 2 a poor *oice to apply copy"r to ! products ( syn!tic biology4 ,attempt+ to produce a "picul> op5 commons1 "o mi monopolies ov] func;nal objects t ! critics ( s(tw>e copy"r 9itially fe>$4 ,if "o wi%es to keep ! basic ideas & te*niques ( syn!tic biology op5 = subsequ5t 9novators1 "! >e alt]natives to ! idea (a syn!tic biology op5 s|rce lic5se4 ,! ,regi/ry ( ,/&>d ,biological ,"ps or ! #fda ,bio,bricks ,f.da;n c simply put all _! "w 9to ! public doma9 immly4 "<,?1 9de$1 is :at !y >e curr5tly do+4"> ,s* a s*eme lacks "o key feature ( op5 s|rce s(tw>e3 ! "r to =ce subsequ5t 9novators to release _! code back 9to ! commons4 ,yet x wd make subsequ5t pat5ts on ! mat]ial impossible1 2c x _h alr be5 publi%$4 ,reg>d.s (! deci.ns made ab ! future ( syn!tic biology1 ,i ?9k xs /ory'\x2014'c|pl$ to t ( s(tw>e & biote*nology m g5]ally'\x2014'pres5ts u ) an important lesson4 ,i />t$ ! *apt] )! metaphor ( ,procru/es's b$4 ,b 9 ! case ( s(tw>e & biote*nology1 bo? ! b$'\x2014'! categories ( copy"r & pat5t'\x2014'& xs 9habitants'\x2014' ! new te*nologies'\x2014'7 /ret*$4 ,cracks =m$ 9 ! b.d>ies t 7 suppos$ to prev5t #fdb copy"r f 2+ appli$ to func;nal >ticles1 to prev5t pat5ts ext5d+ to cov] ideas1 algori?ms1 & busi;s me?ods4 ,until ? po9t1 ?|< ! sci;e wd h be5 /range to ,jeff]son or 8 3tempor>ies1 ! "uly+ issue wd h be5 famili>4 ,! freetrade1 ,scotti% ,5lids'\x2014'to pat5t ! m|setrap &! corkscrew1 n ! no;n ( cat*+ mice or op5+ bottles by me*anical means4 ,/ less %d we all[ ! pat5t+ ( algebra4 ,~! >e f9e po9ts4 ,lat] s*ol>%ip has add$ =mulae1 data1 & hi/orical analysis to back up #fdc ,jeff]son's 3c]ns1 :ile n"e surpass+ 8 prose4 ,z ,i sd at ! 2g9n+ (! book1 if we 7 to pr9t | ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ & slip x 9to ! %irt pocket ( e legislator & regulator1 |r policy wd 2 rem>kably improv$4 ,b x is "h t ! /ory takes a new turn1 "s?+ t nei ,jeff]son nor ! philosoph]s (! ,scotti% ,5liies1 scope1 & t]m z small z possible :ile / 5c|rag+ ! desir$ 9nova;n4 ,?9k (! reac;n (! syn!tic biologi/s at ,,mit4 ,!y fe>$ t ! basic build+ blocks ( _! new 4cipl9e cd 2 lock$ up1 sl[+ ! progress ( sci;e & rese>* by 9s]t+ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs at ! wr;g po9t 9 ! rese>* cycle4 ,to solve ! problem !y 7 l$ s]i|sly to 3sid] claim+ copy"r #fdd ov] ! products ( syn!tic biology'\x2014' to fili]1 ,i ?9k ! tactic wd n f>e well 9 ? "picul> case4 ,b x is an example (a new move 9 ! debate ov] 9tellectual prop]ty1 a new tactic3 ! attempt to create a privately 3/ruct$ commons ": ! public doma9 creat$ by ! /ate does n give y ! fre$om t y 2lieve creativ;y ne$s 9 ord] to ?rive4 ,x is to t tactic1 &! 4tribut$ creativ;y t x 5ables1 t ,i w turn to n[4 ,fur!r ,read+ ,z ! 9troduc;n to ? *apt] sugge/s1 ! 9t]sec;n ( 9tellectual prop]ty law & sci;e & te*nology has #fde be5 attract+ 3sid]able att5;n f s*ol>s rec5tly1 "s ( x 4may$4 ,! difficulty'\x2014'& ? is :y ,i *ose ! case.-/udy me?od = ? *apt]'\x2014'is t "! >e multiple sets ( 3c]ns & !y resi/ easy summ>y4 ,! f/ set ( 3c]ns is t ! grant+ ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs f> 8up/ream0'\x2014' t is v close to basic sci;e'\x2014'is imp$+ ! process ( sci;e & te*nology4 ,9 addi;n1 s*ol>s h >gu$ t ! %e] volume ( 9tellectual prop]ty claims w produce an anti-commons effect or pat5t ?icket4 ,mi*ael ,a4 ,hell] & ,rebecca ,s4 ,eis5b]g1 8,c ,pat5ts ,det] ,9nova;n8 ,! ,anticommons 9 ,biom$ical ,rese>*10 ,sci;e #bhj "<#aiih">3 #fih"-#gja4 ,! >gu;t "h is t ! clos] "o is to basic rese>* ! /r;g] ! case is = leav+ ! 9=ma;n unt|*$ by prop]ty #fdf "rs'\x2014'all[+ all to draw on x & develop 8d[n/ream0 9nova;ns1 : c !n 2 cov]$ by 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,9 practice1 two 3c]ns >e (t5 allud$ to3 ! fact t m* (! basic rese>* is /ate fund$ & 3duct$ 9 nonpr(it univ]sities &! 2lief t ! transac;n co/s ( lic5s+ w 9hibit rese>* or 3c5trate x 9 a few h&s4 ,rese>* on g5es 9dicat+ a prop5s;y to brea/ c.er is a frequ5tly cit$ example (! latt] problem4 ,fabi5ne ,orsi & ,b5jam9 ,coriat1 8,>e ,8,/r;g ,pat5ts,0 ,b5eficial to ,9novative ,activities8 ,lessons f ! ,g5etic ,te/+ = ,brea/ ,c.er ,3trov]sies10 ,9du/rial & ,corporate ,*ange #ad "<#bjje">3 #abje"-#abba4 ,b "h1 too1 anecdote |twei3 #ajia"-#ajid4 ,on ! o!r side ( ? debate is ! >gu;t t hav+ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 ev5 on /ate.-fund$ univ]s;y rese>*1 w facilitate comm]cializa;n'\x2014'all[+ ! comm]cial 9ve/or to "k t x w acquire suffici5t "rs to exclude o!rs f ! 9nova;n4 ,? is ! premise 2h 8,bayh.-,dole10 ! act "<,p4,l4 #if-#eag1 ,pat5t & ,tradem>k ,act ,am5d;ts ( #aihj2 codifi$ 9 #ce ,u4,s4,c4 ~s #bjj"-#bab & imple;t$ by #cg ,c4,f4,r4 #dja"> t sets up ! frame"w = te*nology transf] f /ate fund$ univ]s;y rese>*4 ,to date1 ! evid;e =! anti-commons effect 9side academia has be5 equivocal1 at be/4 ,wal%1 ,coh51 #fdh & ,>ora f.d no s* effect'\x2014'b "o ma9 reason =! abs;e ( problems appe>$ to 2 t sci5ti/s 7 simply fl|t+ ! law "4 ,john ,p4 ,wal%1 ,a%i% ,>ora1 & ,wesley ,m4 ,coh51 8,effects ( ,rese>* ,tool ,pat5ts & ,lic5s+ on ,biom$ical ,9nova;n10 9 ,pat5ts 9 ! ,k.-,bas$ ,economy1 $4 ,wesley ,m4 ,coh5 & ,/eph5 ,a4 ,m]rill "<,wa%+ton ,d4,c43 ,na;nal ,academies ,press1 #bjjc">1 #bhe"-#cdj4 ,i wd "q :e!r a rese>* sy/em bas$ on massive law.-break+ is su/a9able1 "picul>ly af ! ,u4,s4 ,c|rt ( ,appeals =! ,f$]al ,circuit cl>ifi$ = u t "! effectively is no academic rese>* exemp;n 9 ,u4,s4 pat5t law4 ,madey v4 ,duke ,univ]s;y1 #cjg ,f#4c;d #acea "<,f$4 ,cir4 #bjjb">4 ,! ,na;nal #fdi ,rese>* ,c|ncil's committee on ! subject f.d few problems n[ b possible cause = 3c]n 9 ! future4 ,committee on ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,"rs 9 ,g5omic & ,prote9 ,rese>* & ,9nova;n1 ,na;nal ,rese>* ,c|ncil1 ,reap+ ! ,b5efits ( ,g5omic & ,proteomic ,rese>*3 ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,"rs1 ,9nova;n1 & ,public ,heal? "<,wa%+ton ,d4,c43 ,na;nal ,academy ,press1 #bjje">4 ,a /udy by ! ,am]ican ,academy =! ,adv.e;t ( ,sci;e al report$ few problems1 ?|< a clos] read+ reveal$ t lic5s+ produc$ delays 9 rese>*'\x2014'"s ( !m 3sid]able'\x2014'b did n cause x to 2 ab&on$4 ,! effects 7 grte/ on 9du/ry sci5ti/s4 ,am]ican ,associa;n =! ,adv.e;t ( ,sci;e1 ,directorate = ,sci;e & ,policy ,programs1 ,9t]na;nal #fej ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,exp]i;es3 ,a ,report ( ,f|r ,c.tries "<,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,,aaas1 #bjjg">1 available at .org/,pubs/,,sippi_,four_,c- ountry_,report.pdf. ,fiona ,murray & ,scott ,/]n1 8,d ,=mal ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,"rs ,h9d] ! ,free ,fl[ ( ,sci5tific ,k8 ,an ,empirical ,te/ (! ,anti.-,commons ,hypo!sis10 ,j|rnal ( ,economic ,2havior `& ,organiza;n #fc "<#bjjg">3 #fdh"-#fhg1 f.d a def9ite b mode/ anti-commons effect1 re/rict+ fur!r rese>* & publica;n on pat5t$ mat]ials4 ,simil> 3c]ns h be5 rais$ ab access to sci5tific data4 ,j4 ,h4 ,rei*man & ,paul ,uhlir1 8,a ,3tractually ,recon/ruct$ ,rese>* ,commons = ,sci5tific ,data 9 a ,hiy ,problems #ff "<#bjjc">3 #cae"-#dfb4 ,:at ab ! opposite "q8 ,>e we gett+ b5efits f ! process ( 9creas+ ! use ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs 9 basic univ]s;y rese>*8 ,! be/ /udy (! effects (! curr5t univ]s;y te*nology transf] process f.d ll def9itive evid;e ( net b5efits & "s cause = 3c]n t ! tradi;nal role ( univ]sities 9 freely supply+ k is 2+ "um9$4 ,david ,m[]y1 ,ri*>d ,nelson1 ,bhav5 ,sampat1 & ,>vids ,zi$onis1 ,ivory ,t[] & ,9du/rial ,9nova;n3 ,univ]s;y.-,9du/ry ,te*nology ,transf] ,2f & ,af ! ,bayh.-,dole ,act "<,palo ,alto1 ,calif43 ,/an=d ,busi;s ,press1 #bjjd">4 ,2y ! "qs ab ! effects ( up/ream 9tellectual #feb prop]ty "rs on basic rese>* lay ! m* h>d] "qs ab ! effects ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs on ! develop;t ( te*nologies4 ,"h "! is m* evid;e t deci.ns ab pat5t scope >e vital &1 z ,rob]t ,m]ges & ,ri*>d ,nelson reveal1 t poor deci.ns c hamp] or cripple ! develop;t ( 4ruptive te*nologies4 ,rob]t ,m]ges & ,ri*>d ,r4 ,nelson1 8,on ! ,complex ,economics ( ,pat5t ,scope10 ,columbia ,law ,review #ij "<#aiij">3 #hci"-#iaf2 ,suzanne ,scot*m]1 8,/&+ on ! ,%|ld]s ( ,giants3 ,cumulative ,rese>* &! ,pat5t ,law10 ,j|rnal ( ,economic ,p]spectives #e "<#aiia">3 #bi"-#da4 ,! fe>1 hi1 "! is m* m evid;e4 ,james ,bess5 #fec & ,mi*ael ,j4 ,meur]1 ,pat5t ,failure3 ,h[ ,judges1 ,bureaucrats1 & ,lawy]s ,put ,9novators at ,risk "<,pr9ceton3 ,n4,j43 ,pr9ceton ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjh">2 & ,adam ,jaffe & ,jo% ,l]n]1 ,9nova;n & ,xs ,4cont5ts3 ,h[ ,|r ,brok5 ,pat5t ,sy/em is ,5dang]+ ,9nova;n & ,progress1 & ,:at ,to ,d ,ab ,x "<,pr9ceton1 ,n4,j43 ,pr9ceton ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjd">4 ,*apt] #h ,a ,creative ,commons ,if y g to ! famili> ,google se>* page & click ! 9timidat+ l9k m>k$ 8adv.ed se>*10 y come to a page t gives y m f9e.-gra9$ 3trol ov] ! fram+ ( yr qu]y4 ,ne/l$ am;g ! *oices t all[ y to pick yr desir$ language1 or exclude raun*y 3t5t1 is an op;n t #fed says 8usage "rs40 ,click 8free to use or %>e0 & !n se>* = 8physics textbook0 & y c d[nload a #a1#bjj.-page physics textbook1 copy x1 or ev5 pr9t x | & h& x to yr /ud5ts4 ,se>* = 8,d[n & ,| 9 ! ,magic ,k+dom0 & y w f9d ,cory ,doctor['s fabul|s sci;e fic;n novel1 onl9e1 9 full1 = free4 ,8 o!r novels >e "! too'\x2014')! will+ 3niv.e ( 8 comm]cial publi%]4 ,se>* = 8,david ,byrne1 ,my ,fair ,lady0 & y w 2 able to d[nload ,byrne's s;g & make copies = yr frs4 ,y'll f9d s;gs f ,gilb]to ,gil &! ,bea/ie ,boys on ! same page4 ,no ne$ to pay i,tunes or worry ab break+ ! law4 ,g to ! 8adv.ed0 page on ,flickr1 ! popul> photo %>+ site1 & y w f9d a simil> *oice m>k$ 8,creative ,commons ,lic5se40 ,*eck t box & !n se>* = #fee 8,duke ,*apel0 & y w get a selec;n ( beauti;l photos (! lovely piece ( faux ,go?ic >*itecture t sits ab ?ree hundr$ y>ds f ! 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"ws ,i h j describ$'\x2014'& ? book xf'\x2014'>e "u ,creative ,commons lic5ses4 ,! au?ors & creators ( ~? "ws h *os5 to %>e x )! _w1 ) y1 "u g5]|s t]ms1 :ile res]v+ c]ta9 "rs = !mvs4 ,!y may h all[$ y to copy x1 b n to alt] x'\x2014'to make d]ivative "ws4 ,or !y may h all[$ y to use x z y wi%1 s l;g z y d s noncomm]cially4 ,or !y may h giv5 y complete fre$om1 provid$ only t y attribute !m z ! [n] (! 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"w4 #ffj ,t means t if y se>* ,google or ,flickr = 8"ws ,i am free to %>e1 ev5 comm]cially10 y "k y c g 9to busi;s sell+ ~? textbooks1 or pr9t+ ~? photos on mugs & ;,t.-%irts1 s l;g z y give ! au?or attribu;n4 ,if y se>* = 8%[ me "ws ,i c build on10 y "k y >e all[$ to make :at copy"r lawy]s call 8d]ivative "ws40 ,! idea 2h ,creative ,commons 0 simple4 ,z ,i po9t$ | 9 ! f/ *apt]1 copy"r adh]es automatically on 8fixa;n40 ,z soon z y lift ! p5 f ! pap]1 click ! %utt]1 or save ! file1 ! "w is copy"r$4 ,no =malities4 ,no ne$ ev5 to use ! ll symbol ~c4 ,once copy"r$1 ! "w is protect$ by ! full mie res]v$0 to ! au?or1 : means effectively t any"o b ! au?or is #ffa =bidd5 to copy1 adapt1 or publicly p]=m ! "w4 ,? miri]s to publica;n4 ,! mat]ial t 0 n publi%$ 0 !oretically "u an 8all "rs res]v$0 regime1 b :o c>$8 ,x 0 practically 9accessible anyway4 ,af ! develop;t (! ,_w ,wide ,web1 all t _h *ang$4 ,sudd5ly p & 9/itu;ns1 millions ~u millions ( !m1 7 putt+ 3t5t onl9e'\x2014'blogs1 photo sites1 videologs1 podca/s1 c|rse mat]ials4 ,x 0 all j up "!4 ,b :at cd y d ) x8 ,y cd read x1 or look at x1 or play x presumably'\x2014'o!rwise :y _h ! au?or put x up8 ,b cd y copy x8 ,put x on yr [n site8 ,9clude x 9 a manual us$ by ! :ole s*ool 4trict8 ;,e.-mail x to "s"o8 ,translate x 9to yr #ffb [n language8 ,quote 2y ! b.d>ies ( fair use8 ,adapt = yr [n purposes8 ,take ! s;g & use x = yr video8 ,( c|rse1 if y really want$ ! "w a lot1 y cd try to 3tact ! au?or'\x2014'n alw easy4 ,& "o by "o1 we cd all 3tact ea* o!r & ask = "picul> types ( p]mis.ns = use4 ,if ! use 0 l>ge 5 or widespread 5|<1 p]h we wd ev5 ?9k t an 9dividual 3tract 0 nec4 ,lawy]s cd 2 hir$ & t]ms ha%$ |4 ,all ? wd 2 f9e if ! au?or wi%$ to reta9 all ! "rs t copy"r gives & grant !m only 9dividually1 = pay1 ) lawy]s 9 ! room4 ,b :at ab ! au?ors1 ! millions ~u millions ( writ]s1 & photograph]s & musicians1 & filmmak]s & blogg]s & s*ol>s1 :o v m* want to %>e _! "w8 ,! ,cora ,be? ,bridges (! _w >e n"e #ffc go+ to write 9dividual lrs to ! ,col9 ,mut*l]s (! _w ask+ = p]mis.n to make a d]ivative "w | ( 8,my ,life40 ,! p]son :o translat$ my >ticles 9to ,spani% or ,m&>91 or ! p :o repo/ !m on _! ,web sites1 or 9clude !m 9 _! an?ologies miry ,lessig1 & "s really nice music f "s"o n"o ( u _h "e met4 ,)|t "s easy way to give p]mis.n 9 adv.e1 & to d s 9 a way t human 2+s & comput]s1 z well z lawy]s1 c "u/&1 ~? collabora;ns w n"e happ51 ?|< all ! "pies wd 2 delie losses f 8fail$ %>+0'\x2014'e bit z real z losses f unau?oriz$ #ffd copy+1 b m* less 9 ! public eye4 ,creative ,commons 0 3cvd z a private 8hack0 to produce a m f9e.-tun$ copy"r /ructure1 to replace 8all "rs res]v$0 ) 8"s "rs res]v$0 = ~? :o wi%$ to d s4 ,x tri$ to d = culture :at ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se _h d"o = s(tw>e4 ,x made use (! same te*nologies t _h creat$ ! issue3 ! te*nologies t made fixa;n ( expressive 3t5t & xs 4tribu;n to ! _w "s?+ t p1 z well z l>ge 3c5tra;ns ( capital1 cd d4 ,z a result1 x 0 able to attract a surpris+ range ( support'\x2014',jack ,val5ti (! ,mo;n ,picture ,associa;n ( ,am]ica & ,hill>y ,ros5 (! ,record+ ,9du/ry ,associa;n ( ,am]ica1 z well z ,john ,p]ry ,b>l[ (! ,grate;l ,dead1 ~: attitude t[>d 9tellectual prop]ty 0 4t9ctly less #ffe favorable4 ,:y cd !y all agree8 ,~! lic5ses 7 n a *oice =c$ on any"o4 ,! au?or 0 *oos+ :at to %>e & "u :at t]ms4 ,b t %>+ creat$ "s?+ diff]5t1 "s?+ new4 ,x 0 m ?an a s]ies ( isolat$ ac;ns4 ,! result 0 ! crea;n (a global 8commons0 ( mat]ial t 0 op5 to all1 provid$ !y adh]$ to ! t]ms (! lic5ses4 ,sudd5ly x 0 possible to ?9k ( creat+ a "w 5tirely | ( ,creative ,commonslic5s$ 3t5t'\x2014'text1 photos1 movies1 music4 ,yr c|rsebook on music !ory1 or yr docu;t>y on ! ,new ,york skyl9e1 cd comb9e yr [n orig9al mat]ial ) hi<.-qual;y text1 illu/ra;ns1 photos1 video1 & music creat$ by /rang]s4 ,"o cd imag9e 5tire fields'\x2014'( op5 $uca;nal 3t5t or ( op5 music'\x2014'9 : creators cd "w )|t keep+ "o eye n]v|sly on #fff legal ?reats or p]mis.ns4 ,f "o p]spective1 ,creative ,commons looks l a simple device = 5abl+ ex]cise ( au?orial 3trol1 rem>kable only =! extremely l>ge numb] ( au?ors mak+ t *oice &! simplic;y ) : !y c d s4 ,f ano!r1 x c 2 se5 z re.-creat+1 by private *oice & automat$ lic5ses1 ! _w ( creativ;y 2f law _h p]meat$ to ! f9e/1 mo/ atomic level ( sci;e & culture'\x2014'! _w ( folk music or #aiejs jazz1 ( jokes & slang & recipes1 ( ,ray ,*>les's 8re~w+0 ( gospel s;gs1 or ( ,isaac ,newton describ+ hmf z 8/&+ on ! %|ld]s ( giants0 "<& n hav+ to pay !m royalties">4 ,rememb]1 t is n a _w )|t 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,! cookbook mi sc5e & is sold z a copy"r$ product4 ,! jazz musician 8freezes0 a "picul> v].n (! improvisa;n on a communally %>$ set ( musical motifs1 records x1 & "s"ts ev5 claims [n]%ip ( x4 ,newton hmf 0 fam|sly t|*y ab prec$;e & attribu;n1 ev5 if n ab legal [n]%ip ( 8 ideas4 ,b x is a _w 9 : creativ;y & 9nova;n proce$ on ! basis ( an extremely l>ge 8commons0 ( mat]ial 9to : x 0 n"e imag9$ t prop]ty "rs cd p]meate4 ,= _m ( u1 ,creative ,commons 0 3cvd ( z a second.-be/ solu;n creat$ by private agree;t 2c ! be/ solu;n cd n 2 obta9$ "? public law4 ,! be/ solu;n wd 2 a return (! =mal;y require;t'\x2014'a require;t t "o at lea/ write ! ~ws 8,james ,boyle copy"r #bjjh10 = example1 9 ord] to get m ?an #ajj ye>s ( #ffh legal protec;n back$ by 8/rict liabil;y0 & f$]al crim9al law4 ,~? :o did n wi% to h ! legal monopoly cd omit ! phrase &! "w wd pass 9to ! public doma91 )a p]iod ( "t dur+ : ! au?or cd claim copy"r retrospectively if ! phrase 0 omitt$ by accid5t4 ,! default posi;n wd 2come fre$om &! dead wei4 ,to return to ! ~ws ( ,ju/ice ,br&eis t ,i quot$ at ! 2g9n+ (! book3 ,! g5]al rule ( law is1 t ! noble/ ( human produc;ns'\x2014'k1 tru?s asc]ta9$1 3cep;ns1 & ideas'\x2014'2come1 af volunt>y communica;n to o!rs1 free z ! air to common use4 ,~u ~! 9corporeal produc;ns ! attribute ( prop]ty is 3t9u$ af s* communica;n only 9 #ffi c]ta9 classes ( cases ": public policy has seem$ to dem& x4 ,br&eis e*oes ! ,jeff]sonian pref];e =a norm ( fre$om1 ) n>r[ly 3/ra9$ excep;ns only :5 nec4 ,t pref];e means t ! commons ( : ,i spoke is a relatively l>ge "o'\x2014'prop]ty "rs >e ! excep;n1 n ! norm4 ,( c|rse1 _m ( ~? :o use ,creative ,commons lic5ses miticle | "! :ile reta9+ "s measure ( 3trol4 ,t does n matt]4 ,! lic5ses >e agno/ic4 ,l a l& tru/ : has a local pro.-gr[? 9du/riali/ &a local 5viron;tali/ on xs bo>d1 !y p]mit u to come to a re/rict$ agree;t on goals "<8make sure ? space is available to ! public0"> ev5 :5 "uly+ ideologies #fgj diff]4 ,!y d ? us+ ~? mo/ 3s]vative ( tools'\x2014'prop]ty "rs & lic5ses4 ,& yet1 if |r vi.n ( prop]ty is 8sole & despotic dom9ion10 ~! lic5ses h creat$ "s?+ v diff]5t'\x2014'a commons has be5 made | ( private & exclusive "rs4 ,my po9t "h is t ,creative ,commons lic5ses or ! tools ( free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e'\x2014'to : ,i w turn 9 a mo;t'\x2014'repres5t "s?+ m ?an m]ely a second.-be/ solu;n to a poorly *os5 rule4 ,!y repres5t a visible example (a type ( creativ;y1 ( 9nova;n1 : has be5 >.d =a v l;g "t1 b : has rea*$ new sali;e on ! ,9t]net'\x2014'4tribut$ creativ;y bas$ >.d a %>$ commons ( mat]ial4 ,free & ,op5 ,s|rce #fga ,s(tw>e ,9 #bjjg1 ,clay ,%irky1 an 9cisive com;tator on net"w$ culture1 gave a spee* : any"o b a ,net aficionado mit$ by tell+ ! /ory (a ,%9to %r9e t has be5 pa9/ak+ly rebuilt to exactly ! same plan _m "ts ov] xs #a1#cjj.-ye> life'\x2014'& : 0 d5i$ c]tifica;n z a hi/oric build+ z a result4 ,%irky's po9t8 ,:at 0 rem>kable 0 n ! build+4 ,x 0 a commun;y t wd 3t9ue to build & rebuild ! ?+ = m ?an a mill5nium4 ,f "!1 ,%irky %ift$ to a 4cus.n ( 8 attempt to get ,,at`&;,t to adopt ! hi<.-level programm+ language ,p]l'\x2014': is releas$ z free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e "u ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se4 ,f xs 9itial #fgb crea;n by ,l>ry ,wall 9 #aihg1 ,p]l has be5 adapt$1 modifi$1 & develop$ by an extraord9>y range ( tal5t$ programm]s1 2com+ m p[];l & flexible 9 ! process4 ,z ,%irky rec.ts ! /ory1 :5 ! ,,at`&;,t repres5tatives ask$ 8": d y get yr support80 ,%irky respond$1 ,7 ,8we get |r support f a commun;y,0'\x2014': to !m s.d$ a bit l ,8we get |r ,?urs"ds f a banana4,0 ,7 ,%irky 3clud$ ! spee* ?us3 ,we h alw lov$ "o ano!r4 ,we're human4 ,x's "s?+ we're gd at4 ,b up until rec5tly1 ! radius & half.-life ( t affec;n has be5 q limit$4 ,) love al"o1 y c plan a bir?"d "py4 ,add coord9at+ tools & y c write an op]at+ sy/em4 ,9 ! pa/1 we wd d ll ?+s = love1 b big ?+s requir$ m"oy4 ,n[ we c d big ?+s = love4 #fgc ,"! >e a few p | "! = :om 8op]at+ sy/ems0 & 8love0 cd plausibly coexi/ 9 a s5t;e n 3/ruct$ by an 9f9ite numb] ( monkeys4 ,= mo/ ?|<1 ! "q is1 :at cd he possibly h meant8 ,! >gu;ts 9 ? book s f> h tak5 z a giv5 ! 9c5tives & collective ac;n problems to : 9tellectual prop]ty is a response4 ,?9k ( ,*apt] #a &! economic explana;n ( 8public gds40 ,! fact t x is exp5sive to d ! rese>* to f9d ! "r drug1 b *eap to manufacture x once x is id5tifi$ provides a reason to create a legal "r ( exclu.n4 ,9 ~? realms ": ! 9nova;n wd n h happ5$ anyway1 ! legal "r ( exclu.n gives a p[] to price abv co/1 : 9 turn gives 9c5tives to creators & 4tributors4 ,s goes ! !ory4 ,i h 4cuss$ ! ext5t to : ! logic ( 5closure "ws =! #fgd commons (! m9d z well z x did =! >able commons1 tak+ 9to acc.t ! effects ( an 9=ma;n society &a global ,9t]net4 ,:at ,i h n d"o is ask$ :e!r a global net"w actually trans=ms "s ( |r assump;ns ab h[ crea;n happ5s 9 a way t re%apes ! debate ab ! ne$ = 9c5tives1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 >eas4 ,?1 h["e1 is exactly ! "q t ne$s to 2 ask$4 ,= any"o 9t]e/$ 9 ! way t net"ws c 5able new collaborative me?ods ( produc;n1 ! free s(tw>e move;t1 &! broad] b less political move;t t goes "u ! "n ( op5 s|rce s(tw>e1 provide 9t]e/+ case /udies4 ,op5 s|rce s(tw>e is releas$ "u a s]ies ( lic5ses1 ! mo/ important 2+ ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se "<,,gpl">4 ,! ,,gpl specifies t any"o may #fge copy ! s(tw>e1 provid$ ! lic5se rema9s atta*$ &! s|rce code =! s(tw>e alw rema9s available4 ,us]s may add to or modify ! code1 may build on x & 9corporate x 9to _! [n "w1 b if !y d s1 !n ! new program creat$ is al cov]$ by ! ,,gpl4 ,"s p ref] to ? z ! 8viral0 nature (! lic5se2 o!rs f9d ! t]m (f5sive4 ,! po9t1 h["e1 is t ! op5 qual;y (! creative 5t]prise spreads4 ,x is n simply a dona;n (a program or a "w to ! public doma91 b a 3t9ual accre;n 9 : all ga9 ! b5efits (! program on pa9 ( agree+ to give _! addi;ns & 9nova;ns back to ! communal project4 ,=! :ole /ructure to "w )|t l>ge.-scale c5traliz$ coord9a;n1 ! crea;n process has to 2 modul>1 ) #fgf units ( diff]5t sizes & complexities1 ea* requir+ sli* algori?ms4 ,m likely1 lots ( p try1 _! ef=ts >e judg$ by ! commun;y1 &! be/ "os >e adopt$4 ,"u ~! 3di;ns1 ? curi|s mix ( ,kropotk9 & ,adam ,smi?1 ,ri*>d ,dawk9s & ,ri*>d ,/allman1 we get 4tribut$ produc;n )|t hav+ to rely on ! propriet>y exclu.n model4 ,! :ole 5t]prise w 2 m*1 m*1 m* grt] ?an ! sum (! "ps4 ,:at's m1 & ? is a truly fasc9at+ twi/1 :5 ! produc;n process does ne$ m c5traliz$ coord9a;n1 "s gov]n.e t guides h[ ! /icky modul> bits >e put tgr1 x is at lea/ !oretically possible t we c come up )! 3trol sy/em 9 exactly ! same way #fgg 4 ,9 ? s5se1 4tribut$ produc;n is pot5tially recursive4 ,gov]n.e processes1 too1 c 2 assembl$ "? 4tribut$ me?ods on a global net"w1 by p ) widely v>y+ motiva;ns1 skills1 & res]ve prices4 ,! free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e move;ts h produc$ s(tw>e t rivals or1 "s claim1 exce$s ! capabilities ( 3v5;nal propriet>y1 b9>y.-only s(tw>e4 ,xs adop;n on ! 85t]prise level0 is impressive1 z is ! numb] & 5?usiasm (! v>i|s te*nical te/a;ts to xs /r5g?s4 ,y h alm c]ta9ly us$ op5 s|rce s(tw>e or be5 xs b5efici>y4 ,yr favorite ,web site or se>* 5g9e may run on x4 ,if yr br[s] is ,firefox1 y use x e "d4 ,x p[]s surpris+ ?+s >.d y'\x2014'yr ,,atm or yr ,ti,vo4 ,! plane y >e fly+ 9 may 2 runn+ x4 ,x j #fgh "ws4 ,gov]n;ts h tak5 notice4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 = example1 3clud$ la/ ye> t op5 s|rce s(tw>e 8w 2 3sid]$ al;gside propriet>y s(tw>e & 3tracts w 2 aw>d$ on a value.-=.-m"oy basis40 ,! ,(fice ( ,gov]n;t ,comm]ce sd op5 s|rce s(tw>e is 8a viable desktop alt]native =! major;y ( gov]n;t us]s0 & 8c g5]ate significant sav+s444 4 ,~! trials h prov$ t op5 s|rce s(tw>e is n[ a real 3t5d] al;gside propriet>y solu;ns4 ,if comm]cial companies & o!r gov]n;ts >e tak+ x s]i|sly1 !n s m/ we40 ,sw$5 f.d op5 s|rce s(tw>e to 2 9 _m cases 8equival5t to'\x2014'or bett] ?an'\x2014'comm]cial products0 & 3clud$ t s(tw>e procure;t 8% evaluate op5 s(tw>e z well z comm]cial #fgi solu;ns1 to provide bett] competi;n 9 ! m>ket40 ,:at is rem>kable is n m]ely t ! s(tw>e "ws te*nically1 b t x is an example ( widespread1 3t9u$1 hi<.-qual;y 9nova;n4 ,! really rem>kable ?+ is t x "ws socially1 z a 3t9u+ sy/em1 su/a9$ by a net"w 3si/+ bo? ( volunte]s &( 9dividuals employ$ by companies s* z ,,ibm & ,google ~: s(tw>e 8|tput0 is n"e!.s releas$ 9to ! commons4 ,"h1 x seems1 we h a classic public gd3 code t c 2 copi$ freely & sold or r$i/ribut$ )|t pay+ ! creator or creators4 ,? s.ds l a trag$y (! commons (! k9d t ,i describ$ 9 ! f/ ?ree *apt]s (! book4 ,obvi|sly1 )a nonrival1 nonexcludable gd l s(tw>e1 ? me?od ( produc;n _c 2 su/a9$2 "! >e 9adequate 9c5tives to #fhj 5sure 3t9u$ produc;n4 ;,e pur si muove 1 z ,galileo is apocryphally suppos$ to h sd 9 ! face ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e's c]ta9ties3 8,& yet x moves40 ,or1 z ,clay ,%irky put x1 8we get |r support f a commun;y40 ,=a fair am.t ( "t1 mo/ economi/s look$ at op5 s|rce s(tw>e & ?rew up _! h&s4 ,f _! po9t ( view1 8we get |r support f a commun;y0 did 9de$ s.d l 8we get |r ,?urs"ds f a banana40 ,"! is an old economics joke ab ! impossibil;y ( f9d+ a tw5tydoll> bill ly+ on a sidewalk4 ,9 an effici5t m>ket1 ! m"oy wd alr h be5 pick$ up4 "<,d n wait =a pun* l9e4"> ,:5 economi/s look$ at op5 s|rce s(tw>e !y saw n a s+le tw5ty.-doll> bill ly+ implausibly #fha on ! sidewalk1 b :ole bu%els ( !m4 ,:y wd any"o "w on a project ! fruits ( : cd 2 appropriat$ by any"o8 ,s9ce copy"r adh]es on fixa;n'\x2014's9ce ! comput] programm] alr has ! legal p[] to exclude o!rs'\x2014':y wd he or %e *oose to take ! extra /ep ( adopt+ a lic5se t "um9$ t exclu.n8 ,:y wd any"o *oose to all[ o!rs to use & modify ! results ( _! h>d "w8 ,:y wd !y c>e :e!r ! newcom]s1 9 turn1 releas$ _! 3tribu;ns back 9to ! commons8 ,! puzzles w5t 2y ! motiva;ns (! p 5gag+ 9 ? "picul> =m ( 84tribut$ creativ;y40 ,h[ cd ~! implausible 3tribu;ns 2 organiz$8 ,h[ %d we "u/& ? /range =m ( organiza;n8 ,x is n a company or a gov]n;t bureaucracy4 ,:at cd x be8 ,to ,ri*>d ,ep/e91 ! answ] 0 obvi|s & po9t$ to a #fhb reason ! exp]i;t m/ 9evitably 5d 9 failure3 ,! op5 s|rce move;t %>es _m features )a "w]s,0 commune1 & is likely to fail =! same reason3 x _c scale up to meet xs [n successes4 ,to see ! l;g.-t]m difficulty1 imag9e a commune 5tirely [n$ by xs orig9al "w]s :o %>e pro rata 9 xs 9creases 9 value4 ,! sy/em mily "ds :5 ! "w=ce rema9s fix$4 ,b :at happ5s :5 a giv5 "w] wants to quit8 ,does t "w] rcv 9 ca% or k9d 8 %>e (! ga9 9 value dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 employ;t8 ,if n1 !n ! run.-up 9 value dur+ 8 p]iod ( employ;t w 2 gobbl$ up by 8 successor'\x2014'a recipe = imm5se res5t;t4 ,yet t dang] c 2 duck$ only by creat+ a capital /ructure t gives pres5t employees sep>able 9t]e/s 9 ei debt or equ;y 9 ex*ange = _! #fhc 3tribu;ns to ! company4 ,b once t is d"o1 !n ! "w] commune is 3v]t$ 9to a tradi;nal company ~: %>ehold]s & cr$itors 3ta9 a l>ge frac;n ( xs pres5t & =m] employ]s4 ,! bottom l9e is t ideali/ic communes _c la/ =! l;g haul4 ,"! >e a numb] ( ideas "h4 ,f/1 8ideali/ic communes _c la/ =! l;g haul40 ,! skepticism ab ! /ay+ p[] ( idealism s.ds plausible td1 ?|< "! >e "s relatively prom95t c.t]examples4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is al a purport$ly ideali/ic 9/itu;n4 ,x is bas$ on canonical texts t >e subject to ev5 m heat$ >gu;ts ab textual 9t]preta;n ?an ~? : surr.d ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se4 ,x seems to 2 surviv+ ! l;g haul q well4 ,! second reason = doomsay+ is provid$ by ! ~w 8commune40 ,! #fhd problems ,ep/e9 describes >e real ": tangible prop]ty & excludable assets >e 9volv$4 ,b is ! free & op5 s|rce commun;y a 8commune10 hold+ tangible prop]ty 9 common & exclud+ ! re/ ( u8 ,m/ x worry ab h[ to split up ! proce$s if "s"o leaves 2c ( bad k>ma8 ,or is x a commun;y creat+ & (f]+ to ! _w ! abil;y to use1 = free1 nonrival gds t all ( u c h1 use1 & re9t]pret z we wi%8 ,9 t k9d ( commune1 ea* ( u cd take all ! prop]ty ! commun;y _h creat$ ) u :5 we left &! commune wd / 2 n"o ! poor]4 ,jeff]son 0 n ?9k+ ( s(tw>e :5 he talk$ (! p]son :o lik5 me1 b ! idea is ! same "o4 ,copy+ s(tw>e is n l fie ! motiva;ns ~? (! gift economy8 ,is x1 z ,%irky says1 simply ! fl[]+ ( an 9nate love t human 2+s h alw _h = ea* o!r &= %>+1 n[ giv5 new /r5g? by ! geographic rea* & coop]ative te*niques ! ,9t]net provides8 8,) love al"o1 y c plan a bir?"d "py4 ,add coord9at+ tools & y c write an op]at+ sy/em40 ,is ? actually a =m ( potlat*1 9 : "o ga9s pre/ige by ! extravag.e (! res|rces "o 8wa/es08 ,is op5 s|rce an implicit r~/esum~/e.-build] t pays (f 9 o!r ways8 #fhf ,is x driv5 by ! species.-2+1 ! 9nate human love ( crea;n t 3t9ually drives u to create new ?+s ev5 :5 homo economicus wd 2 at home 9 b$1 mumbl+ ab public gds problems8 ,yo*ai ,b5kl] & ,i wd >gue t ~! "qs >e fun to debate b ultimately irrelevant4 ,assume a r&om 4tribu;n ( 9c5tive /ructures 9 diff]5t p1 a global net"w'\x2014'transmis.n1 9=ma;n %>+1 & copy+ co/s t approa* z]o'\x2014'&a modul> crea;n process4 ,) ~! assump;ns1 x j does n matt] :y !y d x4 ,9 lots ( cases1 !y w d x4 ,"o p]son "ws = love (! species1 ano!r 9 ! hope (a bett] job1 a ?ird =! joy ( solv+ puzzles1 &a f|r? 2c he has to #fhg solve a "picul> problem anyway = 8 [n job & loses no?+ by mak+ 8 hack available = all4 ,ea* p]son has _! [n res]ve price1 ! po9t at : !y say1 8,n[ ,i w turn (f ,survivor & g & create "s?+40 ,b on a global net"w1 "! >e a lot ( p1 &) numb]s t big & 9=ma;n ov]head t small1 ev5 relatively h>d projects w attract motivat$ & skill$ p ~: "picul> res]ve price has be5 cross$4 ,m 3v5;nally1 _m p write free s(tw>e 2c !y >e pd to d s4 ,amaz+ly1 ,,ibm n[ e>ns m f :at x calls 8,l9ux.-relat$ rev5ues0 ?an x does f tradi;nal pat5t lic5s+1 & ,,ibm is ! l>ge/ pat5t hold] 9 ! _w4 ,x has decid$ t ! availabil;y ( an op5 plat=m1 to : _m firms & 9dividuals 3tribute1 #fhh w actually all[ x to sell m ( xs s]vices1 &1 = t matt]1 xs h>dw>e4 ,a l>ge gr|p ( o!r companies seem to agree4 ,!y l ! idea ( bas+ _! s]vices1 h>dw>e1 & add$ value on a widely adopt$ 8commons40 ,? does n seem l a commun;y 9 decl9e4 ,p us$ to say t collaborative crea;n cd n"e produce a qual;y product4 ,t has be5 %[n to 2 false4 ,s n[ !y say t collaborative crea;n _c 2 su/a9$ 2c ! gov]n.e me*anisms w n survive ! success (! project4 ,pr(essor ,ep/e9 3jures up a 8c5tral committee0 f : 9sid]s w 2 unable to ca% |'\x2014'a nice mixture ( communi/ & capitali/ metaphors4 ,all gov]n.e sy/ems'\x2014'9clud+ democracies & corporate bo>ds'\x2014'h problems4 ,b s f> z we c tell1 ~? :o >e 9flu5tial 9 ! free #fhi s(tw>e & op5 s|rce gov]n.e communities "<"! is1 alas1 no 8c5tral committee0"> feel t !y >e do+ v well 9de$4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 :5 !y 4agree ) deci.ns t >e tak51 "! is alw ! possibil;y ( 8=k+ ! code10 9troduc+ a *ange to ! s(tw>e t n "ey"o agrees )1 & !n lett+ free *oice & m>ket selec;n 3v]ge on ! pref]r$ it]a;n4 ,! free s(tw>e ecosy/em al exhibits div]s;y4 ,sy/ems bas$ on ,,gnu.-,l9ux1 = example1 h 4t9ct 8flavors0 ) "ns l ,ubuntu1 ,debian1 & ,slackw>e1 ea* ) pas.nate adh]5ts & ea* optimiz$ =a "picul> 3c]n'\x2014'beauty1 ease ( use1 te*nical manipulabil;y4 ,s f>1 ! tradi;n ( 8r|< 3s5sus & runn+ code0 seems to 2 prov+ xf empirically z a robu/ gov]n.e sy/em4 ,:y on e>? %d we c>e8 ,p h come up )a surpris+ #fij way to create s(tw>e4 ,s :at8 ,"! >e at lea/ ?ree reasons we mie4 ,f/1 x tea*es u "s?+ ab ! limita;ns ( 3v5;nal economics &! c.t]9tuitive busi;s me?ods t ?rive on net"ws4 ,second1 x miiety ( social problems4 ,?ird1 & mo/ speculative1 x h9ts at ! way t a global communica;ns net"w c "s"ts help move ! l9e 2t "w & play1 pr(es.nal & amateur1 9dividual & commun;y crea;n1 rote produc;n & comp5sat$ 8hobby40 ,we %d pay att5;n to op5 s|rce s(tw>e 2c x %[s u "s?+ ab busi;s me?ods 9 ! digital _w'\x2014'9de$ 9 ! 5tire _w ( 89=ma;n.-bas$0 products1 : is com+ to 9clude biote*nology4 ,! scale ( yr net"w matt]s4 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( p :o use yr op]at+ sy/em1 make programs #fia = yr type ( comput]1 create new levels = yr game1 or use yr device1 ! bett] (f y >e4 ,a s+le fax ma*9e is a pap]weie too4 ,b if ,i h a fax ma*9e !n my welf>e is actually improv$ by ! deci.ns ( /rang]s to buy "o4 ,! same process "ws 9 r"ese4 ,buy a ~w process+ program t 2comes unpopul>1 get 8lock$ in0 to us+ x1 & f9d yrf unable to ex*ange yr "w easily ) o!rs4 #fib ,net"ws matt] & 9creas+ ! size (! net"ws 3t9ues to add b5efits to ! 9dividual memb]s4 ,:at's true =! us]s ( net"ws is d|bly s =! produc]s (! gds t create !m4 ,f ! p]spective (a produc] (a gd t %[s /r;g net"w effects s* z a ~w process+ program or an op]at+ sy/em1 ! optimal posi;n is to 2 ! company t [ns & 3trols ! dom9ant product on ! m>ket4 ,! [n]%ip & 3trol is probably by means ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 : >e1 af all1 ! type ( prop]ty "rs "o f9ds on net"ws4 ,! value ( t prop]ty dep5ds on ~? positive & negative net"w effects4 ,? is ! reason ,micros(t is wor? s m* m"oy4 ,! imm5se 9ve/;t 9 "t1 famili>;y1 legacy docu;ts1 & tra9+ t ,w9d[s or ,~w us]s h provides a /r;g 9c5tive n to *ange products4 ,! #fic fact t o!r us]s >e simil>ly 3/ra9$ makes x difficult to manage any *ange4 ,ev5 if ,i *ange ~w processor =mats & g "? ! tr|ble to 3v]t all my docu;ts1 ,i / ne$ to ex*ange files ) y1 :o >e simil>ly 3/ra9$4 ,f a monopoli/'s po9t ( view1 ! h&cuffs ( net"w effects >e 9de$ gold51 ?|< op9ions diff] ab :e!r or n ? is a cause = antitru/ ac;n4 ,b if ! posi;n t yields ! mo/ rev5ue is t (a monopoli/ ex]cis+ total 3trol1 ! second.-be/ posi;n may well 2 t (a company 3tribut+ to a l>ge & widely us$ net"w bas$ on op5 /&>ds &1 p]h1 op5 s(tw>e4 ,! companies t 3tribute to op5 s|rce d n h ! abil;y to ex]cise monopoly 3trol1 ! "r to extract e la/ c5t ( value f x4 ,b !y d h a diff]5t advantage2 !y get ! b5efit ( all ! 3tribu;ns to ! #fid sy/em )|t hav+ to pay = !m4 ,! p]son :o improves an op5 s|rce program may n "w = ,,ibm or ,r$ ,hat1 b ~? companies b5efit f h] addi;n1 j z %e does f _!s4 ,! sy/em is design$ to 3t9ue gr[+1 add+ m 3tribu;ns back 9to ! commons4 ,! us]s get ! b5efit ( an "e.-5l>g+ net"w1 :ile ! op5;s (! mat]ial dim9i%es ! lock.-in effects4 ,lack+ ! abil;y to extract pay;t =! net"w gd xf'\x2014'! op]at+ sy/em1 say'\x2014'! companies t "picipate typically get pd = provid+ ti$ gds & s]vices1 ! value ( : 9creases z ! net"w does4 ,i write a column =! ,f9ancial ,"ts 1 b ,i lack ! f]vor (! true 5?usia/ 9 ! 8,grt ,game ( ,m>kets40 ,by !mvs1 c.t]9tuitive busi;s me?ods d n make my ant5nae t+le4 ,b z ,l>ry #fie ,lessig & ,yo*ai ,b5kl] h >gu$1 ? is "s?+ m ?an j ano!r busi;s me?od4 ,!y po9t u to ! dramatic role t op5;s'\x2014':e!r 9 net"w >*itecture1 s(tw>e1 or 3t5t'\x2014'has _h 9 ! success (! ,9t]net4 ,:at is go+ on "h is actually a rem>kable corrective to ! simpli/ic no;n (! trag$y (! commons1 a corrective to ! ,9t]net ,?reat /oryl9e & to ! dynamics (! second 5closure move;t 4 ,? commons creates & su/a9s value1 & all[s firms & 9dividuals to b5efit f x1 )|t deplet+ ! value alr creat$4 ,to appropriate a phrase f ,c>ol ,rose1 op5 s|rce tea*es u ab ! com$y (! commons1 a way ( >rang+ m>kets & produc;n t we1 ) |r exp]i;e root$ 9 physical prop]ty & xs #fif typical "*i/ics1 at f/ f9d c.t]9tuitive & biz>re4 ,: br+s u to ! next "q = op5 s|rce4 ,c we use xs te*niques to solve problems 2y ! _w ( s(tw>e produc;n8 ,9 ! language ( comput] programm]s1 ! issue "h is 8does x scale80 ,c we g5]alize any?+ f ? limit$ example8 ,h[ _m types ( produc;n1 9nova;n1 & rese>* fit 9to ! model ,i h j describ$8 ,af all1 = _m 9nova;ns & 9v5;ns "o ne$s h>dw>e1 capital 9ve/;t1 & l>ge.-scale1 real.-_w data collec;n'\x2014' /uff 1 9 xs 9f9ite recalcitr.e & factic;y4 ,maybe ! op5 s|rce model provides a "w>.d to ! 9dividual 9c5tives problem1 b t is n ! only problem4 ,& h[ _m types ( 9nova;n or cultural produc;n >e z modul> z s(tw>e8 ,is op5 s|rce s(tw>e a #fig p>adigm case ( collective 9nova;n t helps u to "u/& op5 s|rce s(tw>e & n m* else8 ,ag1 ,i ?9k ? is a gd "q1 b x may 2 ! wr;g "o4 ,my [n guess is t an op5 s|rce me?od ( produc;n is f> m common ?an we realize4 8,ev5 2f ! ,9t]net0 "1 sci;e1 law1 $uca;n1 & musical g5res all develop$ 9 ways t >e m>k$ly simil> to ! model ,i h describ$4 ,! m>ketplace ( ideas1 ! 3t9u|s roil+ develop;t 9 ?"| & norms t |r political culture spawns1 [es m* m to ! 4tribut$1 nonpropriet>y model ?an x does to ! special case ( commodifi$ 9nova;n t we ?9k ab 9 copy"r & pat5t4 ,n t copy"r & pat5t >e unimportant 9 ! process1 b !y may well 2 ! excep;n r ?an ! norm4 #fih ,commons.-bas$ produc;n ( ideas is h>dly unfamili>1 af all4 ,9 fact1 all ! mottos ( free s(tw>e develop;t h _! c.t]"ps 9 ! !ory ( democracy & op5 society2 8giv5 5 eyeballs1 all bugs >e %all[0 is m]ely ! mo/ obvi|s example4 ,k>l ,popp] wd h *e]$4 ,! import.e ( op5 s|rce s(tw>e is n t x 9troduces u to a :olly new idea4 ,x is t x makes u see cle>ly a v old idea4 ,) op5 s|rce ! te*nology 0 novel1 ! produc;n process transp>5t1 &! result ( t process 0 a 8product0 : |tcompet$ o!r products 9 ! m>ketplace4 8,h[ c ? h happ5$8 ,:at ab ! trag$y (! commons80 we ask$ 9 puzzle;t1 com+ only sl[ly to ! realiza;n t o!r examples ( commons.-bas$1 nonpropriet>y produc;n 7 all >.d u4 #fii ,/1 ? does n answ] ! "q ( :e!r ! model c scale / fur!r1 :e!r x c 2 appli$ to solve problems 9 o!r sph]es4 ,to answ] t "q we wd ne$ to ?9k m ab ! modul>;y ( o!r types ( 9v5;ns4 ,h[ m* c !y 2 brok5 d[n 9to *unks suitable = 4tribu;n am;g a widespread commun;y8 ,: =ms ( 9nova;n h "s irr$ucible ne$ = hi< capital 9ve/;t 9 4t9ctly nonvirtual compon5ts'\x2014'a "picle accel]ator or a ,phase ,,iii drug trial8 ,ag1 my guess is t ! 9creas+ migra;n (! sci;es t[>d data.- & process+.-ri* models makes m* m ( 9nova;n & 4cov]y a pot5tial c&idate =! 4tribut$ model4 ,bio9=matics & computa;nal biology1 ! op5 s|rce g5omics project1 ! ,bio,bricks ,f.da;n ,i m5;n$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! possibil;y ( 4tribut$ #gjj data scrut9y by lay volunte]s '\x2014'all ( ~! (f] 9trigu+ gl.es 9to ! pot5tial =! future4 ,f9ally1 ( c|rse1 ! ,9t]net is "o big exp]i;t in1 z ,b5kl] puts x1 pe]-to.-pe] cultural produc;n4 ,if ~! "qs >e gd "os1 :y >e !y al ! wr;g "os8 ,i h giv5 my guesses ab ! future (! 4tribut$ model ( 9nova;n4 ,my [n utopia has x fl|ri%+ al;gside a scal$.-d[n1 b / p[];l1 9tellectual prop]ty regime4 ,equally plausible sc5>ios see x z a dead 5d or z ! 9evitable victor 9 ! w> ( productive processes4 ,~! >e all guesses1 h["e4 ,at ! v lea/1 "! is "s possibil;y1 ev5 hope1 t we cd h a _w 9 : m* m ( 9tellectual & 9v5tive produc;n is free4 ,7 ,8,free,0 z 9 ,8free spee*1,0 ,7 ,ri*>d ,/allman says1 n 8free z 9 #gja ,8free be]4,0 ,7 ,b we cd hope t m* ( x wd 2 bo? free ( c5traliz$ 3trol & l[.- or no.-co/4 ,:5 ! m>g9al co/ ( reproduc;n is z]o1 ! m>g9al co/ ( transmis.n & /orage approa*es z]o1 ! process ( crea;n is additive1 & m* (! labor doesn't *>ge1 ! _w looks a ll diff]5t4 ,? is at lea/ a possible future1 or "p (a possible future1 & "o t we %d n =eclose )|t ?9k+ twice4 ,yet t is :at we >e do+4 ,! ,database ,protec;n ,bills & ,directives1 : ext5d 9tellectual prop]ty "rs to ! lay] ( facts2 ! effloresc;e ( s(tw>e pat5ts2 ! ,,ucita.-l$ valida;n ( %r9kwrap lic5ses t b9d ?ird "pies2 #gjb ! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act's anticircumv5;n provi.ns '\x2014'! po9t ( all ( ~! develop;ts is n m]ely t !y make ! pe]-to.-pe] model difficult1 b t 9 _m cases !y rule x | alt4 ,i w ass]t ? po9t "h1 r ?an >gue = x1 b ,i ?9k x c 2 "<& has be5"> demon/rat$ q 3v9c+ly4 ,! po9t is1 !n1 t "! is a *.e t a new " me?od ( produc;n cd fl|ri% 9 ways t seem truly valuable'\x2014'valuable to free spee*1 9nova;n1 sci5tific 4cov]y1 ! wallets ( 3sum]s1 to :at ,william ,fi%] calls 8semiotic democracy10 &1 p]h1 valuable to ! bal.e 2t joy;l crea;n & drudg]y = hire4 ,true1 x is only a #gjc *.e4 ,true1 ? !ory's scope ( op]a;n & su/a9abil;y >e unc]ta94 ,b :y wd we want to =eclose x8 ,t is :at ! rec5t expan.ns ( 9tellectual prop]ty ?reat5 to d4 ,& rememb]1 ~! expan.ns 7 dubi|s ev5 9 a _w ": we saw ll or no possibil;y (! 4tribut$ produc;n model ,i h describ$1 ": 4cus.n ( net"w effects _h yet to rea* ! pages ( ,! ,new ,york] 1 & ": |r 3c]ns ab ! excesses ( 9tellectual prop]ty 7 simply ! "os t ,jeff]son1 ,madison1 & ,macaulay gave u s l;g ago4 ,le>n+ ,f ! ,%>+ ,economy ,accept =! sake ( >gu;t t ! free s(tw>e commun;y actually "ws1 actually produces hi<.-qual;y products capable ( #gjd compet+ 9 ! m>ket ) propriet>y alt]natives4 ,3c$e =a mo;t t ! adop;n ( ,creative ,commons lic5ses %[s "! >e millions ( creators | "! :o want to %>e _! "ws ) o!rs4 ,_m ( ~? creators ev5 want to all[ ! _w to build on _! mat]ial4 ,9de$1 let u 3c$e t ! :ole hi/ory (! ,web1 f ,wikip$ia to ! obsessive & use;lly detail$ sites creat$ on "ey?+ f ,vik+s to %oe poli%es1 %[s a desire to %>e "o's k1 to build on ! "w ( o!rs "o has n"e met4 ,~! ef=ts >e rem>kably v>i$4 ,"s >e ultimately aim$ at pr(it'\x2014'ev5 if _! results >e free4 ,?9k ( ,,ibm's op5 s|rce 9itiatives or musicians :o release ,creative ,commons.-lic5s$ "w 9 ord] to get m club gigs4 ,"s >e provid$ z a volunte] act ( b5evol;e or civic duty1 ev5 if !y #gje 8compete0 ) exp5sive propriet>y alt]natives4 ,?9k ( ,wikip$ia or ,,mit's ,op5,c|rse,w>e4 ,:5 ! 9fra/ructure = ? collabora;n does n exi/1 x gets assembl$'\x2014'& qkly4 ,bo? ! ,,gpl & ,creative ,commons >e examples4 ,accept all ( ?4 ,s :at8 ,lesson numb] "o comes f ! nonpr(it activities'\x2014'"ey?+ f ,wikip$ia to ,web sites creat$ by 5?usia/s4 ,p l to create & wi% to %>e4 ,9 _m cases !y w d s )|t f9ancial rew>d4 ,a surpris+ am.t ( use;l1 creative1 or expressive activ;y is g5]at$ )|t any f9ancial 9c5tive at all4 ,%d ? cause u to ?r[ | ! economic case = copy"rs8 ,no4 ,b x %d lead u to reassess x4 ,z ,i expla9$ 9 ,*apt] #a1 copy"r provides an 9c5tive = two #gjf 4t9ct activities4 ,f/1 x (f]s an 9c5tive to create ! "w 9 ! f/ place4 ,! au?or ( ,w9d[s = ,dummies or ,h>ry ,pott] gets a "r to exclude o!rs f copy+ ! "w1 a "r t he or %e c sell 9 ! m>ketplace4 ,! goal is to (f] a f9ancial reason to devote "t to ? "picul> creative activ;y4 ,x is ? 9c5tive t is mo/ (t5 cit$ :5 attempt+ to p]suade policy mak]s to exp& protec;n4 ,second1 x (f]s an 9c5tive to 4tribute ! "w'\x2014'to typeset & pr9t l>ge quantities (! "w & to sell x to book/ores1 or to broadca/ x1 or put x on movie scre5s4 ,ea* m$ium is economically diff]5t1 ( c|rse4 ,! economics (! feature film >e diff]5t f ~? (! book1 ! magaz9e1 or ! op]at+ #gjg sy/em4 ,?us1 we h n"e _h v gd figures on ! relative import.e ( ~! 9c5tives4 ,we c only guess at h[ m* (! 9c5tive f copy"r goes to 5c|rag+ crea;n & h[ m* to 4tribu;n4 ,until rec5tly1 mo/ types ( 4tribu;n dem&$ hi<] levels ( capital4 ,! 9du/ry /ructure t result$ (t5 3si/$ ( creators :o "w$ z wage or 3tract labor = 4tributors'\x2014'ei n"e acquir+ copy"r 9 _! "w 9 ! f/ place or immly transf]r+ t copy"r to _! employ]s4 ,2c 4tribu;n 0 exp5sive1 |r exp]i;e ) mat]ial g5]at$ = fun or | (a love ( %>+ 0 an ess5tially private & local "o4 ,y mi lake1 a s;g t a fr creat$ =a special #gjh occa.n1 or a %ort /ory y wrote = yr kids'\x2014'& !n typ$ up = !m to tell to _!s4 ,f9ancial 9c5tives 7 n ne$$ to 5c|rage ! crea;n (! "w1 b ! co/ ( 4tribu;n dramatically limit$ xs 4sem9a;n4 ,! s+le mo/ dramatic ?+ t ! ,web has d"o by l[]+ ! co/ ( communica;n & 4tribu;n1 at ! same mo;t t o!r electronic tools l[]$ ! co/ ( produc;n1 is to make ? local & private activ;y a global & public "o4 ,"s"o1 "s":1 w h writt5 ! guide to fi%+ on t lake1 bak+ at t altitude1 wa%+ w9d[s1 or treat+ /+s f ,portuguese man.-(.-w> jellyfi%4 ,"s"o w h tak5 a photo (! ,duke ,*apel or expla9$ ! hi/ory1 economics1 & *emi/ry ( %oe poli% or 4till+4 ,"s"o mirely1 at lea/ z f> z ! economi/s 7 3c]n$1 ~! p all want$ to %>e :at !y _h made4 ,2c (! g5ius ( se>* 5g9es1 &! implicit pe].-review func;n t ~? 5g9es d$uce f patt]ns ( l9ks to pages1 ,i c f9d t mat]ial :5 ,i ne$ x4 ,true1 m* (! mat]ial on ! ,web is 9ane or 9sane1 3fus$1 badly writt51 t5d5ti|s1 & 9accurate4 "<,x %d 2 not$ t ? is h>dly a problem 3f9$ to ! ,web or volunte].-g5]at$ mat]ial4 ,p]sonally1 ,i wd n want ,p magaz9e or ,fox ,news 9 a "t capsule to repres5t my civiliza;n4 ,b "s (! mat]ial on ! ,web is cle>ly worse4"> ,yes1 ,wikip$ia is occa.nally 9accurate'\x2014'?|< 9 "o te/ 9 #gaj ,nature x /ack$ up well ag/ ! ,5cyclop$ia ,britannica 1 & x is obvi|sly m* m 5cyclop$ic 9 xs cov]age4 ,b all ( ? misses ! po9t4 ,3sid] h[ yr expecta;ns ab 9=ma;n retrieval h *ang$ 9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,we n[ simply assume t "qs ab a piece ( >*itecture1 a bit ( local hi/ory1 a recipe1 or ! true au?or (a s;g c all 2 answ]$ )9 seconds4 ,we h =gott5 :at x is l to 2 r|t9ely 9 ignor.e 2c (! unavailabil;y ( "s piece ( 9=ma;n4 ,"o podca/] ,i talk$ to call$ x 2+ a memb] ( 8! "r.-click g5]a;n03 8,:5 ,i am walk+ >.d & ,i see a build+1 ,i alm feel z ?|< ,i "| to 2 able to ,8"r click,0 x & h ! >*itect's "n pop up40 ,3sid] t x n[ seems normal =a gay ,iraqi man 9 ,ba.d ! _w a lit]ate & t|*+ acc.t (! ,am]ican occupa;n f a p]spective 5tirely diff]5t f t provid$ by ! ma9/ream press4 ,we ?9k x normal =a p]son ( mod]ate res|rces to 2 able to speak to ! _w f a w> z"o1 :e!r or n he is affiliat$ )a newspap] or cr$5tial$ by a corpora;n4 ,~! examples >e n ! 5d (! process4 ,|r me?ods ( sort+1 rank+1 & v]ify+ ! mat]ial g5]at$ >e / evolv+4 ,!y may improve ev5 2y ? po9t4 ,we >e only fifte5 ye>s 9to ? "picul> exp]i;t1 af all4 ,&a huge am.t ( ? mat]ial is produc$ by |r fell[ citiz5s )|t ! pr(it motive4 ,does ? mean t we no l;g] ne$ copy"r or pat5t protec;n to 5c|rage ! produc;n & 4tribu;n ( creative "w8 ,no4 ,! fi%+ tips >e grt1 #gab b ,i / mie g5]at+ x = pleasure1 n pr(it1 or :o pr(it f op5 %>+1 n clos$ 3trol4 ,! onl9e blogosph]e provides a vital c.t]po9t to ma9/ream m$ia1 b x exi/s 9 a symbiotic'\x2014'"s wd say p>asitic'\x2014'rela;n%ip ) t m$ia &! net"w ( pr(es.nal news ga!r]s = : x pays4 ,"s (! mo/ 9t]e/+ op5 s|rce produc;n me?ods actually rely on copy"r4 ,ev5 if !y did n1 op5 s|rce produc;n wd n suffice to run |r #gac ph>maceutical 9du/ry "4 ,/1 j z x wd 2 silly to 4miss ! import.e ( 9tellectual prop]ty bas$ on |r exp]i;e ( blogs & ,wikip$ia & op5 s|rce s(tw>e1 x wd 2 equally silly to "ue/imate :at ! ,web has taun$ j h[ >*itecture1 a bit ( local hi/ory1 a recipe1 or ! true au?or (a s;g c all 2 answ]$ )9 seconds4 ,we h =gott5 :at x is l to 2 r|t9ely 9 ignor.e 2c (! unavailabil;y ( "s piece ( 9=ma;n4 ,"o podca/] ,i talk$ to call$ x 2+ a memb] ( 8! "r.-click g5]a;n03 8,:5 ,i am walk+ >.d & ,i see a build+1 ,i alm feel z ?|< ,i "| to 2 able to ,8"r click,0 #gad x & h ! >*itect's "n pop up40 ,3sid] t x n[ seems normal =a gay ,iraqi man 9 ,ba.d ! _w a lit]ate & t|*+ acc.t (! ,am]ican occupa;n f a p]spective 5tirely diff]5t f t provid$ by ! ma9/ream press4 ,we ?9k x normal =a p]son ( mod]ate res|rces to 2 able to speak to ! _w f a w> z"o1 :e!r or n he is affiliat$ )a newspap] or cr$5tial$ by a corpora;n4 ,~! examples >e n ! 5d (! process4 ,|r me?ods ( sort+1 rank+1 & v]ify+ ! mat]ial g5]at$ >e / evolv+4 ,!y may improve ev5 2y ? po9t4 ,we >e only fifte5 ye>s 9to ? "picul> exp]i;t1 af all4 ,&a huge am.t ( ? mat]ial is produc$ by |r fell[ citiz5s )|t ! pr(it motive4 ,does ? mean t we #gae no l;g] ne$ copy"r or pat5t protec;n to 5c|rage ! produc;n & 4tribu;n ( creative "w8 ,no4 ,! fi%+ tips >e grt1 b ,i / mie g5]at+ x = pleasure1 n pr(it1 or :o pr(it f op5 %>+1 n clos$ 3trol4 ,! onl9e blogosph]e provides a vital c.t]po9t to ma9/ream m$ia1 b x exi/s 9 a symbiotic'\x2014'"s wd say p>asitic'\x2014'rela;n%ip ) t m$ia &! net"w ( pr(es.nal news ga!r]s = : x pays4 ,"s (! mo/ 9t]e/+ op5 #gaf s|rce produc;n me?ods actually rely on copy"r4 ,ev5 if !y did n1 op5 s|rce produc;n wd n suffice to run |r ph>maceutical 9du/ry "4 ,/1 j z x wd 2 silly to 4miss ! import.e ( 9tellectual prop]ty bas$ on |r exp]i;e ( blogs & ,wikip$ia & op5 s|rce s(tw>e1 x wd 2 equally silly to "ue/imate :at ! ,web has taun$ j h[ /r;g1 & h[ use;l1 is ! human urge to express1 communicate1 9v5t1 & create'\x2014'provid$ ! b>ri]s to %>+ >e l[]$4 ,~! >e ! v ?+s t copy"r & pat5t >e suppos$ to 5c|rage4 ,= u to portray ! #gag ,web'\x2014'z ! ,9t]net ,?reat /ory l9e does'\x2014'z predom9antly a ?reat to creativ;y is simply p]v]se4 ,= u to base |r policies only on t no;n wd 2 a trag$y4 ,we mig9al case & 9/ead design+ |r rules >.d ! produc;n processes ( comm]cial culture 9 ! late tw5tie? c5tury4 ,! %ape ( |r copy"r & to a less] ext5t |r pat5t sy/em comes f a _w 9 : alm all l>ge.-scale 4tribu;n 0 an exp5sive1 capital.-9t5sive 5t]prise4 ,! roles ( gatekeep] & f9anci]1 produc] & assembl]1 4tributor & adv]tis]1 t5d$ naturally to coalesce 9to v]tically 9tegrat$ firms or symbiotic comm]cial "pn]%ips4 #gah ,~? firms 7 presum$ to 2 ! proxy =! public 9t]e/ :5 x came to 9tellectual prop]ty policy4 ,:o wd "k bett] ?an !y :at 0 ne$$8 ,occa.nally1 device manufactur]s wd provide a c.t]wei 83sum] fre$om0 actually creat$ a m>ket =a comple;t>y product4 ,>ti/s & au?ors miti/ic 9t]e/s4 ,libr>ians & $uca;nal 9/itu;ns _h 9flu;e at ! $ges4 ,mo/ (! "t1 ?|<1 x 0 ! assembl]s & 4tributors ( 3t5t ~: voices & assump;ns ab m>kets wd 2 he>d4 ,| ( ? patt]n ( habit & 9flu;e1 & | ( m* deep] no;ns ab au?or%ip & 9v5;n t ,i h explor$ else":1 #gai develop$ an ideology1 a _wview4 ,call x maximalism4 ,xs propon5ts s9c]ely 2liev$ 9 x & pursu$ x ev5 :5 x did n make economic s5se4 "<,?9k h[ lucky ! movie 9du/ry is t x lo/ ! ,sony case4"> ,x has be5 ! subject ( ? book4 ,xs t5ets >e t 9tellectual prop]ty is j l physical prop]ty1 t "rs ne$ to 9crease propor;nately z copy+ co/s decrease1 & t1 9 g5]al1 9creas+ levels ( 9tellectual prop]ty protec;n w yield 9creas+ levels ( 9nova;n4 ,despite xs def5se ( "e.-9creas+ gov]n;t.-grant$ monopolies1 ? ideology cloaks xf 9 ! rhetoric ( free m>kets4 ,! bumbl+ /ate1 ~: 9t]v5;ns 9 ! economy normally spell 4a/]1 turns 9to a scalpel.-wield+ g5ius :5 xs monopolies & subsidies >e provid$ #gbj "? 9tellectual prop]ty "rs r ?an regulatory fiat4 ,abv all1 ? way ( see+ ! _w m9imizes ! import.e "rs4 ,m "rs w n automatically produce m 9nova;n4 ,9de$1 we %d 3f9e "rs z n>r[ly z possible :ile / provid+ ! desir$ result4 ,look at ! empirical evid;e 2f & af 9creas+ ! level ( protec;n4 ,pay att5;n to ! b5efits z well z ! co/s (! new te*nologies &! fl[]+ ( creativ;y !y 5able4 ,to me1 ~! po9ts seem bl&1 bor+1 obvi|s'\x2014'v]g+ on tautology or pablum4 ,to _m 2liev]s 9 ! _wview ,i h describ$1 !y >e ei /raid h]esy or a smokescre5 = "s real1 "uly+ ag5da'\x2014' : is id5tifi$ z communism1 an>*ism1 or1 "s:at 3fus+ly1 bo?4 ,? acc.t smacks ( exagg]a;n1 ,i "k4 ,h[ cd ?+s 2 s onesid$8 ,! be/ #gba answ] ,i c give came f a "q ,i 0 ask$ at a rec5t 3f];e4 ,! "q] po9t$ | politely t x 0 unlikely t ! policy.-mak+ process wd ignore s* a funda;tal & obvi|s set ( po9ts'\x2014'po9ts t ,i myf obs]v$ _h be5 well "u/ood = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,i _h us$ _m examples ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs 2+ ext5d$'\x2014'9 l5g?1 bread?1 scope4 ,:y _h ,i n spok51 he ask$1 ( all ! "ts ov] ! la/ fifty ye>s :5 9tellectual prop]ty "rs _h be5 weak5$1 curtail$1 %ort5$8 ,s9ce human 2+s 7 fallible1 surely "! 7 occa.ns :5 ! l5g? (a copy"r or pat5t t]m _h prov$ to 2 too l;g1 or ! scope (a "r too l>ge1 &! "rs _h be5 n>r[$ appropriately by legisla;n4 ,:y did ,i n cite any ( ~!8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,to ! be/ ( my k1 "! >e n"o4 #gbb ,legislatively1 9tellectual prop]ty "rs h mov$ only 9 "o direc;n'\x2014'|tw>d4 "<,c|rt deci.ns pres5t a m complex picture1 z ! previ|s *apt]'s 4cus.n ( s(tw>e copy"rs & busi;s me?od pat5ts %[s4"> ,:at >e ! odds t ! co/s ( new te*nologies >e alw grt] ?an _! b5efits z f> z 9tellectual prop]ty "rs hold]s >e 3c]n$8 ,? patt]n is n a matt] ( policies c>e;lly craft$ >.d ! evid;e4 ,x is ! fossil record ( fifty ye>s ( maximalism4 ,if ,i lean t[>d ! o!r side (! /ory x is n 2c ,i am a foe ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,x is 2c ,i 2lieve |r policies h 2come funda;tally unbal.ed'\x2014' unbal.ed 9 ways t actually bl u to :at is go+ on 9 ! _w ( creativ;y4 ,we >e liv+ "? an #gbc exi/;e.-pro( t "! >e o!r me?ods ( g5]at+ 9nova;n1 expres.n1 & creativ;y ?an ! propriet>y1 exclu.n>y model ( sole 3trol4 ,true1 ~! me?ods exi/$ 2f4 ,yet !y t5d$ to 2 local or 9visible or bo?4 ,! ,9t]net has %[n 3clusively & visibly t'\x2014'at lea/ 9 c]ta9 sectors'\x2014'we c h a global fl[]+ ( creativ;y1 9nova;n1 & 9=ma;n %>+ 9 : 9tellectual prop]ty "rs func;n 9 a v diff]5t way ?an "u ! /&>d model ( propriet>y 3trol4 ,9 "s cases1 9tellectual prop]ty "rs 7 simply irrelevant'\x2014'm* (! 9=ma;n %>+ & 9dex+ on ! ,web falls )9 ? category4 ,9 "s cases !y 7 us$ to prev5t exclusiv;y4 ,?9k ( ,creative ,commons or ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se4 ,9 "s1 !y 7 actually imp$i;ts4 ,s(tw>e pat5ts1 = #gbd example1 h a negative effect on op5 s|rce s(tw>e develop;t'\x2014'"o t policy mak]s >e only n[ sl[ly 2g9n+ to ac"kl$ge4 ,x is important n to ov]/ate h[ f> ! %>+ economy c get u4 ,x mily.-/age drug develop;t1 z ! ,tropical ,4ease ,9itiative attempts to d = neglect$ 4eases4 ,x w n g5]ate a ,phase ,,iii drug trial or br+ a drug to m>ket4 ,%>+ me?ods mi ,wreck3 ,9 ! ,pirk9n+ 1 : 0 creat$ us+ te*niques borr[$ f op5 s|rce s(tw>e & is available "u a ,creative ,commons lic5se4 ,!y w n produce a mammo? blockbu/] l ,b5 ,hur 1 or ,wat]_w = t #gbe matt]'\x2014'results t w g5]ate mix$ feel+s4 ,s "! >e real limita;ns to ! processes ,i describe4 ,b ev5 ac"kl$g+ ~? limita;ns1 x is fair to say t "o (! mo/ /rik+ ev5ts to occur dur+ |r life"ts is ! trans=ma;n wr"| by ! ,web1 a trans=ma;n t is "ply driv5 by ! extraord9>y explo.n ( nonpropriet>y creativ;y & %>+ acr digital net"ws4 ,! cultural expecta;n t a web ( expres.n & 9=ma;n w j 2 "!'\x2014':at"e subject we >e 4cuss+'\x2014'is a funda;tal "o1 ! "o t 9 "s s5se sep>ates u f |r *n4 ,) ? z a backgr.d x is bo? biz>re & p]v]se t we *oose to 3c5trate |r policy mak+ only on ma9ta9+ ! busi;s me?ods (! la/ c5tury1 only on ! /ory l9e (! ,9t]net ,?reat1 only on ! dang]s t ! te*nology poses to #gbf creativ;y "<& x does pose "s"> & n"e on ! b5efits4 ,:at wd x mean to pay att5;n to ! *anges ,i h describ$8 ,x wd mean assess+ ! impact ( rules on bo? propriet>y & nonpropriet>y produc;n4 ,= example1 if ! 9troduc;n (a broad regime ( s(tw>e pat5ts wd r5d] op5 s|rce s(tw>e develop;t m difficult "<2c 9dividual 3tributors _c af=d to d a pat5t se>* on e piece ( code !y 3tribute">1 !n ? %d 2 reflect$ z a co/ ( s(tw>e pat5ts1 to 2 bal.ed ag/ :at"e b5efits ! sy/em br"|4 ,a me?od = 5c|rag+ 9nova;n mis means we ne$ to realize t nonpropriet>y1 4tribut$ produc;n is n ! poor rela;n ( tradi;nal propriet>y1 hi]>*ically organiz$ produc;n4 ,? is no hippy lovefe/4 ,x is #gbg ! busi;s me?od on : ,,ibm has /ak$ billions ( doll>s2 ! me?od ( cultural produc;n t g5]ates m* (! 9=ma;n ea* ( u uses e "d4 ,x is j z des]v+ ( respect &! solicitude ( policy mak]s z ! m famili> me?ods pursu$ by ! film /udios & propriet>y s(tw>e companies4 ,losses due to %>+ t fail$ 2c ( >tificially ]ect$ legal b>ri]s >e e bit z real z losses t come ab 2c ( illicit copy+4 ,yet |r att5;n goes 5tirely to ! latt]4 ,! ma9 ?ru/ (! >gu;t "h is / firmly )9 ! ,jeff]sonian1 ,scotti% ,5li g5]at$ anyway )|t ! grant+ ( an 9tellectual prop]ty "r & t "! >e suffici5t 9=ma;n retrieval me?ods to h practical #gbh access to x4 ,9 ? case1 ! 9=ma;n retrieval me?od is n ,google4 ,x is a polyma? g5ius comb+ 8 libr>y 9 ,monticello = ref];es to ,p]sian irriga;n me?ods4 ,! 8emb>rass;t0 caus$ by ! unnec pat5t is add$ exp5se & bureaucracy 9 agriculture & imp$i;ts to fur!r 9novators1 n ! "um9+ ( op5 s|rce s(tw>e4 ,b x is ! same pr9ciple ( cauti|s m9imalism1 ! same 2lief t m* 9nova;n goes on )|t propriet>y 3trol & t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e ! excep;n1 n ! rule4 ,:5 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 a man :o surely des]v$ pat5ts "u ev5 ! mo/ /r+5t set ( te/s1 *ooses to =go !m 2c he has secur$ s m* b5efit f ! 3tribu;ns ( o!rs1 he expresses ,%irky's norm nicely4 ,9de$1 ,jeff]son's optimism dep5ds "ply #gbi on a view ( 9=ma;n %>+ t captures beauti;lly ! attitudes (! g5]a;n t built ! ,web4 ,! lr t ,i 4cuss$ 9 ,*apt] #b 0 widely cit$ = precisely ? reason4 ,rememb] ~! l9es8 ,t ideas %d freely spread f "o to ano!r ov] ! globe1 =! moral & mutual 9/ruc;n ( man1 & improve;t ( 8 3di;n1 seems to h be5 peculi>ly & b5evol5tly design$ by nature1 :5 %e made !m1 l fire1 expansible ov] all space1 )|t less5+ _! d5s;y 9 any po9t1 & l ! air 9 : we brea!1 move1 & h |r physical 2+1 9capable ( 3f9e;t or exclusive appropria;n4 ,:at cd 5capsulate bett] ! process by : 9=ma;n spreads on a global net"w8 ,:at cd m elegantly /ate ! norms (! 89=ma;n wants to 2 free0 g5]a;n8 "<,?|< ~? :o quot$ hm 3v5i5tly omitt$ ! #gcj por;ns ( 8 analysis ": he 3c$es t "! >e cases ": 9tellectual prop]ty "rs may 2 nec & desirable4"> ,9 "s ways1 !n1 ! explo.n ( nonpropriet>y &1 9 _m cases1 noncomm]cial creativ;y & 9=ma;n %>+ is simply ! v9dica;n ( ,jeff]son's comp>ison ( ideas ) 8fire 444 expansible ov] all space40 ,! ,web makes ! simile a real;y & puts an exclama;n po9t at ! 5d (! ,jeff]son ,w>n+4 ,all ! m reason to pay att5;n to x4 ,b ! creative commons ,i describ$ "h goes fur!r4 ,x =ces u to reconceptualize a =m ( life1 a me?od ( produc;n1 &a means ( social organiza;n t we us$ to relegate to ! private _w ( 9=mal %>+ & collabora;n4 ,d5i$ a commons by bad 9tellectual prop]ty rules1 we c "s"ts build |r [n'\x2014': may 9 "s #gca ways d ev5 m = u ?an ! z"o ( free trade1 free ?"|1 & free ac;n t ,jeff]son wi%$ to protect4 ,does all ? mean t ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ is no l;g] nec8 ,c we mitigate ! negative effects ( 9tellectual prop]ty expan.n "? a s]ies ( privately 3/ruct$ commons8 ,! answ]s to ~? "qs >e1 respectively1 8no0 & 8"s"ts40 ,?9k (! /ory ( retrospectively ext5d$ copy"r & orphan "ws4 ,9 _m cases ! problem ) |r 9tellectual prop]ty "rs is t !y create b>ri]s to %>+'\x2014')|t produc+ an 9c5tive 9 return'\x2014'9 ways t c n"e 2 solv$ "? private agree;t4 ,tw5tie? c5tury culture w l>gely rema9 (f.-limits = digitiza;n1 reproduc;n1 adapta;n1 & transla;n4 ,no s]ies ( private 3tracts or lic5ses c fix ! #gcb problem 2c ! relevant "pies >e n 9 ! room & mie available & agree to %>e1 ! b5efits may n fl[ to all equally4 ,2set by a multitude ( vague pat5ts ( "qable wor? & unc]ta9 scope1 l>ge 9=ma;n te*nology firms r|t9ely create pat5t pools4 ,,ibm tosses 9 ?|s&s ( pat5ts1 s does ,hewlett or ,dell4 ,ea* agrees n to sue ! o!r4 ,? is grt =! e/abli%$ companies2 !y c proce$ )|t fe> ( legal ac;n f ! l&m9e pat5ts t litt] ! te*nological l&scape4 ,z f> z ! "picipants >e 3c]n$1 ! pat5t pool is alm l ! public doma9'\x2014'b a privatiz$ public doma91 a p>k t only resid5ts may 5t]4 ,b :at ab ! />t up company t does n h ! ?|s&s ( pat5ts nec = 5try8 ,!y >e n 9 z happy a situa;n4 ,! pat5t #gcc pool fixes ! problem ( poor pat5t qual;y & uncle> scope'\x2014'"o t ,jeff]son 0 worry+ ab #bjj ye>s ago4 ,b x fixes x only =! dom9ant firms1 hurt+ competi;n 9 ! process4 ,attempts to =m a commons may al backfire4 ,! coord9a;n problems >e legion4 ,"! >e difficulties ( compatibil;y 9 lic5ses &! process1 no matt] h[ easy1 / imposes transac;n co/s4 ,n"e!.s1 ) all ( ~! qualifica;ns1 ! idea (! privately creat$ commons is an important addi;n to ! _w view t ,jeff]son provid$1 a new tool 9 |r attempt to craft a "w+ sy/em ( 9nova;n & culture4 ,no "o :o looks at ! ,web c d|bt ! p[] ( 4tribut$1 & frequ5tly uncomp5sat$1 creativ;y 9 3/ruct+ rem>kable ref];e "ws1 op]at+ sy/ems1 cultural 3v]sa;ns1 ev5 #gcd libr>ies ( images & music4 ,"s ( t 9nova;n happ5s l>gely |tside (! _w ( 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,"s ( x happ5s 9 privately creat$ >eas ( %>+ t use prop]ty "rs & op51 "s"ts ev5 ma*9e.-readable1 lic5ses to create a commons on : o!rs c build4 ,! _w ( creativ;y & xs me?ods is wid] ?an we _h ?"|4 ,t is "o (! vital & excit+ lessons ! ,9t]net tea*es u2 un=tunately1 ! only "o |r policy mak]s seem to he> is 8*eap] copy+ means m piracy40 ,fur!r ,read+ ,4tribut$ ,creativ;y ,! mo/ rem>kable & important book on 84tribut$ creativ;y0 &! %>+ economy is ,yo*ai ,b5kl]1 ,! ,weal? ( ,net"ws3 ,h[ ,social ,produc;n ,trans=ms ,m>kets & ,fre$om "<,new #gce ,hav51 ,3n43 ,yale ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjf">4 ,b5kl] sets ! idea ( 8pe] produc;n0 al;gside o!r me*anisms ( m>ket & political gov]n.e & (f]s a s]ies ( p[];l normative >gu;ts ab :y we %d pref] t future4 ,compreh5sive ?|< ? book may seem1 x is 9complete un.s x is read 9 3junc;n ) "o ( ,b5kl]'s essays3 ,yo*ai ,b5kl]1 8,coase's ,p5gu91 or1 ,l9ux &! ,nature (! ,firm10 ,yale ,law ,j|rnal #aab "<#bjjb">3 #cfi"-#ddf4 ,9 t essay1 ,b5kl] puts =w>d ! vital >gu;t'\x2014'describ$ 9 ? *apt]'\x2014'ab :at collaborative produc;n does to ,coase's !ory (! firm4 ,b5kl]'s "w is h>dly ! only res|rce h["e4 ,o!r f9e "ws cov]+ "s (! same !mes 9clude3 ,cass ,r4 ,sun/e91 ,9fotopia3 ,h[ ,_m ,m9ds ,produce ,k "<,new #gcf ,york3 ,ox=d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjf">1 & ,ri%ab ,aiy] ,1 : 9cludes an essay by me pres5t+ an e>li] v].n (! 8second 5closure move;t0 >gu;t4 ,clay ,%irky's rec5t book1 ,"h ,comes ,"eybody3 ,! ,p[] ( ,organiz+ )|t ,organiza;ns "<,new ,york3 ,p5gu9 ,press1 #bjjh">1 is an extremely readable & ?"|;l addi;n to ? body ( "w'\x2014'x 9cludes a m develop$ v].n (! spee* ,i 4cuss4 ,]ic ,von ,hippel's ,democratiz+ ,9nova;n "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,,mit ,press1 #bjje">1 is a fasc9at+ acc.t (! way t 9nova;n happ5s 9 m places ?an we h tradi;nally imag9$'\x2014'"picul>ly 9 5d.-us] communities4 ,9 "o s5se1 ? re9=ces a !me #gcg ( ? *apt]3 t ! 8pe] produc;n0 & 84tribut$ creativ;y0 describ$ "h is n "s?+ new1 m]ely "s?+ t is giv5 dramatically m sali;e & rea* by ! ,web4 ,dan ,hunt] & ,f4 ,gregory ,la/[ka's >ticle1 8,amateur-to.-,amateur10 ,william `& ,m>y ,law ,review #df "<#bjjd">3 #iea"-#ajcj1 describes "s (! difficulties 9 adapt+ copy"r law to fit 8pe] produc;n40 ,f9ally1 ,jona?an ,zittra9's ,! ,future (! ,9t]net'\x2014',& ,h[ to ,/op ,x "<,new ,hav51 ,3n43 ,yale ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjh">'\x2014'al relevant to ,*apt] #aj'\x2014' >gues t if ! democratically attractive aspects (! ,9t]net >e to 2 sav$1 x c only 2 d"o "? 5li/+ ! collective 5]gy & 9sie ,free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e has be5 a subject ( 3sid]able 9t]e/ to com;tators4 ,glyn ,moody's ,rebel ,code3 ,l9ux &! ,op5 ,s|rce ,revolu;n "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,p]seus ,pub41 #bjja">1 & ,pet] ,wayn]'s ,free = ,all3 ,h[ ,l9ux &! ,free ,s(tw>e ,move;t ,"ucut ! ,hi<.-,te* ,titans "<,new ,york3 ,h>p],busi;s1 #bjjj">1 bo? (f] readable & accessible hi/ories (! ph5om5on4 ,]ic ,s4 ,raymond1 ,! ,ca!dral &! ,baza>3 ,mus+s on ,l9ux & ,op5 ,s|rce by an ,accid5tal ,revolu;n>y1 revis$ $i;n "<,seba/apol1 ,calif43 ,o',reilly1 #bjja">1 is a classic philosophy (! move;t1 writt5 by a key "picipant'\x2014'au?or (! phrase1 fam|s am;g geeks1 8giv5 5 eyeballs1 all bugs #gci >e %all[40 ,/eve ,web]1 9 ,! ,success ( ,op5 ,s|rce "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,h>v>d ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjd">1 (f]s a s*ol>ly >gu;t t ! success ( free & op5 s|rce s(tw>e is n an excep;n to economic pr9ciples b a v9dica;n ( !m4 ,i agree1 ?|< ! emphasis t ,b5kl] & ,i put =w>d is r diff]5t4 ,to get a s5se (! >gu;t t free s(tw>e "e's normatively *>g$ c|s9"> is desirable = xs political & moral implica;ns1 n j 2c ( xs effici5cy or comm]cial success1 "o %d read ! essays ( ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ! true "f ( free s(tw>e &a f9e polemical1 b rigor|s1 essayi/4 ,ri*>d ,/allman1 ,free ,s(tw>e1 ,free ,society3 ,select$ ,essays ( ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman1 $4 ,jo%ua ,gay "<,bo/on3 ,,gnu ,press1 #bjjb">4 ,ano!r /r;g collec;n ( essays c 2 #gdj f.d 9 ,joseph ,fell]1 ,brian ,fitzg]ald1 ,scott ,a4 ,hissam1 & ,k>im ,r4 ,lakhani1 $s41 ,p]spectives on ,free & ,op5 ,s|rce ,s(tw>e "<,cambridge1 ,mass43 ,,mit ,press1 #bjje">4 ,if y only h "t to read a s+le essay on ! subject x %d 2 ,eb5 ,mogl5's 8,an>*ism ,triumphant3 ,free ,s(tw>e &! ,dea? ( ,copy"r10 ,f/ ,mon"d #d "<#aiii">1 available at .firstmonday.dk/issues/issu- e4_8/moglen/. ,creative ,commons ,creative ,commons has only j 2gun to attract xs [n *ronicl]s4 ,l>ry ,lessig1 xs f.d]1 provides a "*i/ically eloqu5t acc.t 9 8,! ,creative ,commons10 ,montana ,law ,review #fe "<#bjjd">3 #a"-#ad4 ,mi*ael ,w4 ,c>roll1 a f.d+ #gda bo>d memb]1 has produc$ a ?"|.-provok+ essay 4cuss+ ! m g5]al implica;ns ( organiza;ns s* z ,creative ,commons4 ,mi*ael ,w4 ,c>roll1 8,creative ,commons &! ,new ,9t]m$i>ies10 ,mi*igan ,/ate ,law ,review1 #bjjf1 n#4a "<,spr+">3 #de"-#fe4 ,m9je;g ,kim (f]s an empirical /udy ( ,creative ,commons lic5ses 9 8,! ,creative ,commons & ,copy"r ,protec;n 9 ! ,digital ,]a3 ,uses ( ,creative ,commons ,lic5ses10 ,j|rnal ( ,comput].- ,m$iat$ ,communica;n #ac "<#bjjg">3 ,>ticle #aj1 available at issue1/kim.html. ,h["e1 simply 2c (! rapid;y ( adop;n ( ,creative ,commons lic5ses1 ! "w is alr dramatically | ( date4 ,my colleague ,j]ome #gdb ,rei*man & ,paul ,uhlir (! ,na;nal ,academy ( ,sci;es h writt5 a magi/]ial /udy (! way 9 : tools simil> to ,creative ,commons lic5ses cd 2 us$ to l[] transac;n co/s 9 ! fl[ ( sci5tific & te*nical data4 ,j4 ,h4 ,rei*man & ,paul ,uhlir1 8,a ,3tractually ,recon/ruct$ ,rese>* ,commons = ,sci5tific ,data 9 a ,hiy ,problems #ff "<#bjjc">3 #cae"-#dfb4 ,f9ally1 ! gift$ au?or1 ,david ,bolli]1 is report$ly writ+ a book on ,creative ,commons 5titl$ ,viral ,spiral3 ,h[ ! ,common]s ,built a ,digital ,republic ( ,_! ,[n "<,new ,york3 ,new ,press1 =?com+ #bjji">4 ,niva ,elk9.-,kor5 (f]s a m critical view ( ,creative ,commons 9 8,explor+ ,creative ,commons3 #gdc ,a ,skeptical ,view (a ,wor?y ,pursuit10 9 ,! ,future (! ,public ,doma9'\x2014',id5tify+ ! ,commons 9 ,9=ma;n ,law1 $4 ,p4 ,b]nt ,hug5holtz & ,lucie ,guibault "<,! ,hague3 ,kluw] ,law ,9t]na;nal1 #bjjf">4 ,elk9.-,kor5's >gu;t is t ,creative ,commons has an un9t5d$ negative effect by lead+ 9dividuals to ?9k ( !mvs "? ! reifi$ categories ( legal subjects & prop]ty [n]s'\x2014'=c+ 9to a legaliz$ realm "s?+ t %d simply 2 exp]i;ed z culture4 ,elk9.-,kor5 is a p]ceptive & 9flu5tial s*ol>2 "s ( h] e>ly "w on bullet9 bo>ds = example1 0 extremely important 9 expla9+ ! /akes ( regulat+ ! ,9t]net to a gr|p ( judges & policy mak]s4 ,i al ac"kl$ge ! tru? ( h] !oretical po9t2 9 _m ways ,creative #gdd ,commons is (f]$ z a second be/ solu;n4 ,b ,i am unconv9c$ by ! 3clu.n4 ,"ply1 ? is 2c ,i ?9k ,elk9.-,kor5's acc.t (! actual p]cep;ns ( lic5se us]s is 9suffici5tly gr.d$ 9 actual evid;e4 ,"ply1 x is 2c ,i ?9k ! legaliza;n'\x2014'undesirab- le ?|< x may 2 9 places'\x2014'has alr happ5$4 ,n[ we m/ deal ) x4 ,"ply1 x is 2c ,i 2lieve t _m (! activities t ! lic5ses 5able'\x2014'a global commons ( free $uca;nal mat]ials1 = example'\x2014'simply _c 2 produc$ any o!r way 9 ! political real;y we face1 & ,i h a pref];e = lik;s4 ,*apt] #i ,an ,evid;e.-,free ,z"o ,p]h "s (! >gu;ts 9 #gde ? book h 3v9c$ y4 ,p]h x is a mi/ake to ?9k ( 9tellectual prop]ty 9 ! same way we ?9k ( physical prop]ty4 ,p]h limita;ns & excep;ns to ~? "rs >e z important z ! "rs !mvs4 ,p]h ! public doma9 has a vital & tragically neglect$ role to play 9 9nova;n & culture4 ,p]h rel5t.sly exp&+ prop]ty "rs w n automatically br+ u 9creas$ 9nova;n 9 sci;e & culture4 ,p]h ! second 5closure move;t is m tr|bl+ ?an ! f/4 ,p]h x is unwise to ext5d copy"r ag & ag1 & to d s retrospectively1 lock+ up mo/ ( tw5tie?c5tury culture 9 ord] to protect ! t9y frag;t ( x t is / comm]cially available4 ,p]h te*nological improve;ts br+ bo? b5efits & co/s to exi/+ "rs hold]s'\x2014'bo? ( : %d 2 3sid]$ :5 sett+ policy4 ,p]h we ne$ a vigor|s set ( 9t]nal limita;ns & #gdf excep;ns )9 copy"r1 or 3trol ov] 3t5t w 9evitably 2come 3trol ov] ! m$ium ( transmis.n4 ,p]h ! ,9t]net %d make u ?9k s]i|sly ab ! p[] ( nonpropriet>y & 4tribut$ produc;n4 ,say+ all ? gives u "s guid.e 9 h[ we %d ?9k4 ,x po9ts | c]ta9 patt]ns ( ]ror4 ,b xs prescrip;ns >e n simple4 ,precisely 2c x is n a rejec;n ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 b r a claim t !y only "w well "? a process ( 3sci|sly balanc+ op5;s & 3trol1 public doma9 & private "r1 x / leaves op5 ! "q ( ": t po9t ( bal.e is & h[ to /rike x4 ,9 ? *apt] ,i want to (f] a sugges;n t 9 any o!r field wd 2 /unn+ly obvi|s1 bor+ ev51 b 9 ! funh|se mirror ( 9tellectual prop]ty appe>s revolu;n>y4 ,we %d make |r policy bas$ on empirical evid;e ( xs likely #gdg effects & "! %d 2 a =mal require;t ( empirical reconsid]a;n ( ~? policies af !y h be5 imple;t$ to see if !y >e "w+4 ,:y is ? a gd idea8 ,imag9e a process ( review+ prescrip;n drugs t goes l ?3 repres5tatives f ! drug company come to ! regulators & >gue t _! drug "ws well & %d 2 approv$4 ,!y h no evid;e ( ? 2y a few anecdotes ab p :o want to take x & p]h "s v simple models ( h[ ! drug mi pollutants 2+ /udi$4 ,ev5 ! h>%e/ critics ( regula;n wd admit we g5]ally d bett] ?an ?4 ,b ? is (t5 ! way #gdh we make 9tellectual prop]ty policy4 ,s h[ d we decide ! gr.d rules (! 9=ma;n age8 ,repres5tatives ( 9t]e/$ 9du/ries come to regulators & ask = ano!r heap+ slice ( monopoly r5t 9 ! =m ( an 9tellectual prop]ty "r4 ,!y h doom.-lad5 predic;ns1 !y h anecdotes1 c>e;lly select$ to pluck ! he>t/r+s ( legislators1 !y h celebrities :o te/ify'\x2014'(t5 9coh]5tly1 b ) palpable *>isma'\x2014'& !y h v1 v simple economic models4 ,! basic economic model "h is 8,if y give me a l>g] "r1 ,i w h a l>g] 9c5tive to 9novate4 ,?us ! bigg] ! "rs1 ! m 9nova;n we w get4 ,"r80 ,z ,i h tri$ to %[ "h us+ ! ~ws ( ,jeff]son & ,macaulay & examples s* z t]m ext5.n1 s(tw>e copy"rs1 & g>age door op5]s1 ? #gdi logic is fallaci|s4 ,ev5 )|t data1 ! 8m is bett]0 idea is obvi|sly flaw$4 ,copy"r+ ! alphabet w n produce m books4 ,pat5t+ ;,e "7 mc w n yield m sci5tific 9nova;n4 ,9tellectual prop]ty creates b>ri]s to1 z well z 9c5tives t[>d1 9nova;n4 ,jeff]son agoniz$ ov] ! issue ( :5 ! b5efits exce$ ! co/s (a new "r4 8,i "k well ! difficulty ( draw+ a l9e 2t ! ?+s : >e wor? to ! public ! emb>rass;t ( an exclusive pat5t1 & ~? : >e n40 ,x is n cle> t 3tempor>y policy mak]s approa* issues ) any?+ l ! same sophi/ica;n or humil;y4 ,b x wd 2 an equal mi/ake to 3clude1 z "s d1 t expan.ns ( 9tellectual prop]ty >e n"e ju/ifi$4 ,ext5.ns ( "rs c help or hurt1 b )|t economic #gej evid;e 2fh& & review afw1 we w n"e "k4 ,? po9t %d 2 obvi|s1 banal1 ev5 deeply bor+1 b sadly x is n4 ,f ,jeff]son & ,macaulay & ,adam ,smi?1 ,i d]iv$ a second po9t4 ,9 ! abs;e ( evid;e on ei side1 ! presump;n %d 2 ag/ creat+ a new1 legaliz$ monopoly4 ,! burd5 ( pro( %d lie on ~? :o claim1 9 any "picul> case1 t ! /ate %d /ep 9 to /op competi;n1 |tlaw copy+1 proscribe te*nology1 or re/rict spee*4 ,!y h to %[ u t ! exi/+ protec;n is n 5|<4 ,b ? presump;n is a second.-be/ solu;n &! empirical empti;s (! debates fru/rat+4 ,? makes an occa.n ": "! is "s evid;e a "t = celebra;n4 ,:at we ne$ is a te/ case 9 : "o c.try adopts ! propos$ new 9tellectual prop]ty "r & ano!r #gea simil>ly situat$ c.try does n1 & we c assess h[ !y >e bo? do+ af a numb] ( ye>s4 ,"! is s* a case4 ,x is ! 8database "r40 ,[n+ ,facts8 ,europe adopt$ a ,database ,directive 9 #aiif : gave a hi< level ( copy"r protec;n to databases & 3f]r$ a new 8sui g5]is0 database "r ev5 on unorig9al compila;ns ( facts4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by 3tra/1 9 a #aiia case call$ ,fei/ ,publica;ns1 ,9c4 v4 ,rural ,teleph"o ,s]vice ,co4 1 #dii ,u4,s4 #cdj "<#aiia">1 ! ,supreme ,c|rt made x cle> t unorig9al compila;ns ( facts >e n copy"rable4 ,:at does all ? mean8 ,take ! ph"o directory'\x2014't 0 #geb ! product at issue 9 ! ,fei/ case4 ,a :ite pages directory is a database ( "ns & numb]s1 compil$ 9 alphabetical ord] by "n4 ,does any"o h an 9tellectual prop]ty "r ov] x8 ,n ! "picul> dog.-e>$ directory ly+ next to yr ph"o4 ,does ! ph"o company t compil$ x [n ! facts1 ! numb]s 9side t directory8 ,cd !y =bid me f copy+ !m1 add+ o!rs f surr.d+ >eas1 & issu+ a compet+ directory t ,i 2liev$ 3sum]s wd f9d m valuable8 ,? 0 an important issue = ,fei/ 2c x w5t to ! he>t ( _! busi;s4 ,!y issu$ regional teleph"o directories1 comb9+ records f multiple ph"o companies4 ,9 ? case1 all ! o!r companies 9 ! region agre$ to lic5se _! data to ,fei/4 ,rural did n1 s ,fei/ #gec copi$ ! 9=ma;n1 *eck$ z _m 5tries z possible1 add+ addresses to "s (! li/+s1 & publi%$ ! comb9$ result4 ,rural su$ & lo/4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt dcld t m]e alphabetical li/+s & o!r unorig9al assemblies ( data _c 2 copy"r$4 ,x may seem unfair t m* (! fruit (! compil]'s labor may 2 us$ by o!rs )|t comp5sa;n4 ,z ,ju/ice ,br5nan has correctly obs]v$1 h["e1 ? is n 8"s un=ese5 byproduct (a /atutory s*eme40 ,x is1 r1 8! ess;e ( copy"r10 &a 3/itu;nal require;t4 ,! prim>y objective ( copy"r is n to rew>d ! labor ( au?ors1 b 8to promote ! ,progress ( ,sci;e & use;l ,>ts40 ,to ? 5d1 copy"r assures au?ors ! "r to _! orig9al expres.n1 b 5c|rages o!rs to build freely ~u ! ideas & 9=ma;n 3vey$ by a "w4 ,? pr9ciple1 "kn z ! #ged idea_/expres.n or fact_/expres.n di*otomy1 applies to all "ws ( au?or%ip4 ,z appli$ to a factual compila;n1 assum+ ! abs;e ( orig9al writt5 expres.n1 only ! compil]'s selec;n & >range;t may 2 protect$2 ! raw facts may 2 copi$ at w4 ,? result is nei unfair nor un=tunate4 ,x is ! means by : copy"r adv.es ! progress ( sci;e & >t4 ,fei/ 0 n z revolu;n>y z "s critics claim$ x to be4 ,mo/ (! appeals c|rts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h l;g held ? to 2 ! case4 ,z ! ,c|rt po9t$ | 9 ! passage abv1 x is a funda;tal t5et (! ,u4,s4 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em t nei facts nor ideas c 2 [n$4 ,fei/ m]ely reit]at$ t po9t cle>ly & /ress$ t x 0 n j a policy *oice1 x 0 a #gee 3/itu;nal require;t'\x2014'a limit impos$ by ! ,3/itu;n's grant ( p[] to ,3gress to make copy"r & pat5t laws4 ,daily politics c>es ll =! limita;ns impos$ by 3/itu;ns or =! /ructural pr9ciple ! ,c|rt describes'\x2014't we %d leave facts free = o!rs to build ~u4 ,s9ce #aiia1 a few database companies h lobbi$ ! ,3gress /r5u|sly & 3t9u|sly to create a special database "r ov] facts4 ,9t]e/+ly1 a"p f academics1 sci5ti/s1 & civil lib]t>ians1 _m database companies1 & ev5 ~? well.-"kn prop]ty hat]s1 ! ,u4,s4 ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 oppose ! crea;n ( s* a "r4 ,!y 2lieve t database provid]s c adequately protect !mvs ) 3tracts or te*nical means s* z pass~ws1 c rely on provid+ ti$ s]vices1 & s on4 ,moreov]1 !y >gue t /r;g #gef database protec;n may make x h>d] to g5]ate databases 9 ! f/ place2 ! facts y ne$ may 2 lock$ up4 ,we ne$ to focus on ! 9puts z well z ! |tputs (! process'\x2014'a po9t ,i h tri$ to make "?|t ? book4 ,! pressure to create a new "r 3t9ues1 h["e1 aid$ by cries t ! ,unit$ ,/ates m/ 8h>monize0 ) ,europe1 ":1 y w rememb]1 compila;ns ( facts >e /r;gly protect$ by 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 ev5 if _! >range;t is unorig9al4 ,s "h we h |r natural exp]i;t4 ,"o major economy rejects s* protec;n & resi/s pressure to create a new "r4 ,a diff]5t major economic region1 at a comp>able level ( develop;t1 9/itutes ! "r )! explicit claim t x w help to produce new databases & make t seg;t (! economy m competitive4 ,presumably gov]n;t economi/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates &! ,european #geg ,union h be5 h>d at "w "e s9ce1 see+ if ! "r actually "w$8 ,well1 n exactly4 ,despite ! fact t ! ,european ,commis.n has a legal obliga;n to review ! ,database ,directive = xs effects on competi;n1 x 0 m ?an ?ree ye>s late issu+ xs report4 ,at f/1 dur+ ! review process1 no att5;n 0 pd to ! actual evid;e ( :e!r ! ,directive helps or hurts ! ,european ,union1 or :e!r ! database 9du/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has collaps$ or fl|ri%$4 ,t is a %ame1 2c ! evid;e 0 "! & x 0 fairly %ock+4 ,yet f9ally1 at ! 5d (! process1 ! ,commis.n did turn to ! evid;e1 z ,i w rec.t1 & came to a rem>kable 3clu.n'\x2014': 0 promptly /ifl$ = political reasons4 ,b we >e gett+ ahead ( |rvs4 ,h[ d we frame ! empirical 9quiry8 ,9tellectual #geh prop]ty "rs all[ ! crea;n ( /ate.-back$ monopolies1 & 8! g5]al t5d5cy ( monopolies10 z ,macaulay po9t$ |1 is 8to make >ticles sc>ce1 to make !m de>1 & to make !m bad40 ,monopolies >e an evil1 b !y m/ "s"ts 2 accept$ :5 !y >e nec to ! produc;n ( "s gd1 "s "picul> social goal4 ,9 ? case1 ! 8evil0 is obvi|sly go+ to 2 an 9crease 9 ! price ( databases &! legal abil;y to exclude competitors f _! use'\x2014't1 af all1 is ! po9t ( grant+ ! new "r4 ,? "r ( exclu.n may !n h dynamic effects1 hamp]+ ! abil;y ( subsequ5t 9novators to build on :at w5t 2f4 ,! 8gd0 is t we >e suppos$ to get lots ( new databases1 databases t we wd n h _h b =! exi/;e (! database "r4 ,if ! database "r 7 "w+1 we wd expect positive answ]s to ?ree crucial "qs4 #gei ,f/1 has ! ,european database 9du/ry's rate ( gr[? 9creas$ s9ce #aiif1 :ile ! ,u4,s4 database 9du/ry has langui%$8 "<,! drop.-(f 9 ! ,u4,s4 database 9du/ry "| to 2 "picul>ly sev]e af #aiia if ! propon5ts ( database protec;n >e correct2 !y >gu$ ! ,fei/ case 0 a *ange 9 curr5t law &a grt surprise to ! 9du/ry4"> ,second1 >e ! pr9cipal b5efici>ies (! database "r 9 ,europe produc+ databases !y wd n h produc$ o!rwise8 ,obvi|sly1 if a society is h&+ ov] a database "r =a database t wd h be5 creat$ anyway1 x is ov]pay+'\x2014'ne$.sly 9creas+ prices = 3sum]s & burd5s = competitors4 ,? goes to ! design (! "r'\x2014'has x be5 craft$ too broadly1 s t x is #gfj n 2+ t>get$ to ~? >eas ": x is ne$$ to 5c|rage 9nova;n8 ,?ird1 & ? "o is h>d] to judge1 is ! new "r promot+ 9nova;n & competi;n r ?an /ifl+ x8 ,= example1 if ! exi/;e (! "r all[$ a "o.-"t surge ( newcom]s to ! m>ket :o !n use _! "rs to 4c|rage new 5trants1 or if we promot$ "s 9crease 9 databases b made sci5tific aggrega;n ( l>ge am.ts ( data h>d] ov]all1 !n ! database "r mie ! ?ree "qs t any review (! ,database ,directive m/ answ]4 ,b we h prelim9>y answ]s to ~? ?ree "qs & !y >e ei /r;gly negative or extremely d|bt;l4 ,>e database "rs nec =a ?riv+ database 9du/ry8 ,! answ] appe>s to 2 no4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! #gfa database 9du/ry has gr[n m ?an tw5ty.-five.-fold s9ce #aigi &'\x2014'3tr>y to ~? :o pa9t ! ,fei/ case z a revolu;n'\x2014'= t 5tire p]iod1 9 mo/ (! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x 0 cle> t unorig9al databases 7 n cov]$ by copy"r4 ,! figures >e ev5 m 9t]e/+ 9 ! legal database m>ket4 ,! two major propon5ts ( database protec;n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates >e ,re$ ,elsevi]1 ! [n] ( ,lexis1 & ,?omson ,publi%+1 ! [n] ( ,we/law4 ,fasc9at+ly1 bo? companies made _! key acquisi;ns 9 ! ,u4,s4 legal database m>ket af ! ,fei/ deci.n1 at : po9t no "o cd h ?"| unorig9al databases 7 copy"rable4 ,? seems to 2 "s evid;e t !y 2liev$ !y cd make m"oy ev5 )|t a #gfb database "r4 ,h[8 ,9 ! oldfa%ion$ way3 compet+ on features1 accuracy1 ti$ s]vices1 mak+ us]s pay = 5try to ! database1 & s on4 ,if ~? companies 2liev$ "! 7 pr(its to 2 made1 !y 7 "r4 ,jason ,gelman1 a =m] ,duke /ud5t1 po9t$ | 9 a rec5t pap] t ,?omson's legal regulatory divi.n _h a pr(it m>g9 ( ov] #bf p]c5t =! f/ qu>t] ( #bjjd4 ,re$ ,elsevi]'s #bjjc pr(it m>g9 = ,lexis,nexis 0 #bb4h p]c5t4 ,bo? pr(it m>g9s 7 significantly hi<] ?an ! company av]age & bo? 7 e>n$ prim>ily 9 ! `s#f billion ,u4,s4 legal database m>ket1 a m>ket : is ?riv+ )|t /r;g 9tellectual prop]ty protec;n ov] databases4 "<,f/ rule ( ?umb = regulators3 :5 "s"o )a pr(it m>g9 ov] #bj p]c5t asks y = addi;nal monopoly protec;n1 pause 2f agree+4"> ,:at ab ,europe8 #gfc ,"! is "s gd news =! propon5ts ( database protec;n4 ,z ,hug5holtz1 ,maur]1 & ,onsrud po9t | 9 a nice >ticle 9 ,sci;e magaz9e1 "! 0 a %>p1 "o.-"t spike 9 ! numb] ( companies 5t]+ ! ,european database m>ket immly foll[+ ! imple;ta;n (! ,directive 9 memb] /ates4 ,yet _! "w1 & 8,acr ,two ,_ws10 a fasc9at+ /udy by ,maur]1 sugge/s t ! rate ( 5try !n fell back to levels simil> to ~? 2f ! directive4 ,maur]'s analysis %[s t ! attri;n rate 0 al v hi< 9 "s ,european m>kets 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ! passage (! directive'\x2014'ev5 )! new "r1 _m companies dropp$ |4 ,at ! 5d (! "d1 ! ,briti% database #gfd 9du/ry'\x2014'! /r;ge/ p]=m] 9 ,europe'\x2014'add$ ab two hundr$ databases 9 ! ?ree ye>s immly af ! imple;ta;n (! directive4 ,9 ,fr.e1 "! 0 ll net *ange 9 ! numb] ( databases &! numb] ( provid]s fell %>ply4 ,9 ,g]_m1 ! 9du/ry add$ ne>ly ?ree hundr$ databases immly foll[+ ! directive'\x2014'a rem>kable surge'\x2014'ab two hundr$ ( : rapidly 4appe>$4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 ! ,u4,s4 9du/ry add$ ab n9e hundr$ databases4 ,bottom l9e8 ,europe's 9du/ry did get a "o.-"t boo/ & "s ( ~? firms h /ay$ 9 ! m>ket2 t is a b5efit1 ?|< a co/ly "o4 ,b database gr[? rates h g"o back to predirective levels1 :ile ! anticompetitive co/s ( database protec;n >e n[ a p]man5t fixture (! ,european l&scape4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by 3tra/1 gets a nice /eady gr[? rate 9 databases #gfe )|t pay+ ! monopoly co/4 "<,second rule ( ?umb = regulators3 ,d no h>m6 ,d n create "rs )|t /r;g evid;e t ! 9c5tive effect is wor? ! anticompetitive co/4"> ,n[ ! second "q4 ,is ! ,database ,directive 5c|rag+ ! produc;n ( databases we wd n h gott5 o!rwise8 ,"h ! evid;e is cle> & 4turb+4 ,ag1 ,hug5holtz et ;al4 po9t | t ! major;y ( cases br"| "u ! directive h be5 ab databases t wd h be5 creat$ anyway'\x2014'teleph"o numb]s1 televi.n s*$ules1 3c]t "ts4 ,a review ( m rec5t cases reveals ! same patt]n4 ,~! databases >e 9evitably g5]at$ by ! op]a;n (! busi;s 9 "q & _c 2 9dep5d5tly compil$ by a competitor4 ,! database "r simply s]ves to limit competi;n 9 ! provi.n (! 9=ma;n4 ,rec5tly1 ! ,european ,c|rt ( #gff ,ju/ice implicitly "uscor$ ? po9t 9 a s]ies ( cases 3c]n+ football scores1 horse rac+ results1 & s on4 ,reject+ a protec;ni/ & "o.-sid$ op9ion f xs ,advocate ,g5]al1 ! c|rt rul$ t ! m]e runn+ (a busi;s : g5]ates data does n c.t z 8sub/antial 9ve/;t0 suffici5t to trigg] ! database "r4 ,x wd 2 nice to ?9k t ? is ! 2g9n+ ( "s skepticism ab ! rea* (! directive4 ,yet ! c|rt provides ll 4cus.n (! economic reasons 2h xs 9t]preta;n2 ! analysis is m]ely semantic & def9i;nal1 a %>p 3tra/ to xs competi;n deci.ns4 ,s :at k9ds ( crea;ns >e 2+ g5]at$ by ? bold new "r8 ,! answ] is "s": 2t ba?os & pa?os4 ,"h >e "s (! wond];l 8databases0 t p f.d x wor?:ile litigat+ ov]3 a ,web site 3si/+ (a collec;n ( #bei hyp]l9ks to #gfg 8p>5t+ res|rces10 a collec;n ( poems1 an assort;t ( adv]tise;ts1 head+s ref]r+ to local news1 & *>ts ( popul> music4 ,! sad li/ goes on & on4 ,! ,european ,commis.n mie really ! k9d ( 8databases0 t we ne$ a legal monopoly to 5c|rage & t we want to tie up judicial res|rces protect+4 ,! po9t t _m m s* factual res|rces c 2 f.d onl9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates )|t any legaliz$ database protec;n al seems wor?y ( note4 ,at ! v lea/1 ! evid;e 9dicates t ! "r is drawn m* too broadly & trigg]$ too easily 9 ways t produce litiga;n b ll social b5efit4 ,n[1 9 "o s5se1 ~! lawsuits ov] trivial collec;ns ( hyp]l9ks & headl9es mie h&+ | "rs unnecess>ily'\x2014'- #gfh did we really ne$ a legal monopoly1 & c|rt 9volve;t1 to get "s"o to compile hyp]l9ks on a ,web page8 ,b x is h>d to see social h>m4 ,z )! pat5ts ov] 8seal$ cru/.s0 peanut butt] s&wi*es or 8me?ods ( sw++ on a sw+10 we may %ake |r heads at ! /upid;y (! sy/em1 b if ! problems 3si/ only ( trivial crea;ns1 at lea/ we >e n likely to grieve 2c "s vital piece ( 9=ma;n 0 lock$ up4 ,b we %d n 2 s qk to dcl s* examples irrelevant4 ,!y t5d to %[ t ! sy/em = draw+ ! b.d>ies (! "r is brok5'\x2014'& t is ( g5]al 3c]n1 ev5 if ! issue at h& is n4 ,f9ally1 is ! database "r 5c|rag+ sci5tific 9nova;n or hurt+ x8 ,"h ! evid;e is m]ely sugge/ive4 ,sci5ti/s h claim$ t ! ,euro pean database "r1 tgr )! p]v]se failure ( #gfi ,european gov]n;ts to take advantage (! limit$ sci5tific rese>* excep;ns all[$ by ! directive1 h made x m* h>d] to aggregate data1 to replicate /udies1 & to judge publi%$ >ticles4 ,9 fact1 academic sci5tific bodies h be5 am;g ! /r;ge/ critics ( database protec;n4 ,b negative evid;e1 by xs nature1 is h>d to produce2 8%[ me ! sci;e t did n get d"o60 ,c]ta9ly1 bo? ,u4,s4 sci;e & comm]ce h b5efit$ extraord9>ily f ! op5;s ( ,u4,s4 data policy4 ,i w deal ) ? issue 9 ! next "p ( ? *apt]4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n give 9tellectual prop]ty protec;n to raw data1 to facts1 h[ is x t ! database 9du/ry has manag$ to ?rive "h & to d bett] ?an 9 ,europe1 : has extremely /r;g protec;n8 ,! economi/s describ$ 9 ,*apt] #a #ggj wd surely tell u t ? is a pot5tial 8public gds0 problem4 ,if x is h>d to exclude o!rs f ! res|rce'\x2014'x is *eap & easy to copy'\x2014'& if ! use (! res|rce is n 8rival0'\x2014'if ,i don't use up yr facts by 3sult+ !m'\x2014'!n we "| to see ! k9d ( dy/opia economi/s predict4 ,:at wd t 3si/ (8 ,f/ x mie lots ( comm]cial database provid]s & _m diff]5t k9ds ( databases4 ,h[ c ? be8 ,is ! economic model wr;g8 ,! answ] to t is no1 ! model is n wr;g4 ,x is1 h["e1 9complete & all too (t5 appli$ 9 sweep+ ways )|t ac"kl$g+ t xs basic assump;ns may n hold 9 a "picul> case4 ,t s.ds vague4 ,let me give a 3crete example4 ,we/law is "o (! two lead+ legal database provid]s &1 z ,i m5;n$ 2f1 "o (! key propon5ts ( creat+ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs ov] unorig9al databases4 "<,"! is 3sid]able "q :e!r s* a law wd 2 3/itu;nal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ,i w #ggb pass ov] t >gu;t =! mo;t4"> ,we/law's 8problem0 is t m* (! mat]ial t x provides to xs subscrib]s is n cov]$ by copy"r4 ,"u ,sec;n #aje (! ,u4,s4 ,copy"r ,act1 "ws (! f$]al gov]n;t _c 2 copy"r$4 ,!y pass immly 9to ! public doma94 ,?us all ! f$]al c|rt deci.ns1 f 4trict c|rts all ! way up to ! ,supreme ,c|rt1 all ! f$]al /atutes1 ! 9f9ite complex;y (! ,f$]al ,regi/] 1 all ? is free f copy"r4 ,? miy t [ns ,we/law1 publi%es ! /&>d case report] s]ies4 ,:5 lawy]s or judges ref] to a "picul> op9ion1 or quote a passage )9 an #ggc op9ion1 !y w alm alw use ! page numb] (! ,we/ $i;n4 ,af all1 if no "o else c f9d ! cases or /atutes or p>agraphs ( an op9ion t y >e ref]r+ to1 legal >gu;t is all b impossible4 "<,? mi ,z electronic v].ns ( legal mat]ials 2came m preval5t1 ,we/ 2gan gett+ m competi;n4 ,xs competitors did two ?+s t ,we/ f.d un=givable4 ,f/1 !y frequ5tly copi$ ! text (! cases f ,we/'s electronic s]vices1 or ;,,cd.-,,roms1 r ?an retyp+ !m !mvs4 ,s9ce ! cases 7 "ws (! f$]al gov]n;t1 ? 0 p]fectly legal provid$ ! competitors did n 9clude ,we/'s [n mat]ial1 s* z summ>ies (! cases writt5 by xs employees or xs key numb] sy/em = f9d+ relat$ issues4 ,second1 ! competitors wd 9clude1 )9 _! electronic $i;ns1 ! #ggd page numb]s to ,we/'s $i;ns4 ,s9ce lawy]s ne$ to cite ! precise ~ws or >gu;ts !y >e ref]r+ to1 provid+ ! raw op9ion al"o wd h be5 all b use.s4 ,2c ,we/'s page numb]s 7 "o (! /&>d ways to cite case op9ions1 competitors wd 9dicate ": ! page breaks on ! pr9t$ page wd h be51 j z ,we/ did 9 xs [n databases4 ,we/'s reac;n to all ( ? 0 exactly l ,apple's reac;n 9 ! /ory ,i told 9 ,*apt] #e ab ! i,pod or l ,rural's reac;n to ! copy+ ( xs ph"o directory4 ,? 0 !ft6 ,!y 7 freeload+ on ,we/'s h>d "w6 ,we/ _h mix$ xs sweat ) ~! cites1 & s %d 2 able to exclude o!r p f !m6 ,s9ce x cd n claim copy"r ov] ! cases1 ,we/ claim$ copy"r ov] ! ord] 9 : !y 7 >rang$1 say+ t :5 xs competitors provid$ xs page numb]s = cita;n purposes1 !y 7 #gge 9fr++ t copy"r4 ,9 ! 5d1 ,we/ lo/ xs legal battles to claim copy"r ov] ! >range;t (! collec;ns ( cases &! sequ;e 9 : !y 7 pres5t$4 ,! ,c|rt held t1 z )! ph"o directory1 ! ord] 9 : ! cases 7 >rang$ lack$ ! m9imum orig9al;y requir$ to su/a9 a copy"r claim4 ,at ? /age1 ac to ! /&>d public gds /ory1 ,we/'s busi;s %d h collaps$4 ,unable to exclude competitors f m* (! raw mat]ial ( xs databases1 ,we/ wd 2 "ucut by competitors4 ,m importantly1 f ! po9t ( view ( 9tellectual prop]ty policy1 xs fate wd det] pot5tial 9ve/ors 9 o!r databases'\x2014'databases t we wd lose )|t ev5 "k+ !y cd h be5 possible4 ,except t is n ! way x turn$ |4 ,we/ has 3t9u$ to ?rive4 ,9de$1 xs pr(its h be5 q rem>kable4 ,h[ c ? be8 #ggf ,! ,we/ /ory %[s u ?ree ways 9 : we c leap too qkly f ! ab/ract claim t "s 9=ma;n gds >e public gds'\x2014' nonexcludable & nonrival'\x2014'to ! claim t ? "picul> 9=ma;n gd has ~? attributes4 ,! real;y is m* m complex4 ,type www .westlaw.com 9to yr ,9t]net br[s]4 ,t w take y to ! home page ( ,we/'s excell5t legal rese>* s]vice4 ,n[1 ,i h a pass~w to t site4 ,y probably d n4 ,)|t a pass~w1 y _c get access to ,we/'s site at all4 ,to ! av]age 3sum]1 ! pass~w acts z a physical or te*nical b>ri]1 mak+ ! gd 8excludable0'\x2014't is1 mak+ x possible to exclude "s"o f x )|t 9vok+ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 ,b :at ab competitors8 ,!y cd buy access & use t access to d[nload va/ quantities (! mat]ial t is #ggg unprotect$ by copy"r4 ,or cd !y8 ,ag1 ,we/ c ]ect a v>iety ( b>ri]s1 rang+ f te*nical limits on h[ m* c 2 d[nload$ to 3tractual re/ric;ns on :at ~? :o pur*ase xs s]vice c d "<8,no copy+ e f$]al case10 = example">4 ,let's say ! competitor "sh[ manages to get >.d all ?4 ,let's say x "sh[ avoids copy+ ! mat]ial t ,we/ does h a copy"r ov]'\x2014's* z ! headnotes & case synopses4 ,! competitor laun*es _! compet+ site at l[] prices amid/ m* fanf>e4 ,d ,i immly & fai?.sly des]t ,we/ =a l[].-pric$ competitor8 ,n at all4 ,f/ ( all1 "! >e lots ( use;l ?+s 9 ! ,we/ database t >e cov]$ by copy"r'\x2014'law review >ticles & c]ta9 treatises1 = example4 ,! competitor frequ5tly _c copy ~? #ggh )|t com+ to ! same sort ( agree;ts t ,we/ has )! copy"r hold]s4 ,= m* legal rese>*1 t second>y mat]ial is z important z ! cases4 ,if ,we/ has bo?1 &! competitor only "o1 ,i w /ick ) ,we/4 ,second1 ,we/'s s]vice is v well design$4 "<,x is only _! copy"r policies ,i 4like1 n ! product4"> ,if a judge cites a law review >ticle 9 a case1 ,we/ w help;lly provide a hyp]l9k to ! precise sec;n (! >ticle %e is ref]r+ to4 ,i c click on x & 9 a second see :at ! sub/.e (! >gu;t is4 ,! r"ese is true if a law review >ticle cites a /atute or a case4 ,cases h 8flags0 on !m 9dicat+ :e!r !y h be5 ov]rul$ or cit$ approv+ly 9 subsequ5t deci.ns4 ,9 o!r ~ws1 fac$ )! competitive pressure ( ~? :o wd commoditize _! s]vice #ggi & provide x at l[] co/1 ,we/ has d"o :at any sm>t company wd3 add$ features & compet$ by (f]+ a sup]ior s]vice4 ,(t5 x has d"o s by 8ty+0 xs uncopy"rable data /ructures to xs huge libr>y ( copy"r$ legal mat]ial4 ,! company t *all5g$ ,we/law 9 c|rt 0 call$ ,hyp]law4 ,x won triumphantly4 ,! c|rts dcld t f$]al cases &! page numb]s 9 ! ,we/ volumes 7 9 ! public doma94 ,t deci.n came 9 #aiih & ,we/law has lobbi$ h>d s9ce !n to r"ese x by /atute1 to create "s v].n (! ,database ,directive 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to date1 !y h fail$4 ,! victor1 ,hyp]law1 has s9ce g"o | ( busi;s4 ,we/law has n4 ,? ll /ory 3ta9s a l>g] tru?4 ,x is true t 9nova;n & 9=ma;n gds w1 9 g5]al1 t5d to 2 less excludable & less rival ?an a ham #ghj s&wi*1 say4 ,b1 9 practice1 "s ( !m w 2 l9k$ or 3nect$ 9 _! social sett+ to o!r ph5om5a t >e hie c easily 2 copi$'\x2014'b access to ! help l9es c 2 re/rict$ ) ease4 ,audi;es _c easily 2 exclud$ f view+ televi.n broadca/s1 b adv]tis]s c easily 2 exclud$ f plac+ _! adv]tise;ts 9 ~? programs4 ,! noncopy"rable c|rt deci.ns >e ( mo/ use :5 emb$d$ )9 a te*nical sy/em t gives easy access to o!r mat]ial'\x2014'"s ( x copy"r$ & all ( x protect$ by te*nical measures & 3tractual re/ric;ns4 ,! music file c 2 d[nload$2 ! b&'s ;,t.-%irt or ! exp]i;e (! live 3c]t _c4 ,does ? mean t we n"e ne$ an 9tellectual prop]ty "r8 ,n at all4 ,b x does 9dicate t we ne$ to 2 c>e;l :5 "s"o claims t 8)|t a #gha new 9tellectual prop]ty "r ,i am doom$40 ,"o f9al /ory may drive home ! po9t4 ,:5 !y read ,fei/ v4 ,rural 1 law /ud5ts (t5 assume t ! only reason ,fei/ (f]$ to lic5se ! :ite pages li/+s f ,rural is 2c !y " ?"| !y 7 copy"r$4 ,? is unlikely4 ,mo/ gd copy"r lawy]s wd h told y at ! "t (! ,fei/ case t ! 8sweat (! br[0 deci.ns t gave copy"r protec;n bas$ on h>d "w 7 n gd law4 ,mo/ c|rts ( appeals _h sd s4 ,true1 "! 0 "s legal unc]ta9ty1 & t is (t5 wor? pay+ to avoid4 ,b swit* ! "q >.d & suppose x is ! "d af ! ,supreme ,c|rt decides ! ,fei/ case1 & ,fei/ is head+ (f 9to ano!r #ghb m>ket to try to make a new regional ph"o directory4 ,d !y n[ j take ! numb]s )|t pay+ = !m1 or d !y / try to negotiate a lic5se8 ,! latt] is ov]:elm+ly likely4 ,:y8 ,well1 = "o ?+1 !y wd get a comput].-readable v].n (! "ns & wd n h to retype or optically scan !m4 ,m importantly1 ! 3tract cd 9clude a "r to imm updates & new li/+s4 ,! "d af ! ,fei/ deci.n1 ! only ?+ t _h *ang$ 9 ! teleph"o directory m>ket 0 t teleph"o companies knew = sure1 r ?an m]ely z a probabil;y1 t if !y refus$ to lic5se1 _! competitors cd labori|sly copy _! old li/+s )|t p5alty4 ,! nucle> op;n 0 no l;g] available4 ,maybe ! price dem&$ wd 2 a ll l[]4 ,b "! wd / 2 lots ( gd reasons = ,fei/ to buy ! 9=ma;n1 ev5 ?|< x 0 #ghc uncopy"r$4 ,y d n alw ne$ an 9tellectual prop]ty "r to make a deal4 ,( c|rse1 t is n ! :ole /ory4 ,p]h ! 9c5tives provid$ by o!r me?ods >e 9suffici5t4 ,b 9 ! ,u4,s4 database 9du/ry !y d n seem to h be54 ,q ! 3tr>y4 ,! /udies we h on ! ,european &! ,am]ican rules on database "rs 9dicate t ! ,am]ican approa* simply "ws bett]4 ,i 0 n alw oppos$ to 9tellectual prop]ty "rs ov] data4 ,9de$1 9 a book writt5 2f ! 5act;t (! ,database ,directive1 ,i sd t "! 0 a respectable economic >gu;t t s* protec;n mirant$ & t we ne$$ rese>* on ! issue4 ,un=tunately1 ,europe got ! "r )|t ! rese>*4 ,! facts >e n[ in4 ,if ! ,european ,database ,directive 7 a drug1 ! gov]n;t wd 2 pull+ x #ghd f ! m>ket until xs efficacy & h>m;l;s cd 2 reassess$4 ,at ! v lea/1 ! ,commis.n ne$$ a detail$ empirical review (! directive's effects1 & ne$s to adju/ ! directive's def9i;ns & f9e.-tune xs limita;ns4 ,b "! is a second lesson4 ,"! is m 4cus.n (! empirical economic effects (! ,database ,directive 9 ? *apt] ?an 9 ! six.-hundr$.-page review (! directive t ! ,european ,commis.n pd a private company to 3duct1 & : 0 ! f/ (ficial docu;t to 3sid] ! issue4 ,t seem$ to me & to _m o!r academics to 2 a sc&al & we sd s z l|dly z we cd1 po9t+ | ! empirical evid;e sugge/+ t ! directive 0 n "w+4 ,yet if x 0 a sc&al1 x 0 n a surpris+ "o1 2c ! evid;e.-free process is alt typical (! way we #ghe make 9tellectual prop]ty policy4 ,presid5t ,bu% is n ! only "o to make 8fai?.-bas$0 deci.ns4 ,"! was1 h["e1 a ray ( hope4 ,9 xs (ficial report on ! competitive effects (! ,database ,directive1 ! ,european ,commis.n rec5tly w5t 2y reli.e on anecdote & 9du/ry te/imony & did "s?+ amaz+ & admirable4 ,x 3duct$ an empirical evalua;n ( :e!r ! directive 0 actually do+ any gd4 ,! report h"o/ly describ$ ! directive z 8a ,commun;y crea;n ) no prec$5t 9 any 9t]na;nal 3v5;n40 ,us+ a me?odology simil> to ! "o 9 ? *apt] on ! subject1 ! ,commis.n f.d t 8! economic impact (! ,8sui g5]is,0 "r on database produc;n is unprov54 ,9troduc$ to /imulate ! produc;n ( databases 9 ,europe1 ! new 9/ru;t has _h no #ghf prov5 impact on ! produc;n ( databases40 ,9 fact1 _! /udy %[$ t ! produc;n ( databases _h fall5 to pre.-directive levels & t ! ,u4,s4 database 9du/ry1 : has no s* 9tellectual prop]ty "r1 0 gr[+ fa/] ?an ! ,european ,union's4 ,! gap appe>s to 2 wid5+4 ,? is 3si/5t )! data ,i _h po9t$ | 9 newspap] >ticles on ! subject1 b ! ,commis.n's /udy 0 m rec5t &1 if any?+1 m damn+4 ,commis.n 9sid]s h9t$ t ! /udy may 2 "p (a l>g]'\x2014'& welcome'\x2014'trans=ma;n 9 : a m pr(es.nal & empirical look is 2+ tak5 at ! competitive effects ( 9tellectual prop]ty protec;n4 ,cd we 2 mov+ away f fai?.-bas$ policy 9 : ! assump;n is t ! m new "rs we create1 ! bett] (f we w be8 ,p]h4 ,b un=tunately1 #ghg :ile ! report 0 a dramatic improve;t1 traces (! ,commis.n's old] predilec;n = fai?.-bas$ policy & voodoo economics / rema94 ,! ,commis.n c|pl$ xs empirical /udy ( :e!r ! directive _h actually /imulat$ ! produc;n ( new databases ) ano!r 9trigu+ k9d ( empiricism4 ,x s5t | a "qnaire to ! ,european database 9du/ry ask+ if !y lik$ _! 9tellectual prop]ty "r'\x2014'a proc$ure ) all ! rigor ( sett+ f>m policy by ask+ ,fr5* f>m]s h[ !y feel ab agricultural subsidies4 ,m biz>rely /1 ! report "s"ts juxtapos$ ! two /udies z if !y 7 ( equival5t wor?4 ,p]h ? me?od ( deci.n mak+ cd 2 exp&$ to o!r >eas4 ,we cd set communica;ns policy by 3duct+ psy*oanalytic 9t]views ) /ate teleph"o companies'\x2014'let curr5t 9cumb5ts,0 op9ions #ghh det]m9e :at is gd =! m>ket z a :ole4 8,:at is yr emo;nal rela;n%ip ) yr monopoly80 8,i really l x60 8,d y ?9k x hurts competi;n80 8,n at all60 ,"! >e al a few places ": ! reason+ 9 ! report left "o scrat*+ "o's head4 ,"o goal (! database "r 0 to help close ! gap 2t ! size (! ,european & ,u4,s4 database m>kets4 ,ev5 2f ! directive1 mo/ ,european c.tries alr gave grt] protec;n ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates to compila;ns ( fact4 ,! directive rais$ ! level / hi<]4 ,! !ory 0 t ? wd help build ,european m>ket %>e4 ,( c|rse1 ! opposite is al possible4 ,sett+ 9tellectual prop]ty "rs too hi< c actually /unt 9nova;n4 ,9 practice1 z ! ,commis.n's report obs]ves1 8! ratio ( ,european _/ ,u4,s4 database produc;n1 : 0 ne>ly #ghi #a3#b 9 #aiif1 has 2come #a3#c 9 #bjjd40 ,europe _h />t$ ) hi<] protec;n &a small] m>ket4 ,!n x rais$ xs level ( protec;n & lo/ ev5 m gr.d4 ,yet ! report 0 oddly diffid5t ab ! possibil;y t ! ,u4,s4 sy/em actually "ws bett]4 ,9 xs 3clu.n1 ! report (f]$ a numb] ( possibilities1 9clud+ repeal+ ! directive1 am5d+ x to limit or remove ! 8sui g5]is0 "r :ile leav+ ! re/ (! directive 9 place1 & keep+ ! sy/em z x is4 ,! f/ op;ns >e easy to "u/&4 ,:o wd want to keep a sy/em :5 x is n 9creas+ database produc;n1 or ,european m>ket %>e1 &1 9de$1 mim;l8 ,:y leave ?+s z !y >e8 ,! report (f]s s"eal reasons4 ,f/1 database #gij companies want to keep ! directive4 "<,! report delicately notes t _! 85dorse;t 444 is "s:at at odds )! 3t9u$ success ( ,u4,s4 publi%+ & database produc;n t ?rives )|t 444 . protec;n10 b n"e!.s appe>s to 2 8a political real;y40"> ,second1 repeal+ ! directive wd reop5 ! debate on :at level ( protec;n is ne$$4 ,?ird1 *ange may 2 co/ly4 ,imag9e apply+ ~! >gu;ts to a drug trial4 ,! pati5ts 9 ! 3trol gr|p h d"o bett] ?an ~? giv5 ! drug & "! is evid;e t ! drug mim;l4 ,b ! drug companies l _! pr(its & want to keep ! drug on ! m>ket4 ,?|< 8"s:at at odds0 )! evid;e1 ? is a 8political real;y40 ,gett+ rid (! drug wd reop5 ! debate on ! se>* =a cure4 ,*ange is co/ly'\x2014'true4 ,b :at is ! purpose #gia (a review if ! /atus quo is alw to 2 pref]r$8 ,! f9al result8 ,fac$ ) :at ,commis.n /aff memb]s tell me 0 a tidal wave ( lobby+ f publi%]s1 ! ,commis.n quietly decid$ to leave ! directive un*ang$1 despite ! evid;e4 ,! result xf is n rem>kable4 ,9du/ry capture (a regulatory app>atus is h>dly a surprise4 ,:at is rem>kable is t ? is "o (! f/ "ts any 5t;y 5gag$ 9 mak+ 9tellectual prop]ty policy on ! 9t]na;nal level has ev5 look$ s]i|sly at ! empirical evid;e ( t policy's effects4 ,to 2 sure1 figures >e ?r[n >.d 9 he>+s4 ,! s(tw>e 9du/ry w pres5t /udies %[+1 = example1 t x has lo/ billions ( doll>s 2c ( illicit copy+4 ,x has 9de$ lo/ pr(its relative to :at x cd get ) all ! b5efits ( *eap] copy+ & #gib transmis.n _wwide &) p]fect copy"r 5=ce;t z well 4 "<,?|< ! me?odology ( "s (! /udies1 : assumes t ea* copi] wd h pd full price'\x2014'is ridicul|s4"> ,b ? simply begs ! "q4 ,a new te*nology is 9troduc$ t 9creases ! size ( yr m>ket & decreases yr co/s dramatically1 b al 9creases illicit copy+4 ,is ? cause = /ate 9t]v5;n to 9crease yr level ( "rs or ! funds go+ t[>d 5=ce;t ( copy"r law1 z oppos$ to any o!r law 5=ce;t prior;y8 ,! "q = empirical analysis1 bo? 2f & af a policy *ange1 %d 2 8,is ? *ange nec 9 ord] to ma9ta9 9c5tives = produc;n & 4tribu;n8 ,w :at"e b5efits x br+s |twei< ! co/s ( /atic & dynamic losses'\x2014' price 9creases to 3sum]s & imp$i;ts to future 9novators80 ,! 3t5t #gic companies min f ,europe ab 9=ma;n policy4 ,! 9effectively scatt]$ ,u4,s4 approa* to data privacy1 = example1 produces r&om isl&s ( privacy protec;n 9 a sea ( pot5tial vuln]abil;y4 ,until rec5tly1 yr video r5tal records 7 bett] protect$ ?an yr m$ical records4 ,europe1 by 3tra/1 has tri$ to e/abli% a holi/ic #gid frame"w1 a m* m effective approa*4 ,b "! >e places ": ! lessons %d fl[ ! o!r way4 ,! f/ "o1 ,i h sugge/$1 is database protec;n4 ,! second is a relat$ b sep>ate issue3 ! legal treat;t ( publicly g5]at$ data1 ! huge1 & hugely important1 fl[ ( 9=ma;n produc$ by gov]n;t.-fund$ activities'\x2014'f ordn.e survey maps & wea!r data to /ate.-produc$ texts1 traffic /udies1 & sci5tific 9=ma;n4 ,h[ is ? fl[ ( 9=ma;n 4tribut$8 ,! norm turns | to 2 v diff]5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,europe4 ,9 "o "p (! _w1 /ate.-produc$ data fl[s >e frequ5tly view$ z rev5ue s|rces4 ,!y >e (t5 copy"r$ or protect$ by database "rs4 ,_m (! de"p;ts : produce !m attempt to make a pr(it or at lea/ to recov] _! 5tire op]at+ co/s "? us] #gie fees4 ,x is h]esy to sugge/ t ! taxpay] has alr pd =! produc;n ( ? data & %d n h to d s twice4 ,! o!r "p (! _w practices a 2nign =m ( 9=ma;n socialism4 ,by law1 any text produc$ by ! c5tral gov]n;t is free f copy"r & passes immly 9to ! public doma94 ,! basic norm is t public data fl[s %d 2 available at ! co/ ( reproduc;n al"o4 ,x is easy to guess : >ea is :4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is surely ! pr(it& prop]ty.-obsess$ realm1 ,europe ! place ": ! /ate takes pride 9 provid+ data z a public s]vice8 ,no1 actually1 x is ! o!r way >.d4 ,take wea!r data4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates makes complete wea!r data available to all at ! co/ ( reproduc;n4 ,if ! sup]b gov]n;t ,web sites & data fe$s >e #gif 9suffici5t1 =! co/ (a box ( blank ,,dvds y c h ! 5tire hi/ory ( wea!r records acr ! 3t95tal ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,european c.tries1 by 3tra/1 typically claim gov]n;t copy"r ov] wea!r data & (t5 require ! pay;t ( sub/antial fees4 ,: approa* is bett]8 ,i h be5 /udy+ ! issue = fifte5 ye>s1 & if ,i _h to sugge/ a s+le >ticle x wd 2 ! magi/]ial /udy by ,pet] ,weiss call$ 8,bord]s 9 ,cyb]space10 publi%$ by ! ,na;nal ,academies ( ,sci;e4 ,weiss %[s t ! ,u4,s4 approa* g5]ates f> m social weal?4 ,true1 ! 9=ma;n is 9itially provid$ = free1 b a ?riv+ private wea!r 9du/ry has sprung up : takes ! publicly fund$ data z xs raw mat]ial & !n adds value to x4 ,! ,u4,s4 wea!r risk manage;t 9du/ry1 = example1 is m ?an t5 #gig "ts bigg] ?an ! ,european "o1 employ+ m p1 produc+ m valuable products1 g5]at+ m social weal?4 ,ano!r /udy e/imates t ,europe 9ve/s #i4e billion ,euros 9 wea!r data & gets approximately #fh billion back 9 economic value'\x2014'9 "ey?+ f m effici5t f>m+ & 3/ruc;n deci.ns to bett] holi"d plann+'\x2014'a sev5fold multipli]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by 3tra/1 9ve/s twice z m*'\x2014'#ai billion'\x2014'b gets back a return ( #gej billion ,euros1 a ?irty.-n9e.-fold multipli]4 ,o!r /udies sugge/ simil> patt]ns else":1 9 >eas rang+ f geospatial data to traffic patt]ns & agriculture4 ,! 8free0 9=ma;n fl[ is bett] at prim+ ! pump ( economic activ;y4 ,"s read]s may n ?rill to ? way ( look+ at ?+s #gih 2c x smacks ( private corpora;ns gett+ a 8free ride0 on ! public purse'\x2014' social weal? 2 damn$4 ,b ! b5efits ( op5 data policies g fur!r4 ,e ye> ! monsoon season kills hundr$s & causes massive prop]ty damage 9 ,s|?ea/ ,asia4 ,"o set ( monsoon ra9s al"o kill$ #ffj p 9 ,9dia & left #d4e million home.s4 ,rese>*]s seek+ to predict ! monsoon s"| complete wea!r records f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe s z to g5]ate a model bas$ on global wea!r patt]ns4 ,! ,u4,s4 data 0 easily & *eaply available at ! co/ ( reproduc;n4 ,! rese>*]s cd n af=d to pay ! price ask$ by ! ,european wea!r s]vices1 preclud+ ! 85semble0 analysis !y s"| to d4 ,weiss asks rhetorically1 8,:at is ! economic & social h>m to ov] #a billion p f #gii hamp]$ rese>*80 ,9 ! wake (! |tp|r+ ( sympa?y = tsunami victims 9 ! same region1 ? example seems "sh[ ev5 m tragic4 ,w ! patt]n 2 repeat$ ) seismographic1 c>tographic1 & satellite data8 ,"o hopes n4 ,! ,european attitude may 2 *ang+4 ,competi;n policy has alr be5 a p[];l =ce 9 pu%+ c.tries to re?9k _! attitudes to gov]n;t data4 ,! ,european ,directive on ! ,reuse ( ,public ,sector ,9=ma;n takes l>ge /rides 9 ! "r direc;n1 z d /udies by ! ,organiza;n = ,economic ,co.-op]a;n & ,develop;t "<,,oecd"> & s"eal na;nal 9itiatives4 ,un=tunately1 ?|<1 mo/ ( ~! foll[ ! same patt]n4 ,an 9itially /r;g draft is wat]$ d[n &! utt]ly crucial "q ( :e!r data %d 2 provid$ at ! m>g9al co/ ( #hjj reproduc;n is fudg$ or avoid$4 ,? is a %ame4 ,ag1 if we really 2liev$ 9 evid;e.-bas$ policy mak+1 ! debate wd 2 v diff]5t4 ,break+ ! ,deal ,:at wd ! debate look l if we took "s (! /eps ,i m5;n "h8 ,un=tunately "! >e v few examples ( evid;e.-bas$ policy mak+1 b ! few t d exi/ >e /rik+4 ,9 #bjjf1 ! gov]n;t.-3v5$ ,g[]s ,review ( 9tellectual prop]ty policy 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 3sid]$ a numb] ( proposals on *anges to copy"r law1 9clud+ a retrospective ext5.n ( s.d record+ copy"r t]ms4 ,! copy"r t]m = s.d record+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is fifty ye>s4 "<,x is l;g] = composi;ns4"> ,at ! 5d (! fifty.-ye> p]iod1 ! #hja record+ 5t]s ! public doma94 ,if ! composi;n is al 9 ! public doma9'\x2014'! grt or*e/ral "ws ( ,bee?ov51 ,brahms1 & ,moz>t1 = example1 or ! jazz classics (! e>ly tw5tie? c5tury'\x2014'!n any"o c copy ! record+4 ,? means we cd make x freely available 9 an onl9e repository = music /ud5ts "?|t ,brita9'\x2014'p]h prep>+ ! next g5]a;n ( p]=m]s'\x2014'or republi% x 9 a digitally cleans$ & 5h.ed $i;n4 ,if ! composi;n is / "u copy"r1 z ) m* popul> music1 !n ! compos] is / 5titl$ to a lic5s+ fee1 b n[ any music publi%] :o pays t fee c reissue ! "w'\x2014'9troduc+ competi;n &1 presumably1 br++ d[n prices (! record+4 ,! record+ 9du/ry1 al;g ) success;l >ti/s s* z ,sir ,cliff ,ri*>d & ,ian #hjb ,&]son ( ,je?ro ,tull1 wi%$ to ext5d ! fifty.-ye> t]m to n9ety.-five ye>s1 or p]h ev5 l;g]'\x2014'! life (! p]=m]1 plus sev5ty ye>s4 ,? proposal 0 n j = new record+s1 b =! "os t h alr be5 made4 ,?9k (! copy"r sy/em z (f]+ a deal to >ti/s & record companies4 8,we w 5li/ ! =ce (! /ate to give y fifty ye>s ( monopoly ov] yr record+s4 ,dur+ t "t1 y w h ! exclusive "r to 4tribute & reproduce yr record+4 ,af t "t1 x is available to all1 j z y b5efit$ f ! availabil;y ( public doma9 "ws f yr predecessors4 ,w y make records "u ~! t]ms80 ,obvi|sly1 fifty ye>s ( legaliz$ exclusiv;y 0 5 ( an 9c5tive to get !m to make ! music 9 ! f/ place4 ,we h ! unimpea*able evid;e t !y actually did4 ,n[ !y want to *ange ! t]ms (! deal #hjc retrospectively4 ,!y say ? w 8h>monize0 ! law 9t]na;nally1 give record+s ! same treat;t z composi;ns1 help /ruggl+ musicians1 & give ! record+ 9du/ry "s extra m"oy t x miehold] divid5ds1 & pla/ic ducks4 ,if y give me ano!r =ty.-five ye>s ( monopoly r5t1 ,i c sp5d x z ,i wi%4"> ,*ange ! 3text & ?9k ab h[ y wd react to ? if ! deal 0 pres5t$ to y p]sonally4 ,y hir$ an >ti/ to pa9t a portrait4 ,y (f]$ `s#ejj4 ,he agre$4 ,y _h a deal4 ,he pa9t$ ! pa9t+4 ,y lik$ x4 ,y gave hm ! m"oy4 ,a few ye>s lat] he return$4 8,y [e me ano!r `s#dej10 he sd4 ,y bo? look$ at ! 3tract4 8,b y agre$ to pa9t x = `s#ejj & ,i pd y t am.t40 ,he admitt$ ? 0 true1 b po9t$ | t pa9t]s 9 #hjd o!r c.tries "s"ts rcvd hi<] am.ts1 z did sculptors 9 |r [n c.try4 ,9 fact1 he told y1 all pa9t]s 9 |r c.try plann$ to dem& ano!r `s#dej = ea* picture !y _h alr pa9t$ z well z = future pictures4 ,? wd 8h>monize0 |r prices ) o!r c.tries1 put pa9t+ on ! same foot+ z sculpture1 & 5able pa9t]s to hire m appr5tices4 ,8 o!r >gu;t 0 t pa9t]s (t5 lo/ m"oy4 ,only *ang+ ! t]ms ( _! deals l;g af !y 7 /ruck cd keep !m 9 busi;s4 ,pay+ ! m"oy 0 yr duty4 ,if y did n pay1 x meant t y did n respect >t & private prop]ty4 ,y wd f9d ~! >gu;ts absurd4 ,yet !y >e ! same "os ! record 9du/ry us$1 rely+ heavily on ! 3fu.ns ag/ : ? book has w>n$4 ,is ! record companies,0 idea z |trage|s z ! dem&s ( my imag9>y pa9t]8 ,x is #hje actually worse4 ,! major;y ( s.d record+s made m ?an =ty ye>s ago >e comm]cially unavailable4 ,af fifty ye>s1 only a t9y p]c5tage >e / 2+ sold4 ,x is extremely h>d to f9d ! copy"r hold]s (! rema9d]4 ,!y mi+4 ,ev5 if ! compos] c 2 f.d1 or pd "? a collec;n society1 )|t ! 3s5t (! hold] (! copy"r ov] ! musical record+1 ! "w m/ /ay 9 ! libr>y4 ,~! >e 8orphan "ws0'\x2014'a category t probably comprises ! major;y ( tw5tie?.-c5tury cultural >tifacts4 ,yet z ,i po9t$ | e>li]1 )|t ! copy"r hold]'s p]mis.n1 x is illegal to copy or r$i/ribute or p]=m ~! "ws1 ev5 if x is d"o on a nonpr(it basis4 ,! goal ( copy"r is to 5c|rage ! produc;n (1 & public #hjf access to1 cultural "ws4 ,x has d"o xs job 9 5c|rag+ produc;n4 ,n[ x op]ates z a f;e to 4c|rage access4 ,z ! ye>s g by1 we 3t9ue to lock up #ajj p]c5t ( |r record$ culture f a "picul> ye> 9 ord] to b5efit an "e.-dw9dl+ p]c5tage'\x2014'! lott]y w9n]s'\x2014'9 a grotesquely 9effici5t cultural policy4 ,f9ally1 fifty ye>s af !y 7 made1 s.d record+s 5t] ! public doma9 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom "li]1 lic5s+ fees wd / 2 due to ! compos] if ! "w xf 0 / "u copy"r">4 ,n[ any"o'\x2014'9dividual1 company1 speciali/ 9 public doma9 mat]ial'\x2014' cd (f] ! "w to ! public4 ,b n if ! record companies c p]suade ! gov]n;t o!rwise4 ,l my imag9>y pa9t]1 !y want to *ange ! t]ms (! deal retrospectively4 ,b at lea/ ! pa9t]'s proposal wd #hjg n make ! va/ major;y ( pa9t+s unavailable j to b5efit a t9y m9or;y ( curr5t >ti/s4 ,! record+ 9du/ry's proposal = retrospective ext5.n 0 effectively a tax on ! ,briti% music.-buy+ public to b5efit ! copy"r hold]s (a t9y propor;n ( s.d record+s4 ,! public loses ?ree "ts4 ,x loses f/ :5 x is =c$ to 3t9ue to pay monopoly prices = old]1 comm]cially available music1 r ?an gett+ ! b5efit (! b>ga9 ,briti% legislators orig9ally (f]$3 fifty ye>s ( exclusiv;y1 !n ! public doma94 ,! public loses a second "t :51 z a side effect1 x is d5i$ access to comm]cially unavailable music2 no libr>y or ni*e publi%] c make ! =gott5 record+s available ag4 ,f9ally1 ! public loses a ?ird "t 2c all[+ #hjh retrospective ext5.ns w 4tort ! political process 9 ! future1 lead+ to an alm 9evitable legislative capture by ! t9y m9or;y :o f9d t _! "w / has comm]cial value at ! 5d (! copy"r t]m !y 7 orig9ally grant$4 ,z ,l>ry ,lessig has po9t$ | repeat$ly1 ! "t to h ! debate ab ! l5g? (! copy"r t]m is 2f we "k ~: "ws w survive comm]cially4 ,! :ole idea is v silly4 ,b if ? is ! silly idea we wi% to pursue1 !n simply 9crease ! 9come tax propor;nately & 4tribute ! b5efits to ~? record companies & musicians ~: music is / comm]cially available af fifty ye>s4 ,require !m to put ! m"oy 9to develop+ new >ti/s'\x2014'"s?+ ! curr5t proposal does n d4 ,let all ! o!r record+s pass 9to ! public doma94 #hji ,( c|rse1 no gov]n;t wd 3sid] s* an idea =a mo;t4 ,tax ! public to give a monopoly w9dfall to ~? :o alr hit ! jackpot1 2c !y claim _! 9du/ry _c survive )|t retrospectively *ang+ ! t]ms ( xs deals8 ,x is 9de$ lau bett] proposal ?an ! "o t 0 pres5t$ to ! ,g[]s ,review4 ,:at happ5$ next 0 9/ructive4 ,! ,review commis.n$ an economic /udy (! effects ( copy"r t]m ext5.n'\x2014'bo? prospective & retrospective'\x2014'on record$ music f ! ,univ]s;y ( ,cambridge's ,c5tre = ,9tellectual ,prop]ty & ,9=ma;n ,law4 ,! result+ docu;t 0 a model ( xs k9d4 ,) pa9/ak+ c>e &a real " attempt to make economic >gu;ts accessible to ord9>y human 2+s1 ! /udy laid | ! #haj co/s & b5efits ( ext5d+ ! copy"r t]m ov] s.d record+s4 ,x po9t$ | t ! "t to measure ! value (a prospective t]m ext5.n is at ! mo;t ! copy"r is grant$4 ,only !n does x produce xs 9c5tive effects4 ,! "q "o m/ ask is h[ m* value td does x give an >ti/ or record company to h _! copy"r ext5d$ by a ye> at ! 5d (! exi/+ p]iod ( protec;n4 ,!n "o m/ look to see :e!r ! b5efits (! add$ 9c5tive |twei< ! social co/s x imposes4 ,to put x ano!r way1 if ! /ate 7 sell+ td ! "rs to h protec;n f ye> fifty to ye> n9ety.-five1 h[ m* wd a ra;nal copy"r hold] pay1 "picul>ly "k+ t "! is only a small likelihood ! "w w ev5 2 comm]cially available to take advantage (! ext5.n8 ,wd t am.t 2 grt] ?an ! losses impos$ on society by ext5d+ ! "r8 #haa ,obvi|sly1 ! value (! ext5.n is affect$ by |r 84c.t rate0'\x2014' ! annual am.t by : we m/ 4c.t a p.d /]l+ 9 royalties ,i w n rcv = fifty.-"o ye>s 9 ord] to f9d xs value n[4 ,unsurpris+ly1 "o f9ds t ! value ( t p.d 9 ! future is t9y at ! mo;t :5 x matt]s'\x2014'td'\x2014'9 ! calcula;n ( an >ti/ or 4tributor mak+ ! deci.n :e!r to create4 ,3s]vative e/imates yield a pres5t value 2t #c p]c5t & #i p]c5t (! ev5tual am.t4 ,by t analysis1 a p.d 9 fifty ye>s is wor? 2t ?ree & n9e p;e to y td1 :ile o!r e/imates h ! value fall+ 2l "o p5ny4 ,? seems unlikely to spur m* creativ;y at ! m>g94 ,or to put x 9 ! m elegant language ( ,macaulay1 quot$ 9 ,*apt] #b3 ,i w take an example4 ,dr4 ,johnson di$ #hab fifty.-six ye>s ago4 ,if ! law 7 :at my hon|rable & le>n$ fr wi%es to make x1 "sbody wd n[ h ! monopoly ( ,dr4 ,johnson's "ws4 ,:o t "sbody wd 2 x is impossible to say2 b we may v5ture to guess4 ,i guess1 !n1 t x wd h be5 "s booksell]1 :o 0 ! assign ( ano!r booksell]1 :o 0 ! gr&son (a ?ird booksell]1 :o _h b"| ! copy"r f ,black ,frank1 ! ,doctor's s]vant & residu>y legatee1 9 #aghe or #aghf4 ,n[1 wd ! k t ? copy"r wd exi/ 9 #ahda h be5 a s|rce ( gratifica;n to ,johnson8 ,wd x h /imulat$ 8 ex];ns8 ,wd x h once drawn hm | ( 8 b$ 2f noon8 ,wd x h once *e]$ hm "u a fit (! sple58 ,wd x h 9duc$ hm to give u "o m allegory1 "o m life (a poet1 "o m imita;n ( ,juv5al8 ,i firmly 2lieve n4 ,i firmly 2lieve t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 he 0 writ+ |r #hac debates =! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 he wd v m* r h _h twop;e to buy a plate ( %9 ( beef at a cook's %op "ugr.d4 ,! >t =m is diff]5t1 b ! ?"| (a #aifjs ,cliff ,ri*>d or ,ian ,&]son 2+ 8*e]$ "u a fit (! sple50 by ! prospect (a copy"r ext5.n fifty ye>s h;e is truly a lovely "o4 ,3sid]+ all ~! factors1 z well z ! effects on 9ve/;t 9 ,briti% v]sus ,am]ican music & on ! bal.e ( trade1 ! ,cambridge /udy f.d t ! ext5.n wd co/ 3sum]s 2t #bdj & #dhj million p.ds1 f> m ?an ! b5efits to p]=m]s & record+ /udios4 "<,in practice1 ! report sugge/$1 )|t *anges 9 ! law1 mo/ (! b5efits wd n h g"o to ! orig9al record+ >ti/ 9 any case4"> ,x f.d prospective ext5.n l$ to a cle> social welf>e loss4 ,:at ( retrospective ext5.n8 #had ,! report 3sid]$1 & f.d want+1 >gu;ts t retrospective ext5.n is nec to 5c|rage 8m$ia migra;n0'\x2014'! digitiza;n ( exi/+ "ws1 = example4 ,9 fact1 mo/ /udies h f.d precisely ! r"ese'\x2014't public doma9 "ws >e m available & m frequ5tly adapt$ 9to diff]5t m$ia4 "<,look on amazon.com =a classic "w t is | ( copy"r'\x2014' ,moby.-,dick 1 = example'\x2014'& see h[ _m adapta;ns & =mats >e available4"> ,x al reject$ ! >gu;t t h>moniza;n al"o 0 5 to ju/ify ext5.n'\x2014'retrospective or prospective'\x2014'po9t+ | ! 3sid]able actual v>ia;n 9 bo? t]m & scope ( "rs af=d$ to p]=m]s 9 diff]5t c.tries4 ,f9ally1 x w>n$ (! 8hidd5 ,8rat*et+,0 #hae effect ( h>monisa;n : results f ! fact t h>monisa;n is alm 9v>iably upw>ds40 ,xs 3clu.n 0 simple3 .<;,r.>etrospective t]m ext5.ns r$uce social welf>e4 ,?us1 9 ? case1 x wd seem t basic !ory al"o is suffici5t to provide /r;g1 & unambigu|s1 guid.e = policy.-mak]s444 4 ,we "!=e see no reason to qu>rel )! 3s5sus (! pr(es.n on ? issue : z summ$ up by ,ak]l( et ;al444 4 . categorically t 444 8. ext5.n provides ess5tially no 9c5tive to create new "ws4 ,once a "w is creat$1 addi;nal comp5sa;n to ! produc] is simply a w9dfall40 ,! ,g[]s ,review agre$4 ,xs f|r? recomm5da;n read simply1 8,policy #haf mak]s %d adopt ! pr9ciple t ! t]m & scope ( protec;n = ,,ip "rs %d n 2 alt]$ retrospectively40 ,p]h m important1 ?|<1 0 ! simple p>agraph at ! front (! docu;t cap;n$ 8,! ,approa* (! ,review40 ,x 2g9s ?us3 8,! ,review takes an evid;e.-bas$ approa* to xs policy analysis & has supple;t$ 9t]nal analysis by commis.n+ ext]nal exp]ts to exam9e ! economic impact ( *anges444 4,7 ,:y specify t "o 0 tak+ an 8evid;e.-bas$0 approa*8 ,at f/1 ! com;t seems unnec4 ,:at o!r approa* wd "o take8 ,anecdotal8 ,a/rological8 ,b "! is a frame"w 9 : empirical evid;e (! effects ( policy simply seems irrelevant'\x2014'"o bas$ on natural "r4 ,:5 ! ,review 0 giv5 to ! ,h|se ( ,commons ,select ,committee on ,culture1 ,m$ia & #hag ,sport1 t frame ( m9d 0 m* 9 evid;e3 ,! ,g[]s ,review "utook an ext5sive analysis (! >gu;t = ext5d+ ! t]m4 ,on economic gr.ds1 ! ,review 3clud$ t "! 0 ll evid;e t ext5.n wd b5efit p]=m]s1 9crease ! numb] ( "ws creat$ or made available1 or provide 9c5tives = creativ;y2 & x not$ a pot5tially negative effect on ! bal.e ( trade444 4 ,g[]s's analysis 0 ?or|< & 9 economic t]ms may 2 correct4 ,x gives ! impres.n1 h["e1 ( hav+ be5 3duct$ 5tirely on economic gr.ds4 ,we /r;gly 2lieve t copy"r repres5ts a moral "r (a creator to *oose to reta9 [n]%ip & 3trol ( _! [n 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,we h n he>d a 3v9c+ reason :y a compos] & 8 or h] #hah heirs %d b5efit f a t]m ( copy"r : ext5ds = life"t & 2y1 b a p]=m] %d n444 4 ,giv5 ! /r5g? & import.e (! creative 9du/ries 9 ! ,u4,k41 x seems extraord9>y t ! protec;n ( 9tellectual prop]ty "rs %d 2 weak] "h ?an 9 _m o!r c.tries ~: creative 9du/ries >e less success;l4 ,a c|ple ( ?+s >e wor? not+ "h4 ,! f/ is t ! ,committee is q prep>$ to 2lieve t ! effects ( t]m ext5.n wd n b5efit p]=m]s or provide 9c5tives = creativ;y1 & ev5 to 2lieve t x wd hurt ! bal.e ( trade4 ,! second is ! curi|s >gu;t 9 ! la/ s5t;e4 ,o!r c.tries h /r;g] sy/ems ( "rs & >e less success;l4 ,we %d *ange |r regime to 2 m l !m6 ,obvi|sly ! idea t a c.try's creative 9du/ries mi5tly 3tradictory ideas is a s]i|s >gu;t t ne$s to 2 3front$4 ,%d we ignore evid;e'\x2014'ev5 3clusive evid;e'\x2014'( negative economic effects1 h>m to 3sum]s1 & 3sequ;es =! availabil;y ( culture 2c we >e deal+ ) an issue ( moral "r1 alm natural "r8 ,m/ we ext5d ! "rs (! >ti/s :o record$ ~? s;gs " 2c !y >e simply _!s z a matt] ( natural ju/ice8 ,d p]=m]s h a natural "r #hbj to record$ s;gs ei 2c !y h labor$ on !m1 mix+ _! sweat ) ea* track1 or 2c "s?+ ( _! p]sonal;y is ="e /amp$ 9to ! s;g8 ,m/ we grant an addi;nal =ty.-five ye>s ( comm]cial exclusiv;y1 n 2c ( economic 9c5tive1 b 2c ( natural "r8 ,mo/ ( u feel ! pull ( ? >gu;t4 ,i c]ta9ly d4 ,b z ,i po9t$ | 9 ,*apt] #b1 "! >e 3sid]able problems ) s* an idea4 ,f/1 x runs ag/ ! premises ( actual copy"r sy/ems4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 ! ,3/itu;n resolutely pres5ts ! opposite picture4 ,exclusive "rs >e to 5c|rage progress 9 sci;e &! use;l >ts4 ,! ,supreme ,c|rt has elaborat$ on ? po9t _m "ts1 reject+ bo? labor.-bas$ 8sweat (! br[0 !ories ( copy"r & m expansive vi.ns bas$ on a natural "r to ! #hba products ( "o's g5ius'\x2014':e!r 9v5;ns or novels4 ,brita91 too1 has a hi/ory ( look+ to copy"r z a utilit>ian s*eme'\x2014' ?|< ) m ref];e to1 & legal protec;n (1 "picul> 8moral "rs0 ?an "o f9ds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ev5 9 ! mo/ expansive 8moral "rs0 legal sy/ems1 ev5 9 ! e>ly "ds ( debate ab ! "rs ( au?ors af ! ,fr5* ,revolu;n1 x is accept$ t "! >e temporal limits on ~! "rs4 ,if ? is true ( au?ors1 x is ev5 m true ( p]=m]s1 :o >e n grant$ ! full suite ( au?or's "rs 9 moral "rs jurisdic;ns1 2+ exil$ to a =m ( protec;n call$ 8neie "t limits on ! l5g? (! "rs "<& frequ5tly diff]5t "os = diff]5t creators'\x2014'au?ors1 9v5tors1 p]=m]s1 & s #hbb on">4 ,once "o has accept$ t po9t1 ! "q ( h[ l;g !y %d 2 is1 surely1 a matt] = empirical & utilit>ian analysis4 ,"o _c cr$ibly say t natural "rs or ! deep deontological /ructure (! univ]se gives me a "r to tw5ty.-eis ( exclusiv;y4 ,! >gu;t m/ turn 9/ead to a "q ( 3sequ;es4 ,: limit is bett]8 ,once "o asks t "q1 ! ,g[]s ,review's economic assess;t is ov]:elm+1 z ! ,select ,committee xf recogniz$4 ,9 ! 5d1 ! gov]n;t agre$'\x2014'not+ t a ,european ,union /udy _h f.d precisely ! same ?+4 ,! s.d record+ "r %d n 2 ext5d$1 / less ext5d$ retrospectively4 ,! evid;e.-free z"o _h be5 p5etrat$4 ,b n = l;g4 ,z ? book w5t to press1 ! ,european ,commis.n ann|nc$ xs support = an ev5 #hbc l;g] ,europe.-wide ext5.n (! s.d record+ "r4 ,! 3tr>y >gu;ts & empirical evid;e 7 ignor$1 m9imiz$1 expla9$ away4 ,h[ c ? patt]n 2 brok58 ,9 ! next & f9al *apt]1 ,i try to answ] t "q4 ,i (f] a "pial explana;n =! cognitive & organiza;nal bl;ses t h br"| u to ? po9t4 ,i >gue t we h m* to le>n f ! hi/ory1 !ory1 & organiza;nal practices (! 5viron;tal move;t4 ,! 5viron;tal move;t tauk ,j4 ,davison1 ,! ,legal ,protec;n ( ,databases "<,cambridge3 ,cambridge ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjc">1 provides a f9e 9troduc;n to ! legal1 & legali/ic1 issues surr.d+ ! legal protec;n ( databases4 ,precisely 2c (! ne$ to focus on ~? issues1 & t audi;e1 ! 4cus.n is 9t]nal to ! 3ceptual categories (! v>i|s legal sy/ems he 4cusses1 r ?an focus+ on ! ext]nal "qs ,i 4cuss "h4 ,9sid]s w f9d ! 4cus.n 9disp5sable4 ,|tsid]s may f9d x h]metic4 ,= ~? read]s1 an >ticle by ,davison & ,hug5holtz may 2 m accessible4 ,x po9ts | ! ways 9 : ! ,european ,c|rt ( ,ju/ice has tri$ to re9 9 ! database "r4 ,m>k ,j4 ,davison & ,p4 ,b]nt ,hug5holtz1 #hbe 8,football ,fixtures1 ,horseraces & ,sp9(fs3 ,! ,,ecj ,dome/icates ! ,database ,"r10 ,european ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,review #bg1 no4 #c "<#bjje">3 #aac"-#aah4 ,:5 x comes to ! g5]al 9tellectual frame"w = ?9k+ ab database "rs1 ,j]ome ,rei*man & ,pamela ,samuelson provide ! g]m9al po9t ( view3 ,j4 ,h4 ,rei*man & ,pamela ,samuelson1 8,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,"rs 9 ,data80 ,v&]bilt ,law ,review #ej "<#aiig">3 #ea"-#aff4 ,frequ5t read]s ( ,rei*man w 2 unsurpris$ t 8take & pay0 liabil;y rules make an appe>.e z a possible solu;n4 ,yo*ai ,b5kl]'s >ticle1 8,3/itu;nal ,b.ds ( ,database ,protec;n3 ,! ,role ( ,judicial ,review 9 ! ,crea;n & ,def9i;n ( ,private ,"rs 9 #hbf ,9=ma;n10 ,b]keley ,te*nology ,law ,j|rnal #ae "<#bjjj">3 #ece"-#fjd1 9dicates ! free expres.n & self.-det]m9a;n problems pres5t$ by 9tellectual prop]ty "rs ov] facts4 ,by 3tra/1 ,j4 ,h4 ,rei*man & ,paul ,f4 ,uhlir1 8,database ,protec;n at ! ,crossroads3 ,rec5t ,develop;ts & ,_! ,impact on ,sci;e & ,te*nology10 ,b]keley ,te*nology ,law ,j|rnal #ad "<#aiii">3 #gic"-#hch1 po9t | _! negative effects on sci;e & te*nological develop;t4 ,9creas+ly1 sci;e w dep5d on ! recomb9a;n ( multiple databases to solve problems4 ,at f/1 ? w 2 d"o = huge & important projects4 ,b 9creas+ly1 x w 2 d"o to solve small] problems'\x2014'sci5ti/s w seek to mix & ma% a v>iety ( data s|rces 9to an 9t]op]able :ole 9 #hbg ord] to solve ! sci5tific problem du j|r4 ,un=tunately1 "! >e _m ob/acles to ? promis+ t5d5cy to h>;s digital te*nology to sci5tific rese>*4 ,"s ( !m >e te*nical1 "s social1 "s semantic1 "s legal4 ,"o (! legal problems is pos$ by ! expan.n ( database "rs3 ! t5d5cy to h 9tellectual prop]ty "rs p5etrate d[n to ! mo/ basic1 unorig9al1 or atomic level ( data'\x2014'a move t1 z ,i po9t | 9 ? *apt]1 is empirically %[n to 2 c.t]productive4 ,/eph5 ,m4 ,maur]1 ,p4 ,b]nt ,hug5holtz1 & ,h>lan ,j4 ,onsrud1 8,europe's ,database ,exp]i;t10 ,sci;e #bid "<#bjja">3 #ghi"-#ghj4 ,fur!r 9=ma;n on ! v>i|s b>ri]s to data aggrega;n c 2 glean$ f ! website ( ,sci;e ,commons an organiza;n ) : ,i am associat$4 ,evid;e.-bas$ #hbh ,policy ,! move t[>d evid;e.-bas$ policy has g>n]$ 3sid]able support 9 academia1 b1 z yet1 only a ll trac;n am;g policy mak]s4 ,read]s 9t]e/$ 9 explor+ ! issue fur!r c f9d a s]ies ( my ,f9ancial ,"ts >ticles on ! subject at te*=um4 ,james ,bess5 & ,mi*ael ,j4 ,meur]1 ,pat5t ,failure3 ,h[ ,judges1 ,bureaucrats1 & ,lawy]s ,put ,9novators at ,risk "<,pr9ceton1 ,n4,j43 ,pr9ceton ,univ]s;y ,press1 #bjjh">1 is a /]l+ example (! way 9 : we cd & %d 2 look+ at policy proposals4 ,t book's li/ ( ref];es provides a nice ov]view ( rec5t "w 9 ! field4 ,z ! title 9dicates1 ,bess5 & ,meur] d n grade |r curr5t sy/em hi1 (f]s an e>li]1 & simil>1 assess;t back$ by data r ?an fai?4 ,= u to h evid;ebas$ policy1 we ne$ actual evid;e4 ,"h ! "w ( empirici/s s* z my colleague ,wes ,coh5 has prov5 vital4 ,m* ( ? "w is comp>ative 9 nature'\x2014'rely+ on ! k9d ( 8natural exp]i;t0 ,i describe 9 ? *apt]4 ,a f9e example is provid$ by ,wesley ,m4 ,coh51 ,akira ,goto1 ,akiya ,nagata1 ,ri*>d ,r4 ,nelson1 & ,john ,p4 ,wal%1 8;,r`&;,d ,spillov]s1 ,pat5ts &! ,9c5tives to ,9novate 9 ,japan &! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ,rese>* ,policy #ca "<#bjjb">3 #acdi"-#fg4 ,all ( ? may seem #hcj obvi|s4 ,": else wd 9tellectual prop]ty academics turn 9 ord] to assess ! effect ( v>i|s policy alt]natives ?an to empirical & comp>ative data8 ,yet z ! *apt] po9ts |1 t simple 3clu.n has yet to 2come a /&>d assump;n 9 ! mak+ ( policy4 ,! ,g[]s ,review m5;n$ 9 ! *apt] is a nice example ( h[ ?+s mi1 available at .-report.-#gee4pdf4 ,( c|rse1 a turn to evid;e is only ! 2g9n+4 ,x h>dly means t ! evid;e w 2 cle>1 ! po9ts ( view h>moni|s1 or ! normative assess;ts %>$4 ,b at lea/ ! 3v]sa;n is 2g9n+ f a root+ 9 facts r ?an fai?4 ,publicly ,g5]at$ ,9=ma;n #hca ,access to public1 or /ate g5]at$1 data is n simply a matt] ( economic effici5cy4 ,w|t] ,h9s & ,dirk ,voorho(1 8,access to ,/ate.-,held ,9=ma;n z a ,funda;tal ,"r "u ! ,european ,3v5;n on ,human ,"rs10 ,european ,3/itu;nal ,law ,review #c "<#bjjg">3 #aad"-#abf4 ,b 9 effici5cy t]ms1 x does seem to pres5t "s cle> b5efits4 ,pet] ,weiss1 8,bord]s 9 ,cyb]space3 ,3flict+ ,gov]n;t ,9=ma;n ,policies & _! ,economic ,impacts10 9 ,op5 ,access &! ,public ,doma9 9 ,digital ,data & ,9=ma;n = ,sci;e3 ,proce$+s ( an ,9t]na;nal ,symposium "<,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c43 ,na;nal ,academies ,press1 #bjjd">1 #fi"-#gc4 ,! issues ( publicly g5]at$ 9=ma;n >e "picul>ly press+ 9 geospatial data'\x2014': c 2 vital = academic rese>* & economic develop;t4 #hcb ,ba/iaan van ,lo55 & ,h>lan ,onsrud1 8,geographic ,data = ,academic ,rese>*3 ,assess+ ,access ,policies10 ,c>tography & ,geographic ,9=ma;n ,sci;e #ca "<#bjjd">3 #c"-#ag4 ,x is an issue t is ga9+ att5;n 9 ,europe3 8,directive #bjjc/#ih_/,,ec (! ,european ,p>lia;t &(! ,c|ncil ( #ag ,novemb] #bjjc on ! ,re.-use ( ,public ,sector ,9=ma;n10 ,(ficial ,j|rnal (! ,european ,union #df "<#ca4ab4bjjc"> #ij"-#if "<;,l #cde">4 ,h["e1 "! is a l;g way to g4 ,s.d ,record+ ,"rs ,a gd place to />t is ! ,g[]s ,review1 cit$ abv1 &! report g5]at$ by ! ,c5tre = ,9tellectual ,prop]ty & ,9=ma;n ,law1 ,univ]s;y ( ,cambridge1 ,review (! ,economic ,evid;e ,relat+ to an ,ext5.n (! ,t]m ( #hcc ,copy"r 9 ,s.d ,record+s "<#bjjf">1 available at ,my [n views >e close to ~? put =w>d by ? excell5t >ticle3 ,natali ,helb]g]1 ,nicole ,dufft1 ,/ef van ,gompel1 & ,b]nt ,hug5holtz1 8,n"e ,="e3 ,:y ,ext5d+ ! ,t]m ( ,protec;n = ,s.d ,record+s is a ,bad ,idea10 ,european ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,review #cj "<#bjjh">3 #agd"-#aha4 ,*apt] #aj ,an ,5viron;talism = ,9=ma;n ,ov] ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 a gr|p ( s*ol>s h f9ally p]suad$ economi/s to 2lieve "s?+ n"oconomi/s f9d obvi|s3 82havioral economics0 %[s t p d n act z economic !ory predicts4 ,b hold yr *e]s4 ,? is n a v9dica;n ( folk wisdom ov] ! #hcd po9ty.-heads4 ,! devia;ns f 8ra;nal 2havior0 >e n ! wond];l cornucopia ( human motiva;ns y mie patt]ns4 ,= example1 we >e sy/ematically likely to ov]e/imate *.es ( loss & "ue/imate *.es ( ga91 to rely on simplify+ heuri/ics to frame problems ev5 :5 ~? heuri/ics >e 3tradict$ by ! facts4 ,"s (! patt]ns >e 5de>+2 ! suppos$ly 8irra;nal0 3c]ns = 4tributive equal;y t p]si/ 9 all b ! economically tra9$ &! extreme "r1 = example4 ,b mo/ ( !m simply 9volve ! mapp+ ( cognitive bias4 ,we c take advantage ( ~? biases1 z ~? :o sell u ludicr|sly exp5sive & irra;nal w>ranties on 3sum] gds d4 ,or we c correct = !m1 l a pilot :o is tra9$ to rely on 8 9/ru;ts r ?an 8 faulty p]cep;ns :5 fly+ 9 heavy cl|d4 #hce ,? book has 9troduc$ y to ! wond]s & t]rors ( 9tellectual prop]ty law'\x2014'! range w>s (! ,9t]net age4 ,"! h be5 4cus.ns ( syn!tic biology & musical sampl+1 digital locks &! hack]s :o break !m1 ,jeff]son & ,macaulay1 &! figue t ! *apt]s 9 ? book pres5t evid;e ( ano!r k9d ( cognitive bias1 "o t ! 2havioral economi/s h n yet id5tifi$4 ,call x ! op5;s av].n4 ,cultural agoraphobia4 ,we >e sy/ematically likely to "uvalue ! import.e1 viabil;y1 & productive p[] ( op5 sy/ems1 op5 net"ws1 & nonpropriet>y produc;n4 ,cultural ,agoraphobia8 ,te/ yrf on ! foll[+ "qs4 ,9 ea* case1 x is #aiia & ,i h remov$ f y all k (! #hcf ye>s s9ce !n4 "<,= "s1 ? mi ,! f/ "q is a ?"| exp]i;t ,i 9troduc$ 9 ,*apt] #d4 ,y h to design an 9t]na;nal comput] net"w4 ,"o gr|p ( sci5ti/s describes a sy/em t is funda;tally op53 op5 protocols & op5 sy/ems s t any"o cd 3nect to ! sy/em & (f] 9=ma;n or products to ! _w4 ,ano!r gr|p'\x2014's*ol>s1 busi;speople1 bureaucrats'\x2014'po9ts | ! problems4 ,any"o cd 3nect to ! sy/em6 ,!y cd d any?+6 ,! sy/em xf wd n limit !m to a few approv$ ac;ns or approv$ 3nec;ns4 ,"! wd 2 porn1 & piracy1 & viruses1 & spam4 ,t]rori/s cd put up videos glorify+ !mvs4 ,yr nei 9 ,iraq4 ,bett] to h a #hcg well.-manag$ sy/em 9 : (ficial approval is requir$ to put up a site1 ": only a few select$ ac;ns >e p]mitt$ by ! net"w protocols1 ": mo/ ( u >e m]ely recipi5ts ( 9=ma;n1 ": spam1 viruses1 & piracy "<& 9nova;n & "picipatory culture & anonym|s spee*"> >e impossible4 ,: net"w design wd y h pick$8 ,rememb]1 y h no exp]i;e ( blogs1 or ma%ups1 or ,google2 no exp]i;e (! ,web4 ,j y & yr cognitive filt]s4 ,imag9e a =m ( s(tw>e : any"o cd copy & *ange1 creat$ "u a lic5se : requir$ subsequ5t programm]s to (f] _! s(tw>e on ! same t]ms4 ,imag9e legions ( programm]s _wwide 3tribut+ _! crea;ns back 9to a 8commons40 ,is ? an>*ic.-s.d+ me?od ( produc;n economically viable8 ,cd x success;lly compete )! #hch hi]>*ically organiz$ corpora;ns produc+ propriet>y1 clos$ code1 3troll$ by bo? law & te*nology8 ,2 tru?;l4 ,f9ally1 set yrf ! task ( produc+ ! grte/ ref];e "w ! _w has "e se54 ,y >e told t x m/ cov] "ey?+ f ! be/ ,?ai food 9 ,durham to ! annual rice produc;n ( ,?ail&1 f ! be/ places to see blue :ales to ! hi/ory (! ,blue ,dog ,coali;n4 ,wd y create a massive organiza;n ( pd exp]ts1 ea* assign$ a topic1 ) hi]>*ical lay]s ( $itors abv !m1 produc+ a set ( 5cyclop$ic tomes t >e rigor|sly 3troll$ by copy"r & tradem>k8 ,or wd y wait = hobbyi/s1 gov]n;ts1 sci5ti/s1 & volunte] 5cyclop$i/s to produce1 & se>* 5g9es to organize & rank1 a cornucopia ( 9=ma;n8 ,i "k : way ,i wd h bet 9 #aiia4 ,b ,i al "k t #hci ! la/ "t ,i 3sult$ an 5cyclop$ia 0 9 #aiih4 ,y8 ,x is n t op5;s is alw "r4 ,x is n4 ,(t5 we ne$ /r;g 9tellectual prop]ty "rs1 privacy 3trols1 & net"ws t dem& au!ntica;n4 ,r1 x is t we ne$ a bal.e 2t op5 & clos$1 [n$ & free1 & we >e sy/ematically likely to get ! bal.e wr;g4 "<,h[ did y d on ! te/8"> ,"ply ? is 2c we / don't "u/& ! k9d ( prop]ty t lives on net"ws2 mo/ ( |r exp]i;e is ) tangible prop]ty4 ,s&wi*es t "o hundr$ p _c %>e4 ,fields t c 2 ov]graz$ if |tsid]s _c 2 exclud$4 ,= t k9d ( prop]ty1 3trol makes m s5se4 ,l a/ronauts br"| up 9 grav;y1 |r reflexes >e poorly suit$ = free fall4 ,jeff]son's ~ws 7 true ev5 ( gra9 elevators & hopp].-boys4 ,b 9 |r _w1 ! propor;n ( 9tangible to tangible prop]ty is m*1 m* hi<]4 ,! t5d5cy to #hdj 3flate 9tellectual & real prop]ty is ev5 m dang]|s 9 a net"w$ _w4 ,we ne$ 8 ~ws m ?an he did4 ,ea* (! "qs ,i ask$ is relat$ to ! ,_w ,wide ,web4 ,n ! ,9t]net1 ! collective "n =! :ole ph5om5on1 9clud+ ! "uly+ me?ods ( s5d+ & rcvg packets4 ,"s v].n (! "uly+ net"w has be5 >.d = m* l;g]1 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,b x only attract$ popul> att5;n1 only revolu;niz$ ! _w1 :5 on top ( x 0 built ! ,_w ,wide ,web'\x2014'! net"w ( protocols & pages & hyp]l9ks t is s m* a "p ( |r lives & : >ose only f ,tim ,b]n]s.-,lee's "w at ,,c]n 9 #aiia4 ,my dau #bjaa4 "<,at lea/1 we bo? hope s4"> ,%e is old] ?an ! ,web4 ,x w n ev5 h _h xs tw5tie? bir?"d on h] gradua;n "d4 ,by ,*ri/mas ( #bjab1 x w #hda 2 able to dr9k legally 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i wrote ~? s5t;es1 b ,i f9d x h>d to 2lieve !m myf4 ,a life )|t ! ,web is easy to rememb] & yet h>d to recapture fully4 ,x seems l s* a natural "p ( |r _w1 too fix$ to h be5 s* a rec5t >rival1 z if "s"o sugge/$ t all ! roads & build+s >.d y _h >riv$ 9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,"s ( y may f9d ~! ~ws 9explicable 2c y live 9 a happy1 ,?oreau.-l bliss1 free ( any 3tact ) comput] net"ws4 ,if s1 ,i take my hat (f to y4 ,! _w ( op5 sky & virtu|s sweat1 ( books & sport & lau to me ?an to y4 ,hav+ an avat> 9 a virtual _w holds ! same 9t]e/ z elective d5tal surg]y4 ,i c>e ab ! ,web n 2c ,i want to live my life "!1 b 2c ( :at x has all[$ u to a*ieve1 :at x #hdb repres5ts =! pot5tial ( op5 sci;e & culture4 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is "s?+ t ,?oreau "<& ev5 ,em]son = t matt]"> mi$ ab deeply4 ,yet1 z ,i sugge/$ e>li] 9 ? book1 ,i s]i|sly d|bt t we wd create ! ,web td'\x2014'at lea/ if policy mak]s & m>ket 9cumb5ts "u/ood :at ! te*nology mily 5 to /op x4 ,i am n po/ulat+ "s s9i/] 8,breakages1 ,limit$0 t /ifles te*nological 9nova;n4 ,i am m]ely po9t+ | ! imbal.e 2t |r 9tuitive p]cep;ns (! virtues & dang]s ( op5 & clos$ sy/ems1 an imbal.e ,i %>e1 q frankly4 ,9 place ( :at we h td1 ,i ?9k we wd try1 9de$ we >e try+1 to re9v5t a tam]1 m 3troll$ ,web & to *ange ! nature (! "uly+ net"w on : x op]ates4 "<,? is a fe> ,i %>e ) ~? :o h writt5 ab x m eloqu5tly ?an ,i1 #hdc "picul>ly ,l>ry ,lessig & ,yo*ai ,b5kl]4"> ,we wd re/rict op5;s ( access1 decrease anonym;y1 & limit ! numb] ( ac;ns t a net"w "picipant cd p]=m4 ,! b5efits wd 2 und5iable4 ,x wd cut d[n on spam1 viruses1 & illicit pe]-to.-pe] file %>+4 ,at ! same "t1 x wd "ucut ! iconocla/ic te*nological1 cultural1 & political pot5tial t ! ,web (f]s1 ! abil;y (a new te*nology1 a new s]vice to build on op5 net"ws & op5 protocols1 )|t ne$+ approval f regulators or 5tr5*$ m>ket play]s1 or ev5 ! [n]s (! ,web pages to : y l9k4 ,imag9e1 by 3tra/1 an ,9t]net &a ,_w ,wide ,web t look$ l ,am]ica ,onl9e1 circa #aiif1 or ,compus]ve1 or ! ,fr5* /ate net"w ,m9itel4 ,true1 yr exposure to p5is.-5h.e;t te*niques1 misspell$ /ock tips1 #hdd &! p5ni.s sons ( ,nig]ian oil m9i/]s wd 2 r$uc$4 ,t s.ds pretty attractive4 ,b ! idea t ! ,,aol se>* 5g9e wd 2 replac$ by ,yahoo & !n ,google1 let al"o ,google ,maps8 ,t new =ms ( 9/ant messag+ wd 4place ,compus]ve's ;e.-mail8 ,t ! ,*9ese 4sid5t wd h access to anonymiz$ ,9t]net s]vices1 t y mily copy"r$ 3t5t4 ,y mie ,ab ,black ,p0 & all yr favorite ma%ups4 ,xs 3troll$ net"w ( l9ks & xs limit$ access wd n"e unlea% ! collective fact.-ga!r+ g5ius ! ,web has %[n4 ,=a fee1 y wd h ,micros(t ,5c>ta &! ,5cyclop$ia ,britannica onl9e4 ,:at ab ! 8"r.-click univ]se0 ( k ab ! _w ga!r$ by /rang]s1 %>$ on comp>atively op5 sites _wwide1 & ord]$ by se>* 5g9es8 ,:at ab ,wikip$ia8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! c.t]factual ,i (f] is n m]ely a c.t]factual4 ,yes1 we got ! ,web4 ,x spread too fa/ to ?9k ( tam+ x 9to ! m mature1 s$ate 8,na;nal ,9=ma;n ,9fra/ructure0 t ! ,cl9ton adm9i/ra;n imag9$4 ,b z ,l>ry ,lessig po9t$ | ye>s ago1 ! nature (a #hdf net"w c alw 2 *ang$4 ,! w> ov] ! 3trol & design (! net"w1 &! net"w$ comput]1 is n"e.-5d+4 ,z ,i write ~! ~ws1 ! battles >e ov] 8tru/$ comput+0 & 8,net neutral;y40 ,tru/$ comput+ is a feature built 9to ! op]at+ sy/em : makes x impossible to run processes t h n be5 approv$ by "s |tside body & digitally id5tifi$4 ,x wd 9de$ help to safegu>d yr comput] f viruses & o!r ?reats & make x h>d] to copy mat]ial ! 3t5t [n]s did n want y to copy "4 ,9 ! process x wd help to lock 9 ! p[] ( ~? :o _h a dom9ant posi;n 9 op]at+ sy/ems & popul> programs4 "<,micros(t is a big support]4"> ,x wd make op5 s|rce s(tw>e1 : all[s us]s to modify programs1 9h]5tly suspect4 ,x wd1 9 fact1 z ,jona?an ,zittra9 po9ts |1 *ange ! #hdg nature (! g5]al.-purpose comput]1 : y c program to d any?+ 1 back t[>d ! t]m9al : tells y :at func;ns >e all[$4 ,?9k (a ,,dvd play]4 ,! attack on ,net neutral;y1 by 3tra/1 is an attempt by ! companies :o [n ! net"ws to 2 all[$ to 4crim9ate 2t favor$ & 4favor$ 3t5t1 giv+ ! =m] pref]5tial access4 "<,"o wit analogiz$ x to lett+ ! ph"o company say1 8we w delay yr call to ,pizza ,hut = sixty seconds1 b if y want to 2 put "? to |r featur$ pizza provid] immly1 hit n9e n[60"> ,tak5 tgr1 ~! proposals wd put ! 3trol (! comput] back 9 ! h&s (! [n]s (! 3t5t &! op]at+ sy/em1 & 3trol (! net"w us]s,0 *oices 9 ! h&s (! p]son :o #hdh sells !m _! b&wid?4 ,at ! same "t1 |r 9tellectual prop]ty ag5da is fill$ ) proposals to create new 9tellectual prop]ty "rs or ext5d old "os4 ,t is ! op5;s av].n 9 ac;n4 ,n[1 p]h to y1 ! clos$ alt]natives / s.d bett]4 ,p]h y d n c>e z m* ab ! k9d ( te*nological dynamism1 or anonym|s spee*1 or cultural f];t t ?rills ! dig]ati4 ,p]h y c>e m ab ! risks pos$ by ! "uly+ fre$om4 ,t is a p]fectly reasonable po9t ( view4 ,af all1 op5;s does pres5t real dang]s2 ! same fre$om giv5 to ! 9novator1 ! >ti/1 &! 4sid5t is giv5 to ! pr$ator &! crim9al4 ,at ea* mo;t 9 hi/ory :5 we h op5$ a communica;ns net"w1 or ! fran*ise1 or lit]acy1 reasonable p h worri$ ab ! 3sequ;es t mis5+ (! #hdi lit]>y imag9a;n8 "<,"s"ts1 p]h4 ,b x wd & did lead to m* m 2ss1 to lit]ature & culture ( : we cd n h dream$4"> ,wd an exp&$ fran*ise put ! 3trol (! /ate 9to ! h&s (! un$ucat$8 "<,yes1 un.s we _h free na;nal $uca;nal sy/ems4 8,n[ we m/ $ucate |r ma/]s0 0 ! slogan (! $uca;nal re=m]s af ! 5l>ge;t (! fran*ise 9 ,brita9 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,op5;s "s"ts 2gets op5;s4"> ,wd translat+ ! ,bible f ,lat9 9to ! v]nacul> op5 ! door to unor?odox & h]etical 9t]preta;ns1 to a 3grega;n /ray+ 2c !y did n ne$ to dep5d on a prie/ly 9t]m$i>y ) privileg$ access to ! text8 "<,oh1 yes 9de$4"> ,wd ,,tv & radio play 9to ! h&s ( demagogues8 "<,yes1 & help expose _! misde$s4"> ,op5;s is n alw "r4 ,f> f x4 ,b |r prior exp]i;e seems to 2 t we >e #hej sy/ematically bett] at see+ xs dang]s ?an xs b5efits4 ,? book has be5 an attempt1 9 ! sph]e ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 to help u c.t]act t bias4 ,l ! pilot 9 ! cl|d look+ at 8 9/ru;ts1 we min t we >e upside d[n4 ,b :at d we d ab x8 ,le>n+ ,f ,5viron;talism ,i h >gu$ t |r policies >e 4tort$ n m]ely by 9du/ry capture or ! p[] ( 9cumb5t firms1 b by a s]ies ( cultural & economic biases or presupposi;ns3 ! equa;n ( 9tellectual prop]ty to physical prop]ty2 ! assump;n t :5"e value is creat$1 an 9tellectual prop]ty "r %d foll[2 ! romantic idea ( creativ;y t ne$s no raw mat]ial f : to build2 ! habit ( 3sid]+ ! ?reats1 b n ! b5efits1 ( new te*nologies2 ! no;n t #hea m "rs w automatically br+ m 9nova;n2 ! failure to realize t ! public doma9 is a vital 3tributor to 9nova;n & culture2 &a t5d5cy to see ! dang]s ( op5;s1 b n xs pot5tial b5efits4 ,"o (! mo/ /unn+ pieces ( evid;e to |r av].n to op5;s is t1 =! la/ fifty ye>s1 :5"e "! has be5 a *ange 9 ! law1 x has alm alw be5 to exp& 9tellectual prop]ty "rs4 "<,rememb]1 ? implies t e significant *ange 9 te*nology1 society1 or economy requir$ m "rs1 n"e less1 nor ev5 ! same am.t4"> ,we h d"o all ? alm 5tirely 9 ! abs;e ( empirical evid;e1 & )|t empirical reconsid]a;n to see if |r policies 7 "w+4 ,z ,i po9t$ | 9 ! la/ *apt]1 9tellectual prop]ty policy is an 8evid;e.-free z"o40 ,x runs on fai? al"o & xs fai? 3si/s (! clu/] ( ideas ,i h #heb |tl9$ 9 ? book4 ,:e!r we call ? clu/] ( ideas maximalism1 cultural agoraphobia1 or ! op5;s av].n1 x ex]cises a prof.d 9flu;e on |r 9tellectual prop]ty & communica;ns policy4 ,~! ideas >e n free.-float+4 ,!y exi/ )91 >e 9flu;ed by1 & 9 turn 9flu;e1 a political economy4 ,! political economy matt]s & x w %ape any viable response4 ,ev5 if ! co/s ( gett+ ! policies wr;g >e huge & unnec'\x2014'?9k (! co/s (! copy"r ext5.ns t lock up mo/ ( tw5tie?.-c5tury culture 9 ord] to protect ! t9y frac;n ( x t is / comm]cially available'\x2014'!y >e spread | ov] ! 5tire popula;n1 :ile ! b5efits accrue to a small gr|p ( comm]cial 5tities t deeply & s9c]ely 2lieve 9 ! #hec maximali/ cre$4 ,? patt]n ( diffuse b l>ge losses & 3c5trat$ ga9s is1 z ,mancur ,olson tauket 9 ! 9=ma;n age1 !y j seem obscure1 wonki%1 h>d to get excit$ ab4 ,c]ta9ly1 p c get upset ab 9dividual examples'\x2014'ov]broad pat5ts on human g5es1 copy"r lawsuits ag/ :i/lebl[]s :o leak ;e.-mails %[+ corporate misde$s t ?reat5 ! 9tegr;y ( electronic vot+1 rules t p>alyze docu;t>y filmmak]s1 or require pay;t = sampl+ ?ree notes f a prior s;g1 ext5.ns ( "rs t all[ pat5ts on auc;ns or busi;s me?ods1 make g5res s* z jazz #hed seem legally problematic1 create new "rs ov] facts1 or sn>l up f.da;nal te*nologies4 ,b !y see ea* ( ~! z an isolat$ malfunc;n1 n "p (a l>g] social problem or set ( attitudes4 ,second1 :at holds true = issues1 al holds true = communities4 ,:at l9ks ! p]son writ+ op5 s|rce s(tw>e1 & try+ to negotiate a sea ( s(tw>e pat5ts 9 ! process1 to ! film >*ivi/ try+ to /ir up 9t]e/ 9 all ! wond];l 8orphan films0'\x2014'/ "u copy"r b ) no copy"r [n] we c f9d'\x2014'2f !y mold] away 9to nitrate du/8 ,:5 a univ]s;y collaborates ) ,google to digitize books 9 _! collec;n =! purposes ( se>* & retrieval1 ev5 if only a t9y por;n (! text w 2 visible = any "w / "u copy"r1 does x s5se any common 9t]e/ )! #hee syn!tic biologi/ try+ to create ! ,bio,bricks ,f.da;n1 to keep op5 ! f.da;nal ele;ts (a new sci5tific field8 ,bo? may 2 su$ = _! ef=ts'\x2014'"o 3nec;n at lea/4 ,:5 a develop+ na;n tries to make use (! explicit 8flexibilities0 built 9to 9t]na;nal trade agree;ts s z to make available a life.-sav+ drug to xs popula;n "? a process ( compulsory lic5s+ & comp5sa;n1 x w f9d xf pillori$ z a lawbreak]'\x2014'?|< x is n'\x2014'or puni%$ "? bilat]al agree;ts4 ,w t process =m any common 9t]e/ )! hi<.-te*nology 9du/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o *afe at ! way t curr5t 9tellectual prop]ty rules 5%r9e old] te*nologies & busi;s me?ods & give !m ! protec;n ( law8 ,"! >e "s l9ks 2t ~? #hef two situa;ns4 ,w ! "pies see ~? l9ks1 or w ! develop+ _w's negotiators ?9k t ! curr5t 9tellectual prop]ty rules express "s monoli?ic 8,we/]n0 set ( 9t]e/s8 ,w ! hi<.-te* companies ?9k ? is j an issue ( dumb lawy]s fail+ to "u/& te*nology8 ,ea* gap 9 "u/&+ ( common 9t]e/ is a /rike ag/ an effective response4 ,?ird1 an effective political response wd actually 2 easi] if |r curr5t rules came m]ely f ! rel5t.s pursuit ( corporate self.-9t]e/4 "<,"h ,i "p company ) ~? :o 2lieve t self.-9t]e/ is simply 8"!0'\x2014' n %ap$ by socially 3/ruct$ ideas1 attitudes1 ideologies1 or biases4"> ,9 fact1 ! op5;s av].n "s"ts obscures self.-9t]e/ z well z ! public 9t]e/4 ,?9k (! rel5t.s 9si/;e (! #heg movie companies on mak+ video record]s illegal4 ,nor does ! frame"w ( maximalism help if |r goal is to h all ! 9t]e/$ economic actors 9 ! room :5 policy is made4 ,= example1 by fram+ issues ( communica;ns policy or ,9t]net regula;n z "qs ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 we automatically privilege "o set ( 9t]e/$ "pies'\x2014'3t5t [n]s'\x2014'ov] o!rs :o al h a l>ge economic /ake 9 ! matt]4 ,f|r?1 & f9ally1 ! bigge/ problem is t ev5 if "o cd ov]come ! problems ( political 9t]e/1 or ideological clos$.-m9d$;s1 ! answ]s to _m ( ~! "qs require bal.e1 ?"|1 & empirical evid;e'\x2014'all qualities m>k$ly miss+ 9 ! debate4 ,if ! answ] 7 t 9tellectual prop]ty "rs >e bad1 !n =m+ gd policy #heh wd 2 easy4 ,b t is z silly & "o.-sid$ an idea z ! maximali/ "o ,i h be5 criticiz+ "h4 ,"h >e ?ree examples3 ,drug pat5ts d help produce drugs4 ,jettison+ !m is a bad idea'\x2014' ?|< exp]i;t+ ) addi;nal & alt]native me?ods ( 5c|rag+ m$ical 9nova;n is a v gd "o4 ,i 2lieve copy"rs ov] lit]>y "ws %d 2 %ort]1 & t "o %d h to r5ew !m af tw5ty.-eis'\x2014'"s?+ t ab #he p]c5t ( au?ors & publi%]s w n d1 if prior hi/ory is any?+ to g by4 ,i ?9k t wd give ample 9c5tives to write & 4tribute books1 & give u a ri*]1 m accessible culture & $uca;nal sy/em to boot1 a ,libr>y ( ,3gress ": y truly c 8click to get ! book0 z my son ask$ me to d ye>s ago n[4 ,b t does n mean t ,i wi% to aboli% copy"r4 ,on ! 3tr>y1 #hei ,i ?9k x is an excell5t sy/em4 ,all ! empirical evid;e %[s t protect+ compila;ns ( facts1 z ! ,european ,database ,directive does1 has be5 a prof.d failure z a policy1 impos+ co/s on 3sum]s )|t 5c|rag+ new database produc;n4 ,b if ! evid;e sd ! opposite1 ,i wd support a new database "r4 ,we ne$ a political debate ab 9tellectual prop]ty t recognizes ~! trade.-(fs2 t does n impose simpli/ic1 "o.-sid$ solu;ns2 t looks to evid;e4 ,we ne$ to "u/& ! delicate & subtle bal.e 2t prop]ty &! opposite ( prop]ty1 ! role ( "rs1 b al (! public doma9 &! commons4 ,build+ a !ory1 let al"o a move;t1 >.d s* an issue is h>d4 ,do+ s :5 we lack "s (! basic !oretical tools & vocabul>ies is daunt+4 ,we d n ev5 h a robu/ #hfj 3cep;n (! public doma94 ,if !y ?9k ( x z a legal issue at all1 p simply ?9k ( x z :at"e is left ov] af an 5d.s s]ies ( "rs h be5 c>v$ |4 ,c "o build a politics to protect a residue 8 ,s we h at lea/ f|r problems3 an issue t is p]cvd z obscure1 affect+ scatt]$ gr|ps ) ll k ( ea* o!r's 9t]e/1 dom9at$ by an ideology t is g5u9ely 2liev$ by xs adh]5ts1 9 ! place ( : we h to make c>e;l1 bal.ed1 empirically gr.d$ sugges;ns4 ,assume =a mo;t ! ne$ =a politics ( 9tellectual prop]ty t seeks a solu;n to ~! f|r problems4 ,:at migu$ t 9 a numb] ( respects1 ! politics ( 9tellectual prop]ty &! public doma9 is at ! /age t ! ,am]ican 5viron;tal move;t 0 at 9 ! #aies4 ,9 #hfa #aiej1 "! 7 p :o c>$ /r;gly ab issues we wd n[ id5tify z 85viron;tal0'\x2014'support- ]s (! p>k sy/em & birdwat*]s1 b al hunt]s & ~? :o 4da9$ *emical pe/icides 9 gr[+ _! foods4 ,9 ! _w ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 we h />t.-up s(tw>e 5g9e]s1 libr>ies1 appropria;ni/ >ti/s1 p>odi/s1 biograph]s1 & biote* rese>*]s4 ,9 ! #ejs & #fjs1 we _h flurries ( |trage ov] "picul> crises'\x2014'burn+ riv]s1 oil spills1 dread;l smog4 ,9 ! _w ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 we h ! k9d ( /ories ,i h tri$ to tell "h4 ,lack+1 h["e1 is a g5]al frame"w1 a p]cep;n ( common 9t]e/ 9 app>5tly 4p>ate situa;ns4 ,crudely speak+1 ! 5viron;tal move;t 0 deeply 9flu;ed by two basic analytical frame"ws4 ,! f/ 0 ! idea ( ecology3 ! fragile1 complex1 & #hfb unpr$ictable 9t]connec;ns 2t liv+ sy/ems4 ,! second 0 ! idea ( welf>e economics'\x2014'! ways 9 : m>kets c fail to make activities 9t]nalize _! full co/s4 ,! comb9a;n (! two ideas yield$ a p[];l & 4turb+ 3clu.n4 ,m>kets wd r|t9ely fail to make activities 9t]nalize _! [n co/s1 "picul>ly _! [n 5viron;tal co/s4 ,? failure wd1 r|t9ely1 4rupt or de/roy fragile ecological sy/ems1 ) unpr$ictable1 ugly1 dang]|s1 & possibly irrep>able 3sequ;es4 ,~! two types ( analysis po9t$ to a g5]al 9t]e/ 9 5viron;tal protec;n & ?us help$ to build a l>ge 3/itu5cy : support$ gov]n;tal ef=ts to t 5d4 ,! duck hunt]'s pres]va;n ( wetl&s z a species habitat turns | to h wid] #hfc func;ns 9 ! prev5;n ( ]o.n &! ma9t5.e ( wat] qual;y4 ,! deci.n to burn coal r ?an natural gas = p[] g5]a;n may h impacts on "ey?+ f =e/s to fi%]ies4 ,! attempt to r$uce gre5h|se gases & mitigate ! damage f global w>m+ cuts acr e aspect (! economy4 ,( c|rse1 x wd 2 silly to ?9k t 5viron;tal policy 0 fuel$ only by ideas r ?an m imm desires4 ,z ,william ,ruckelshaus put x1 8,) air pollu;n "! was1 = example1 a desire (! p liv+ 9 ,d5v] to see ! m.ta9s ag4 ,simil>ly1 ! p liv+ 9 ,los ,angeles _h a desire to see "o ano!r40 ,funnily 5|<1 z ) 9tellectual prop]ty1 *anges 9 communica;ns te*nology al play$ a role4 8,in |r liv+ rooms 9 ! middle sixties1 black & :ite televi.n w5t | & color televi.n came in4 ,we h only 2gun to "u/& "s (! impacts ( televi.n #hfd on |r lives1 b c]ta9ly =! 5viron;tal move;t x 0 a bonanza4 ,a yell[ |tfall fl[+ 9to a blue riv] does n h any": ne> ! impact on black & :ite televi.n t x has on color televi.n2 nei does br[n smog ag/ a blue sky40 ,m importantly p]h1 ! te*nologically fuel$ deluge ( 9=ma;n1 :e!r f wea!r satellites or comput] models runn+ on sup]comput]s1 provid$ "s (! evid;e t'\x2014'ev5tually'\x2014'/- >t$ to build a 3s5sus >.d ! s]i|s;s ( global w>m+4 ,despite ! import.e ( ~! o!r factors1 ! ideas ,i m5;n$'\x2014' ecology & welf>e economics'\x2014'7 extremely important =! 5viron;tal move;t4 ,!y help$ to provide xs ag5da1 xs rhetoric1 &! p]cep;n #hfe ( common 9t]e/ "unea? xs coali;n politics4 ,ev5 m 9t]e/+ly1 = my purposes1 ~? ideas'\x2014': 2gan z 9accessible sci5tific or economic 3cepts1 f> f popul> 4c|rse'\x2014'7 br"| 9to ! ma9/ream ( ,am]ican politics4 ,? did n happ5 easily or automatically4 ,popul>iz+ complicat$ ideas is h>d "w4 ,"! 7 popul> books1 televi.n 4cus.ns1 docu;t>ies on ,love ,canal or ! ,cali=nia kelp b$s1 op.-$ pieces 9 newspap]s1 & pontificat+ exp]ts on ,,tv4 ,5viron;tal gr|ps bo? %ock+ & /aid play$ _! "p1 "? ! dramatic !at] (a ,gre5peace prote/ or ! twe$y respectabil;y (! ,audubon ,society4 ,": once ! idea ( 8! ,5viron;t0 " 0 se5 z a m]e ab/rac;n1 "s?+ t cdn't /& ag/ ! 3crete b5efits br"| by a "picul> piece ( #hff develop;t1 x came to 2 an ab/rac;n ) bo? ! =ce ( law &( popul> 9t]e/ 2h x4 ,to me1 ? sugge/s a /rategy =! future (! politics ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 a way to save |r ]od+ public doma94 ,9 bo? >eas1 we seem to h ! same recipe = failure 9 ! /ructure (! deci.n.-mak+ process4 ,democratic deci.ns >e made badly :5 !y >e prim>ily made by &=! b5efit (a few /akehold]s1 :e!r 9du/riali/s or 3t5t provid]s4 ,? effect is only 9t5sifi$ :5 ! transac;n co/s ( id5tify+ & resi/+ ! *ange >e hi<4 ,?9k (! co/s & b5efits ( acid ra9.-produc+ p[] g5]a;n or'\x2014'less s]i|s1 b surely simil> 9 =m'\x2014'! co/s & b5efits ( retrospectively 9creas+ copy"r t]m limits on "ws = : ! copy"r _h alr #hfg expir$1 pull+ !m back | (! public doma94 ,"! >e obvi|s b5efits to ! heirs & assigns ( au?ors ~: copy"r has expir$ 9 hav+ ,3gress put ! f;e back up >.d ? por;n (! 9tellectual commons4 ,"! >e cle>ly "s co/s'\x2014'= example1 to $uca;n & public debate'\x2014'9 n hav+ multiple1 compet+ l[.-co/ $i;ns ( ~! "ws4 ,b ~! co/s >e 9dividually small & h few obvi|s /akehold]s to repres5t !m4 ,yet1 z ,i h tri$ to >gue "h1 2y ! failures 9 ! deci.nmak+ process1 lie failures 9 ! way we ?9k ab ! issues4 ,! 5viron;tal move;t ga9$ m* ( xs p]suasive p[] by po9t+ | t = /ructural reasons we 7 likely to make bad 5viron;tal deci.ns3 a legal sy/em bas$ on a "picul> no;n ( :at 8private prop]ty0 5tail$ & an 5g9e]+ or sci5tific sy/em t #hfh treat$ ! _w z a simple1 l9e>ly relat$ set ( causes & effects4 ,9 bo? ( ~! 3ceptual sy/ems1 ! 5viron;t actually 4appe>$2 "! 0 no place = x 9 ! analysis4 ,small surprise1 !n1 t we did n pres]ve x v well4 ,i h >gu$ t ! same is true ab ! public doma94 ,! 3fu.ns ag/ : ! ,jeff]son ,w>n+ cau;ns1 ! s|rce.-bl;s (a model ( prop]ty "rs c5t]$ on an 8orig9al au?or10 &! political bl;s to ! import.e (! public doma9 z a :ole "1 all come tgr to make ! public doma9 4appe>1 f/ 9 3cept & !n1 9creas+ly1 z a real;y4 ,to 5d ? process we ne$ a cultural 5viron;talism1 an 5viron;talism (! m9d1 & ov] ! la/ t5 ye>s we h actually 2gun to build "o4 ,cultural 5viron;talism is an idea1 an #hfi 9tellectual & practical move;t1 t is 9t5d$ to 2 a solu;n to a set ( political & !oretical problems'\x2014'an imbal.e 9 ! way we make 9tellectual prop]ty policy1 a legal regime t has adapt$ poorly to ! trans=ma;n t te*nology has produc$ 9 ! scope ( law1 &1 p]h mo/ importantly1 a set ( m5tal models1 economic no/rums1 & prop]ty !ories t ea* h a public doma9.-%ap$ hole at _! c5t]4 ,! comp>ison ,i drew 2t ! hi/ory ( 5viron;talism &! /ate ( 9tellectual prop]ty policy _h a numb] ( facets4 ,! 5viron;tal move;t _h 89v5t$0 ! 3cept (! 5viron;t & us$ x to tie tgr a set ( ph5om5a t wd o!rwise seem v sep>ate4 ,9 do+ s1 x *ang$ p]cep;ns ( self.-9t]e/ & help$ to =m coali;ns ": n"o _h exi/$ 2f'\x2014'j z e>? #hgj sci;e built ~u rese>* 9to ! fragile 9t]connec;ns ( ecology & on ! ,pig|vian analysis ( economic ext]nalities4 ,i >gue t we ne$ to make visible ! 9visible 3tribu;ns (! public doma91 ! 8ecosy/em s]vices0 p]=m$ by ! "uappreciat$ b n"e!.s vital res]voir ( fre$om 9 culture & sci;e4 ,&1 j z ) 5viron;talism1 we ne$ n only a semantic reorganiza;n1 or a set ( 3ceptual & analytic tools1 b a move;t ( p devot$ to br++ a goal to ! att5;n ( _! fell[ citiz5s4 ,i h tri$ h>d to %[ t "! is "s?+ l>g] go+ on "u ! realpolitik ( l& grabs by ,4ney & campaign 3tribu;ns by ! ,record+ ,9du/ry ,associa;n ( ,am]ica4 ,b x wd 2 an equal & opposite mi/ake to ?9k t ? is j ab a dysfunc;nal 4c|rse ( #hga 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,9 ? "p (! analysis1 too1 ! 5viron;tal move;t (f]s "s use;l practical rem9d]s4 ,! ideas ( ecology & 5viron;tal welf>e economics 7 important1 b "o _c m]ely write ,a ,s& ,c.ty ,almanac & hope ! _w w *ange4 ,5viron;tali/s piggyback$ on exi/+ s|rces ( 3s]va;ni/ s5ti;t'\x2014'love ( nature1 ! na;nal p>ks move;t1 hik]s1 camp]s1 birdwat*]s4 ,!y built coali;ns 2t ~? :o miket solu;ns to "s 5viron;tal problems on ! o!r4 ,"s ( ~! aspects1 at lea/1 cd 2 replicat$ 9 ! politics ( #hgb 9tellectual prop]ty4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,i f/ (f]$ ! 5viron;tal analogy1 ,i claim$ t 9tellectual prop]ty policy 0 se5 z a 3tract /ruck 2t 9du/ry gr|ps'\x2014'"s?+ te*nical1 esot]ic1 & l>gely irrelevant to 9dividual citiz5s1 except 9 t !y 7 pur*as]s (! products t fl[$ | (! sy/em4 ,:e!r or n t view has "e be5 t5able1 x is n s 9 a digital age4 ,9/ead1 ,i (f]$ ! basic >gu;t laid | "h'\x2014't we ne$$ a 8politics ( 9tellectual prop]ty0 model$ on ! 5viron;tal move;t to create a g5u9e & 9=m$ political debate on 9tellectual prop]ty policy4 ,s f>1 ,i h 3c5trat$ on ! !oretical & academic tools s* a debate wd ne$'\x2014'focus+ "picul>ly on prop]ty !ory & on economic analysis & xs limits4 ,b if "! is #hgc to 2 a g5u9ely democratic politics ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 we wd ne$ an 9/itu;nal div]s;y 9 ! policymak+ debate t 0 comp>able to t (! 5viron;tal move;t4 ,5viron;talism pres5ts u )a rem>kable div]s;y ( organiza;nal =ms & mis.ns4 ,we h ,gre5peace1 ! ,5viron;tal ,legal ,def5se ,fund1 gr|ps ( 3c]n$ sci5ti/s1 &! ,audubon ,society1 ea* ) xs [n me?ods1 gr|ps ( support]s1 & sets ( issues4 ,yet we al h local & pragmatic coali;ns to save a "picul> bit ( gre5 space1 us+ ! private tools ( cov5ants & 3tracts4 ,i ?9k we c see ! 2g9n+s (! replica;n ( t 9/itu;nal div]s;y 9 ! _w ( 9tangible prop]ty4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 civil society _h ll to (f] #hgd 9 t]ms ( gr|ps t repres5t$ any?+ o!r ?an an 9du/ry posi;n on 9tellectual prop]ty1 / less "os t took s]i|sly ! pres]va;n (! public doma9 or ! idea t 9tellectual prop]ty policy 0 a matt] ( bal.e1 r ?an simple maximiza;n ( "rs4 ,"! 7 ! libr>ians &a few academics4 ,t 0 ab x4 ,? posi;n has *ang$ radically4 ,"! >e academic c5t]s t 3c5trate on ! !oretical issues 4cuss$ 9 ? book'\x2014'"o ( !m at my univ]s;y4 ,?anks 9 l>ge "p to ! lead]%ip ( ,pamela ,samuelson1 "! >e law /ud5t cl9ics t d impact litiga;n on issues s* z fair use & t repres5t "us]v$ cli5ts s* z docu;t>ians4 ,b 2y academic "w1 "! >e organiza;ns t h d$icat$ !mvs to advocacy & to litiga;n >.d ! !mes ( pres]va;n (! public doma91 def5se ( limita;ns & #hge excep;ns 9 copy"r1 &! protec;n ( free spee* f ! effects ( 9tellectual prop]ty regula;n ( bo? 3t5t &! communica;ns 9fra/ructure4 ,! ,electronic ,fronti] ,f.da;n did exi/ t5 ye>s ago1 b xs cov]age ( 9tellectual prop]ty issues 0 only episodic4 ,xs portfolio ( litiga;n & public $uca;n on ! subject is n[ no?+ %ort ( rem>kable4 ,public ,k's valuable lobby+ & $uca;n is ano!r obvi|s example4 ,9t]na;nal organiza;ns ) simil> aims 9clude ! ,op5 ,"rs ,gr|p 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,organiz+ has al tak5 place >.d "picul> cases'\x2014's* z ,eldr$ v4 ,a%cr(t 1 ! *all5ge to ! ,sonny ,bono ,copy"r ,t]m ,ext5.n ,act4 ,activ;y is n 3f9$ to #hgf ! _w ( copy"r4 ,! ,public ,pat5t ,f.da;n combats 8pat5t creep0 by expos+ & *all5g+ bad pat5ts4 ,x wd 2 remiss n to m5;n ! 9t]na;nal ,access to ,k1 or ,a#b;,k1 move;t1 9spir$ by ! "w ( ,jamie ,love4 ,:ile xs focus is on ! k9ds ( issues repres5t$ by ! access-to.-m$ic9es move;t1 x has made ! idea ( bal.e 9 9tellectual prop]ty &! protec;n (! public doma9 "o ( xs c5tral compon5ts4 ,mr4 ,love hmf is al ! c5tral figure 2h ! idea (a ,rese>* & ,develop;t ,treaty : wd am5d 9t]na;nal trade agree;ts to make 9tellectual prop]ty m]ely "o (a :ole range ( economic me?ods = /imulat+ 9nova;n4 ,8 "w has t|*$ alm e s+le "o (! move;ts 4cuss$ "h4 ,! ,access to ,k #hgg move;t has _m 9/itu;nal v>iants4 ,! ,develop;t ,ag5da at ! ,_w ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,organiza;n "<,,wipo">1 put =w>d by ,9dia & ,brazil1 9cludes simil> !mes1 z d ! ,g5eva ,decl>a;n &! ,adelphi ,*>t] produc$ by ! ,unit$ ,k+dom's ,royal ,society =! ,5c|rage;t ( ,>ts1 ,manufactures & ,comm]ce4 ,hi/ory is full ( ~wy *>t]s & decl>a;ns1 ( c|rse4 ,by !mvs !y mean ll4 ,yet ! level ( public & m$ia att5;n pd to !m 9dicates t 9tellectual prop]ty policy is n[ ( 9t]e/ 2y a n>r[ gr|p ( affect$ 9du/ries4 ,to "uscore ? po9t1 s"eal major f.da;ns h 9troduc$ 9tellectual prop]ty 9itiatives1 "s?+ t wd h be5 9conceivable t5 ye>s ago4 ,f9ally1 to #hgh complete ! analogy to ! l& tru/1 we h ! organiza;ns ,i m5;n$ e>li]1 s* z ,creative ,commons &! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f.da;n4 ,! latt] gr|p pione]$ )9 s(tw>e ! attempt to create a lic5s$ 8commons0 9 : fre$oms >e gu>ante$4 ,! lic5s$ commons replaces ! law's default rules ) *oices made by 9dividuals1 ! effects ( : >e magnifi$ by collective ac;n4 ,! 5d result is a z"o ( public fre$om 5abl$ by private *oice4 ,if "o looks at ~! 9/itu;ns & actors & at ! range ( issues on : !y focus'\x2014'f s(tw>e to drug pat5ts1 f r"ese 5g9e]+ to access to >*ival records'\x2014'! obvi|s "q is1 h[ did !y ov]come ! collective ac;n problem8 ,:at ties tgr a critique ( digital locks &! #hgi access-to.-m$ic9es move;t8 ,ag1 ,i ?9k ! answ] po9ts to ! use;l;s (! 5viron;tal analogy4 ,z ,i po9t$ |1 ! 9v5;n (! 85viron;t0 trope ti$ tgr gr|ps ~: 9t]e/s1 3sid]$ at a l[] level ( ab/rac;n1 seem$ 5tirely diff]5t'\x2014'hunt]s & birdwat*]s1 antipollu;n prote/]s & 3s]va;n biologi/s4 ,! idea (! 85viron;t0 lit]ally creat$ ! self.-9t]e/ or set ( pref];es t ties ! move;t tgr4 ,! same is true "h4 ,app>5tly 4p>ate 9t]e/s >e l9k$ by ideas (! protec;n (! public doma9 &(! import.e (a bal.e 2t protec;n & fre$om 9 cultural & sci5tific ecology4 ,b ev5 a broad range ( 9itiatives & 9/itu;ns wd n1 9 &( !mvs1 produce results4 ,"o m/ 3v9ce p t "o's >gu;ts >e gd1 "o's 9/itu;nal 9nova;ns nec1 "o's #hhj horror /ories 4turb+4 ,5viron;talism has manag$ to w9 ! battle = cl>;y'\x2014'to make xs po9ts cle>ly 5 t !y ceas$ to 2 4miss$ z 8>cane0 or te*nical1 to ov]come neglect by ! m$ia1 to >ticulate a set ( 3c]ns t >e ~? ( any $ucat$ citiz54 ,! o!r /rik+ ph5om5on (! la/ t5 ye>s is ! migra;n ( 9tellectual prop]ty issues (f ! law reviews or busi;s pages & onto ! front pages &! $itorial pages4 ,blogs h be5 "picul>ly 9flu5tial4 ,widely read sites s* z ,sla%dot & ,bo+.- ,bo+ h multiple po/+s on 9tellectual prop]ty issues ea* "d2 "s >e rants1 b o!rs >e at a level ( sophi/ica;n t once wd h be5 3f9$ to academic 4cus.n4 ,sci5ti/s pas.nately debate ! import.e ( op5 access to s*ol>ly #hha j|rnals4 ,geograph]s & climatologi/s fume ov] access to geospatial data4 ,! move;t has be5 pron|nc$ 5 to g5]ate xs [n reac;n4 ,! popul> comics site 8xkcd0 has /rips critical (! ,digital ,mill5nium ,copy"r ,act1 b al a n]dily idyllic picture (a /ick figure recl9+ "u a tree & say+1 8,"s"ts ,i j c't get |trag$ ov] copy"r law40 ,t c>toon n[ resides on my comput] desktop4 "<,x is "u a ,creative ,commons lic5se1 ironically 5|<4"> ,:o c blame ! /ick figure8 ,c]ta9ly n ,i4 ,is x n silly to equate ! protec;n (! 5viron;t )! protec;n (! public doma98 ,af all1 "o is ! /ruggle to save a planet>y ecology &! o!r is j "s silly >gu;t ab legal rules & culture & sci;e4 ,i #hhb wd 2 ! f/ to yield primacy to ! 5viron;tal *all5ges we >e fac+4 ,mass ext9c;n ev5ts >e to 2 avoid$1 "picul>ly if !y 9volve y p]sonally4 ,yet my will+;s to m9imize ! import.e (! rules t det]m9e :o [ns sci;e & culture goes only s f>4 ,a bett] 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em w n save ! planet4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o (! mo/ promis+ sets ( tools = build+ biofuels comes f syn!tic biology4 ,ask "s (! lead+ sci5ti/s 9 t field :y !y devot$ _! preci|s "t to try+ to "w | a sy/em t wd (f] ! valuable 9c5tives t pat5ts provide :ile leav+ a commons ( 8biobricks0 op5 to all = future develop;t4 ,i worry ab ~! rules naturally2 !y 7 =c$ to d s4 ,a bett] 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em c]ta9ly w n 5d _w hung]4 ,/ x is 9t]e/+ to read ab ! #hhc l5g?y /ruggles to cle> ! multiple1 ov]lapp+ pat5ts on ,gold5 ,rice ;,,tm '\x2014'a rice gra9 g5etically 5g9e]$ to cure vitam9 defici5cies t ne>ly p]i%$ 9 a ?icket ( blurrily ov]lapp+ "rs4 ,a bett] 9tellectual prop]ty sy/em w n cure ,,aids or rheumatoid >?ritis or ,hunt+ton's 4ease or mal>ia4 ,c]ta9ly n by xf4 ,pat5ts h alr play$ a positive role 9 3tribut+ to treat;ts =! f/ two1 ?|< !y >e unlikely to help m* on ! latt] two2 ! affect$ popula;ns >e too few or too poor4 ,b ov]ly broad1 or vague1 or 3fus+ pat5ts cd "<& ,i 2lieve h"> hurt all ( ~? ef=ts'\x2014'ev5 ~? 2+ pursu$ | ( altruism4 ,~? problems cd 2 mitigat$4 ,re=ms t made #hhd possible legal & facilitat$ 4tribu;n ( pat5t$ m$ic9es 9 ,africa miket4 ,9t]e/+ alt]native me?ods h ev5 be5 sugge/$ = 5c|rag+ 9ve/;t 9 treat;ts = neglect$ 4eases & 4eases (! _w's poor4 ,at ! mo;t1 we sp5d #ij p]c5t ( |r rese>* doll>s on 4eases t affect #aj p]c5t (! global popula;n4 ,p]h ? is ! be/ we c d1 b wd x n 2 nice to h a vigor|s public debate on ! subject8 ,"s possible 9nova;ns >e m* easi]4 ,a simple rule t requir$ ! ev5tual free publica;n onl9e ( all gov]n;t.-fund$ heal? rese>*1 "u op5 lic5ses1 r ?an xs seque/ra;n 2h ! paywalls ( comm]cial j|rnals1 cd help fuel rem>kable 9nova;ns 9 sci5tific syn!sis & #hhe comput].-aid$ rese>* :ile giv+ citiz5s access to ! rese>* = : !y h alr pd4 ,gd 9tellectual prop]ty policy w n save |r culture4 ,b bad policy may lock up |r cultural h]itage unnecess>ily1 leave x to mold] 9 libr>ies1 =bid citiz5s to digitize x1 ev5 ?|< ! va/ major;y ( x w n"e 2 available publicly & no copy"r [n] c 2 f.d4 ,wd y n pref] ! _w 9 : yr *n cd look at ! ,libr>y ( ,3gress onl9e catalogue & click to get ! book or film or s;g t o!rwise langui%$ z an 8orphan "w08 ,gd 9tellectual policy w n necess>ily give u grt new music4 ,b ! policy we h td wd make "s (! music we mo/ *]i% illegal1 or at lea/ legally "qable4 ,does t 9spire 3fid;e =! future8 ,z =! ,_w ,wide ,web1 ,i (f] ag my ?"| exp]i;t f ! f/ "p ( ? *apt]4 ,wd we 2 m #hhf likely to 9v5t x or =bid x td8 ,we >e c]ta9ly "w+ busily to *ange ! op5;s (! g5]al.-purpose comput]1 ! neutral;y (! net"w1 &! degree ( 3trol t 3t5t companies c ex]t ov] h>dw>e4 ,i d n claim t ! issues ,i h writt5 ab "h >e ! mo/ important problem ! _w faces4 ,t wd 2 ridicul|s4 ,b ,i d claim t !y >e facets (a v important problem & "o to : we >e pay+ f> too ll att5;n4 ,i wd al 2 ! f/ to admit t ~! issues >e complicat$4 ,ev5 if we he$$ ! precepts ,i h |tl9$ 9 ? book1 ev5 if we actually />t$ to look at 9tellectual prop]ty z an empirical "q1 ev5 if we turn$ to data r ?an fai? = |r assess;ts1 reasonable p wd 4agree ab m*4 ,"s (! mo/ ludicr|s rec5t excesses'\x2014'huge retrospective copy"r #hhg t]m ext5.ns1 database "rs1 propos$ webca/+ treaties1 busi;s me?od pat5ts'\x2014'd n pass ! lau< te/1 9 my view & t ( mo/ s*ol>s4 ,/opp+ & !n r"es+ t tide wd 2 valuable1 ev5 trans=mative1 b o!r issues >e a clos] call4 ,x is al true t we d n h all ! tools we ne$4 ,a lot rema9s to 2 d"o1 bo? academically & practically4 ,we ne$ bett] evid;e4 ,we ne$ prop]ty !ories t give u z ri* a 3cep;n ( prop]ty's |tside'\x2014'(! public doma9 &! commons'\x2014'z we h ( prop]ty xf4 ,we ne$ to re?9k "s ( |r policies ( 9t]na;nal h>moniza;n & reconsid] :at types ( policy actually b5efit ! develop+ _w4 ,we %d explore ways ( comp5sat+ >ti/s t >e v diff]5t f ! "os we use n[1 & /udy ! use ( 4tribut$ creativ;y & op5 s|rce #hhh 9 new >eas ( sci;e & culture4 ,difficulties aside1 ,i h tri$ "h to %[ t we ne$ a cultural 5viron;tal move;t1 a politics t 5ables u f/ to see & !n to pres]ve ! public doma91 to "u/& xs 3tribu;ns to |r >t1 |r te*nology1 & |r culture4 ,": is t move;t n[8 ,"! is cause = bo? 3c]n & optimism4 ,3c]n1 2c x is / h>d = c|rts1 legislators1 policy mak]s1 & citiz5s to see 2y ! ~w 8prop]ty0 to ! real;y "unea?4 ,i />t$ ? book )! "q f my son ab ! onl9e catalogue (! ,libr>y ( ,3gress3 8,": d y click to get ! book80 ,9 #bjjc ! ,supreme ,c|rt he>d ,eldr$ v4 ,a%cr(t 1 ! *all5ge to retrospective copy"r t]m ext5.n4 ,ov] two /r;g 4s5ts1 ! ,c|rt upheld ! 3/itu;nal;y (! act ag/ bo? ,f/ ,am5d;t & ,copy"r ,clause #hhi *all5ges4 ,! dead _h _! copy"rs ext5d$ yet ag4 ,! wide/ legal re/ric;n ( spee* 9 ! hi/ory (! ,republic'\x2014'putt+ (f.-limits mo/ tw5tie?.-c5tury books1 poems1 films1 & s;gs = ano!r tw5ty ye>s )|t a correspond+ spee* b5efit or 9c5tive'\x2014'c proce$ )|t significant ,f/ ,am5d;t review4 ,does s* a deci.n mean ! task ? book "utakes'\x2014'to take s]i|sly ! 3tribu;ns (! public doma9 to 9nova;n1 culture1 & spee*'\x2014' is ultimately doom$1 :at"e xs 9tellectual m]its1 to face a ho/ile or uncompreh5d+ audi;e8 ,admitt$ly1 ,eldr$ focus$ specifically on two "picul> 3/itu;nal claims4 ,/1 ! attitude (! major;y t[>d ! import.e (! public #hij doma9'\x2014':e!r 9 ! textual limita;ns on ,3gress's p[] or ! applica;n (! ,f/ ,am5d;t'\x2014'c h>dly 2 cause = optimism4 ,& yet 444 ,! m$ia reac;n 0 rem>kable4 ,! ,new ,york ,"ts 0 suffici5tly unfamili> )! t]m 8public doma90 t x 0 n 5tirely sure :e!r or n to use ! def9ite >ticle 9 front ( x4 ,b unfamili>;y did n imply complac5cy4 ,an $itorial dcld t ? deci.n 8makes x likely t we >e see+ ! 2g9n+ (! 5d ( public doma9 & ! bir? ( copy"r p]petu;y4 ,public doma9 has be5 a gr& exp]i;t1 "o t %d n 2 all[$ to die4 ,! abil;y to draw freely on ! 5tire creative |tput ( human;y is "o (! reasons we live 9 a "t ( s* fruit;l creative f];t40 #hia ,! ,wa%+ton ,po/ 1 ?|< m 9cl9$ to agree t retrospective ext5.n mily all mat]ial t any"o wd want to cite or use4 ,t's n :at ! fram]s 5vi.n$1 & x's n 9 ! public 9t]e/40 ,i cd n agree m4 ,b z ,i h tri$ to %[ "h1 ! process is n limit$ to copy"r1 or culture1 or texts1 or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?9k (! /ories ab busi;s me?od pat5ts1 or syn!tic biology1 or ! regula;n ( musical borr[+ on ! atomic level4 ,?9k (! 4cus.n (! op5;s av].n t 2gan ? *apt]4 ,9 ! middle (! mo/ success;l & excit+ exp]i;t 9 nonpropriet>y1 4tribut$ creativ;y 9 ! hi/ory (! species1 |r policy #hib mak]s c see only ! ?reat f 8piracy40 ,!y act acly4 ,|r second 5closure move;t is well "u way4 ,! poem ) : ,i 2gan ,*apt] #c told u3 8,& geese w / a common lack _/ ,till !y g & /eal x back40 ,i _c mat* ! t]se;s or ! rhyme1 b if we assume t ! 5closure (! commons (! m9d w br+ u prosp];y1 grt sci;e1 & vibrant culture1 well1 we w look l v silly geese 9de$4 ,fur!r ,read+ ,~? :o >e 9t]e/$ 9 ! evolu;n (! analogy 2t 5viron;talism &! move;t to recognize & safegu>d ! public doma9 c />t )! $itors,0 9troduc;ns to ! ,symposium ,cultural ,5viron;talism `a #aj1 ,james ,boyle & ,lawr;e ,lessig1 $s41 ,law & ,3tempor>y ,problems #gj "<#bjjg"> #a"-#ba1 #hic available at .duke.edu/ce#aj. ,! s+le be/ *ronicle (! ,access to ,k "<8,a#b;,k0"> move;t is ,amy ,kapczynski1 8,! ,access to ,k ,mobiliza;n &! ,new ,politics ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty10 ,yale ,law ,j|rnal #aag "<#bjjh">3 #hjd"-#hhe4 ,lawr;e ,lessig's "w has be5 a common po9t ( ref];e3 ,lawr;e ,lessig1 ,! ,future ( ,ideas3 ,! ,fate (! ,commons 9 a ,3nect$ ,_w "<,new ,york3 ,r&om ,h|se1 #bjja">1 & ,lawr;e ,lessig1 ,free ,culture "<,new ,york3 ,p5gu91 #bjjd">4 ,_m (! key political 9itiatives h come f ,james ,love &! ,3sum] ,project on ,te*nology4 ,a weal? ( mat]ial c 2 f.d at & at ,k ,ecology ,9t]na;nal1 #hid ,! 9augural $i;n (! j|rnal ,k ,ecology ,/udies pres5ts an 9=mal 4cus.n (! orig9s (! idea at .kestudies.org/ojs/index.ph- p/kes/article/view/29/53. ,=! ways 9 : ! ,a#b;,k move;t has 9volv$ bo? criticism (& attempts to re=m 9t]na;nal bodies s* z ! ,_w ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,organiza;n "<8,,wipo0"> see ,james ,boyle1 8,a ,manife/o on ,,wipo &! ,future ( ,9tellectual ,prop]ty10 ,duke ,law & ,te*nology ,review #jjji "<#bjjd">3 #a"-#ab1 available at .duke.edu/journals/dltr/art- icles/,,pdf/#bjjd;,,dltr#jj- ji.pdf, & ,*ri/oph] ,may1 ,! ,_w ,9tellectual ,prop]ty ,organiza;n3 ,resurg;e &! ,develop;t ,ag5da #hie "<,london3 ,r|tl$ge1 #bjjf">4 ,! m9imali/ or antimonopoli/ic attitude t[>d 9tellectual prop]ty has a l;g hi/ory1 z ? book has tri$ to %[4 ,! specific 3c]n )! public doma9 is ( m rec5t orig94 ,! f.da;nal essay 0 publi%$ by my colleague ,david ,lange1 8,recogniz+ ! ,public ,doma910 ,law & ,3tempor>y ,problems #dd1 no4 #d "<#aiha">3 #adg"-#agh4 ,i wd al recomm5d ,collect$ ,pap]s1 ,duke ,3f];e on ! ,public ,doma91 $4 ,james ,boyle "<,durham1 ,n4,c43 ,c5t] =! ,/udy (! ,public ,doma91 #bjjc">1 : 3ta9s s*ol>ly >ticles on ! hi/ory1 3/itu;nal /atus1 sci5tific import.e1 musical signific.e1 prop]ty !ory1 & economic effects (! public doma94 ,! 5tire volume c 2 read onl9e at #hif indexpd.htm. ,f9ally1 ,duke's ,c5t] =! ,/udy (! ,public ,doma91 : has g5]|sly support$ ! writ+ ( ? book has a wide v>iety ( res|rces'\x2014'rang+ f s*ol>ly texts to films & comic books'\x2014'on ! subjects ( 9tellectual prop]ty1 ! public doma9 & idea ( an 5viron;talism = 9=ma;n4 ,~? res|rces c 2 f.d at